市售茶叶中重金属含量特征及其分析

为了解市售主要茶叶中重金属的含量情况,采集市售主要茶叶种类,采用高压密闭消解系统、电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法测定茶叶中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)的含量,并根据《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)、《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量》(NY 659—2003)以及《绿色食品-代用茶中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(NY/T 2140—2012)分析了市售茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量特征。结果显示,茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量范围分别为0.1~1.67、0.0006~0.085、0.00021~0.022、0.00~0.78 mg/kg,所有茶叶样品Pb、Cd、Hg均符合相关标准。但1.9%茶叶样品中As含量超过国内《绿色食品-代用茶》中As的标准(As≤0.5 mg/kg),超标样品为散装黑茶。茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量具有一定的相关性,Pb与As、Hg、Cd元素之间,Cd与As元素之间存在极显著相关。对市场中茶叶进行选择时,建议选择定型包装茶叶,产于广西的定型包装的茉莉花茶较安全;而市场中黑茶和散装茶质量差异较大,在选择相关茶叶商品时应根据其原产地、包装类型及单价分辨其质量的高低。     

4种重金属元素对不同潮次平菇产量和质量的影响分析

为对当前食用菌生产质量安全提供可靠建议,促进食用菌产业可持续发展,试验以平菇为试材,通过在培养料中添加不同浓度的Pb、Cd、As、Hg元素,研究4种重金属元素对不同潮次平菇产量和质量的影响。结果表明,除50 mg/kgAs处理待出菇日期延迟8天外,其他Pb、Cd、Hg不同浓度重金属处理均能使待出菇日期提前5~13天;培养料中添加不同浓度的Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属元素后,均能不同程度提高平菇产量（50 mg/kgAs除外）,其中0.05 mg/kg Pb、1 mg/kg Pb、1 mg/kgAs和10 mg/kg Pb处理增产效果明显;除50 mg/kgAs处理使平菇生物学效率降低了15.3%外,其他Pb、Cd、Hg不同浓度重金属处理生物学效率均有明显提高,0.05 mg/kg Pb处理生物学效率最高为89.2%,较对照高42.4%;另外,相关性和主成分分析结果表明,平菇产量越低,重金属含量越高,富集系数也越高;培养料中的重金属含量越高,后期潮次的重金属含量越高,富集系数也越高,Pb、Cd、As、Hg重金属元素在平菇中的累积作用明显。     

新产区土壤和三七中重金属元素的累积状况

摘要：云南是重金属元素的高背景区,也是三七的主产区,近年来有关中药材中重金属累积污染的问题倍受关注,但是由于连作障碍的原因,三七种植区已从传统地道产区文山向外扩散,本文以红河州三七种植区为研究对象,研究了红河州四个市县三七种植区土壤和三七中四种重金属元素的累积状况。结果表明：（1）目前红河州三七种植区土壤Cd含量范围0.113-1.01 mg/kg, As含量范围5.34-220.2 mg/kg,Cu含量范围30.6-143 mg/kg,平均值分别为0.48 mg/kg、53.17 mg/kg、58.30 mg/kg,有多个采样点存在超标现象。（2）通过综合污染指数发现,红河州4个三七种植县的重金属污染程度依次表现为建水县＞泸西＞蒙自＞个旧。（3）三七叶片和块根中都有比较严重的Cd、As、Pb超标,叶片中Cd、Pb、As超标率分别为64.7%、58.8%、94.1%,其中块根中Cd、As超标率分别高大82.4%和58.8%,而铜则均低于相关标准。（4）种植区三七具有较强的Cd富集能力和较弱的Cu、Pb富集能力,且三七叶片对Cu、Pb、As、Cd的富集系数总体均大于块根,三七对Cu、Pb、As、Cd有向地上部分转运的能力,三七中Cu、Pb、As、Cd转运系数平均值分别为1.61、4.15、3.05、1.22,转运能力依次Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cd。     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤和小麦重金属累积的影响

