有翅型与无翅型棉蚜发育及繁殖能力比较研究

在室内采用网罩盆栽苗研究有翅型与无翅型棉蚜若虫及成虫发育历期、繁殖能力、成虫寿命、产仔能力、体重.有翅型与无翅型棉蚜若虫发育历期之间无显著差异.二者成虫寿命、第一次产仔数量、平均每次产仔数差异不显著,而生殖前期、产仔次数、净增殖率与内禀增长率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01).有翅型棉蚜的产仔次数极显著小于无翅型,而有翅型棉蚜生殖前期显著长于无翅型棉蚜.无翅型棉蚜净增殖率显著大于有翅型棉蚜.无翅型棉蚜可能可以将用于翅发育和飞行的能量转而用于繁殖.     

Leg patterning driven by proximal-distal interactions and EGFR signaling

wingless and decapentaplegic signaling establishes the proximal-distal axis of Drosophila legs by activating the expression of genes such as Distalless and dachshund in broad proximal-distal domains during early leg development. However, here we show that wingless and decapentaplegic are not required throughout all of proximal-distal development. The tarsus, which has been proposed to be an ancestral structure, is instead defined by the activity of Distalless, dachshund, and a distal gradient of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras signaling. Our results uncover a mechanism for appendage patterning directed by genes expressed in proximal-distal domains and possibly conserved in other arthropods and vertebrates.     

大突肩瓢虫成虫对桃蚜的捕食作用

[目的]了解大突肩瓢虫对桃蚜的捕食能力及其利用价值。[方法]在放有1头大突肩瓢虫成虫的培养皿中分别放20、406、0、80、1001、20、1401、601、80头无翅桃蚜,室内自然条件下饲养,研究大突肩瓢虫成虫对桃蚜的捕食作用。[结果]1头大突肩瓢虫成虫对无翅桃蚜的平均日捕食量在桃蚜密度为20~120头/培养皿时随桃蚜密度的增大而增大;在桃蚜密度为120头/培养皿时最大,达83.889头;在桃蚜密度大于120头/培养皿时下降。大突肩瓢虫成虫对无翅桃蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,日最大捕食量的理论值为227.427 8头。[结论]在室内自然条件下,大突肩瓢虫成虫对无翅桃蚜的捕食量相当大,是控制桃蚜的重要天敌资源,值得保护,应充分利用。     

Evolution of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in ants

Wing polyphenism in ants evolved once, 125 million years ago, and has been a key to their amazing evolutionary success. We characterized the expression of several genes within the network underlying the wing primordia of reproductive (winged) and sterile (wingless) ant castes. We show that the expression of several genes within the network is conserved in the winged castes of four ant species, whereas points of interruption within the network in the wingless castes are evolutionarily labile. The simultaneous evolutionary lability and conservation of the network underlying wing development in ants may have played an important role in the morphological diversification of this group and may be a general feature of polyphenic development and evolution in plants and animals.     

Endogenous opiates mediate radiogenic behavioral change

Exposure of C57BL/6J mice to ionizing radiation caused stereotypical locomotor hyperactivity similar to that produced by morphine. Naloxone administration prevented this radiation-induced behavioral activation. These results support the hypothesis that endorphins are involved in some aspects of radiogenic behavioral change.     

阳虚生风论

中医论风证的辨证治疗,向来仅注重火热、阳亢、阴虚、血虚等引起的风证,绝少论及阳虚动风。本文从阳虚生风的理论、病证类型、辨证要点等方面简要论述了阳虚阴盛同样引起动风证,并例举临床病例以详解辨证关键。     

Thermoregulatory significance of thoracic lobes in the evolution of insect wings

The evolution of broadly attached thoracic lobes could have increased the body temperature excess of ancient wingless insects by 55 percent over that of lobeless forms. The subsequent expansion of these thoracic lobes for behavioral thermoregulation could have provided the morphological stage required for the evolution of functional wings.     

尺蛾科雌蛾无翅类群重要害虫