以小麦为供试作物,以施用化学肥料为对照,通过施用不同量的污泥堆肥和化肥配合,研究了污泥堆肥对土壤和小麦重金属累积的影响。结果表明:土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Hg等5种重金属含量随污泥堆肥用量的增加而增加;植株中Zn、As、Cr含量随污泥堆肥用量的增加而增加。各处理土壤中8种重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni含量均未超出"GB15618—1995(《土壤环境质量标准》)"的二级标准。小麦籽粒中Hg、Cd、Pb含量未超出国家食品卫生标准的标准值,污泥用量18000kg/hm2时As含量超出标准值0.02mg/kg;微量元素Zn、Cu在秸秆中的含量小于籽粒中的含量,而其他重金属在秸秆中的含量是籽粒的2~40倍。由此推断,适量污泥堆肥农用短期内不会引起土壤重金属污染,也不会影响可食部分的食用,重复使用多年后应及时监测。     

冶炼厂综合堆渣场周边水质和稻米重金属污染状况评价研究

通过对冶炼厂综合堆渣场周边25个地表水、8个浅层地下水和19个稻米样品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As含量的测定,发现该区地表水受到Cd、As的污染,在水作和旱作时超标率均在40.0%以上;浅层地下水受到Cd、Pb的威胁。稻米受到重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、As的复合污染,其中Cd污染最严重,超标率达100%,重度污染率达76.9%,其最高含量为标准(0.2 mg/kg)的37.6倍;其次为Cu、As、Pb,其超标率分别为38.5%,23.1%和15.8%。     

陕西甘肃山东苹果中重金属含量的调查和风险评价报告

我国是世界苹果生产大国,所产苹果总量占世界的50%。在苹果种植生产过程中,果园、土壤及苹果自身重金属污染的问题受到了国际性的关注。我国苹果生产省份主要集中在陕西、山东、辽宁、河北、河南、山西、甘肃7个省份。针对苹果种植及贮藏过程中重金属污染问题,对陕西、甘肃和山东3个省份进行调查报告,对Hg,Pb,As等重金属检测方法的确定及安全性评估,并对其含量进行分析,以期对我国苹果种植贮藏过程中评估重金属的安全性提供依据。研究结果显示,35个苹果样本中Hg,Pb,As元素均有检出,3种元素检出率分别为64.29%,95.71%和14.29%,但所有检出样本中3种重金属元素含量均未超过我国现行GB 2762—2005食品中污染物限量设定的3种重金属污染物的限量标准。70个苹果样本中Hg,Pb,As等3种重金属污染物的平均含量分别为0.001 7,0.007 4,0.002 8 mg/kg。不同地市所抽取样本中Hg,Pb,As 3种重金属的污染水平变化较大。     

大庆城郊湿地沉积物重金属污染及聚类分析

本文通过对大庆城郊北二十里泡沉积物沉积物重金属含量的分析测定,结果表明主要重金属在各点位含量均超过清洁对照点,将全区域土壤重金属元素背景值作标准,北二十里泡湿地的沉积物中Hg、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb等元素超标较多。只有Hg和As在个别点位低于标准。聚类分析表明,北二十里泡沉积物重金属中Zn、Pb、Cu可归为一类型,Hg 、Cr、Ni归为一类型,Cd、As归为一类型。在北二十里泡沉积物各采样点中,B5、B11～B18可归为一类型,B6归为单独类型。     

不同蔬菜对重金属汞、铬、砷、镉、铅积累效应的研究

为了对辽宁省葫芦岛龙岗区蔬菜生产基地蔬菜生产结构的调整提供科学的参考,采用原子吸收的方法,对该生产基地的土壤与蔬菜中重金属(Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Pb)的含量进行检测。结果表明：该蔬菜基地土壤中Hg的含量平均为0.42 mg/kg,Cr的含量平均为52.20 mg/kg,As的含量平均为34.92 mg/kg,Cd的平均含量为0.93 mg/kg,Pb的含量平均为98.49 mg/kg,说明该地区的土壤中重金属含量基本符合农业生产的要求;该蔬菜基地蔬菜中Hg的含量平均为0.92 μg/kg,Cr的含量平均为120.09 μg/kg,As的含量平均为13.80 μg/kg,Pb的含量平均为94.17 μg/kg,Cd的平均含量为15.65 μg/kg,并且所测定的蔬菜样本中甘蓝在5种重金属的含量上均比其他蔬菜的含量高,但也能符合国家卫生标准。此实验可为该蔬菜区蔬菜生产结构的调整提供一定的参考。     

北京市耕作土壤重金属统计分布复杂性特征初步研究

为了深入探讨重金属空间分布,用频率分布、双峰拟合和分离的方法研究了北京市耕作土壤重金属Cu、As、Cd、Pb的统计分布特征。结果表明,4种重金属都呈明显的双峰分布,可以用双高斯密度函数很好地拟合经对数变化的实际测量数据,证明北京市耕作土壤中重金属Cu、As、Cd、Pb都包括2个相对独立的对数正态分布总体。根据拟合频率密度函数求得的重金属Cu、As、Cd、Pb的2个子总体的几何均值分别为：(23.35±6.39) mg/kg和(95.84±38.73) mg/kg、(9.35±2.20) mg/kg和(23.67±6.16) mg/kg、(0.1208±0.0334) mg/kg和(0.3548±0.2344) mg/kg、(20.07±6.07) mg/kg和(82.55±39.33) mg/kg,都表现为明显的低值组和高值组。从统计学的角度,可以解释重金属含量呈双峰分布的原因,但从其空间分布上来看,双峰的成因较为复杂。     

甘肃省平凉市土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

为了揭示农田土壤中重金属元素潜在的污染特征,2004—2011年在甘肃省平凉市农田抽取黑垆土、黄绵土等6个土类147个土壤样点,检测As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd 5种重金属含量,并采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数,研究了甘肃省平凉市农田土壤重金属污染程度及潜在的生态危害性。结果表明,As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd平均含量分别为9.96、0.038、32.16、65.98、0.119 mg/kg,变异系数分别为30.72%、93.94%、47.72%、28.36%、60.84%,潜在生态风险系数分别在3.09~18.04、3.85~323.88、1.19~30.90、0.46～3.22、3.96~100.85之间,6个土类农田风险指数在29.21~356.69之间。土壤重金属Hg、Cd分布不均匀,As、Pb、Cr分布相对均匀,农田土壤重金属有潜在生态风险,Hg、Cd构成的风险较大。     

A Novel Model about Three_Dimensional Infinite Element

A novel model of 3D 12_node infinite element is presented in this paper.The mapping functions in the novel model are clear_cut in the concept and concise in the form.The problems,which emerge in using the infinite element model of the reference, appear in using the novel model.A comparison between the novel model and the infinite element model of the reference is made by computing the examples.The results show that the novel model has the advantages in performance and accuracy.     

Exact Integration of Constant Element of Elastomer in Boundary Element Method

The boundary integral in Boundary Element Method affects the precision and the speed of the method. If the boundary integral with constant element, the nonsingular integrals are popularly calculated by the Gauss numerical integral, and the singular integrals are popularly calculated by the analytical integral. This paper presents an alternative way with Gauss formula to transform the double integral in elastic problem on 3-d into the linear integrals on the boundary of each subdomains, so that all the singular integrals and nonsingular integrals are calculated by analytical method. The example indicates that this method makes the precision and the speed of BEM improve.     

A FINITE ELEMENT RESEARCH ON.A LINKAGE OF A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE OF SHELLS AND PLATES

In this paper,the penalty element stiffness matrix of linkage of plates and shells is deduced accrding to the principle of the penalty elementmethod.This stiffness matrix can be also used for a linkage between shells andsolids.It is of some practical value in the finite element calculations of engineeringstructure.     

Elastic Analysis of Beam-Plate Foundation with Winkler Model

The beam-plate foundation is divided into two parts.The boundary element methods areapplied to analyze the plates with Winklermodel.The finite element methods are used to evaluate thebeams The coupling equation is obtained by the coodination of both force and displacement.     

THE METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION FOR COUPLED ANALYSING PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF ROLLING WORKPIECE AND ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF ROLLS

A method for coupled analysing plastic deformation of rolling workpiece and elastic de'formaticn of rolls is developed. The interaction of plastic defo rmation of rolling workpice and elastic deformation of rolls is considered. The couple is formulated by setting up force equilibrium equation at the interface of the rolling workpiece and tne rolls. The plastic deformation of rolling workpiece is treated by the rigid plastic finite element method and the elastic deformation of rolls is treated by the boundary element method. The rolling presure, perunit. forward slip, neutral from angle obtained from coupled analysis are lower than those obta-ined rigid rolls. The results obtained from analysis show that the analytical accuracy can be heightened using the coupled ana-ytical methcd dveeloped for treatng rolling3proccss.     

啤酒中常量元素和微量元素的测定方法

由于人们对啤酒的日益依赖,使得更多的人对啤酒中成分的研究感兴趣。介绍近年来不同科学家研究啤酒中主要常量元素和微量元素的方法,并对其中的一些方法进行了比较。     

Calculation and Analysis of Finite Elements for Necked-inward Varied-section-beam

The calculation and analysis of static and modal are fulfilled with ANSYS for the entire super-architecture, its results are compared with that with TBSA and prepared for later pattern of particular analysis of finite elements. The new material pattern so-called Necked-inward Node is presented for necked-inward varied-section beams of super-architecture, ordinary software but ANSYS for the analysis of pattern is not fit.     

THE REANALYSIS THEORY OF COUHLED METHOD OF FINITE ELEMENT AND BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD WITH VARIATION OF BOUNDARY

The coupled element of finite element and boundary element theory has been used to carry out the reanalysis of structures with geomeotric variation based on the varitional principle. It will not only reduce the amount of analyser' work,save the memory of computer,but also enhance the accuracy of reanalysis. So it will effectively make the reanalysis of large structures easy.     

Are synthetic hexaploids a means of increasing grain element concentrations in wheat?

Element concentration in wheat grains is an important objective of plant breeding programs. For this purpose, synthetic hexaploid lines (Triticum durum ×Aegilops tauschii) have been identified as potential sources of high element concentration in grains. However, it is not known if these lines reach higher element concentrations in grains as the consequence of a dilution effect due to lower grain yield. In addition, most of the studies carried out with these lines did not evaluate above-ground element uptake. The objective of this study was to improve understanding of grain element concentrations as a function of grain yield, element uptake and biomass and element partitioning to grains in synthetic and conventional cultivars of wheat. One experiment with two standard sowing dates was carried out under field conditions. Biomass, grain yield, and macronutrient(Ca, Mg, K, P and S) and micronutrient (Cu,Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations in grains and vegetative tissues were measured in two cultivars and one synthetic (chosen from ten lines). The synthetic showed higher element concentration in grains, e.g. between 25 and 30% for Fe, Mn and Zn across sowing dates, than cultivars while grain yield was similar or lower, depending on the sowing date. On the contrary, the synthetic showed lower concentration of Cain grains. This line showed also higher uptake of Fe, Mn, K and P than cultivars. The superior grain element concentration of the synthetic line was not only due to a dilution effect but also to a higher uptake efficiency. Therefore, synthetics would bea valuable source of germplasm for increasing element grain concentration, at least in this case for Fe, Mn, K and P. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Non-linear finite element analysis based on the spatial catenary cables

According to the elastic catenary theory,this paper derives the spatial catenary cable element from the exact analytical expression,which is used for finite element analysis of the structure.It deduces the precise expression of two-node cable element tangent stiffness matrix and the tension of cable end.The equivalent node load of cable element is expressed by the total load algorithm,and the non-linear equation is solved by double Newdon-rapson method.The proposed non-linear semi-analytical finite element method based on spatial catenary cable element can take full account of the impact of non-linear geometry.The initial configuration and the internal forces on any directional spatial loads can be solved.The example shows that the calculation method is accurate and effective.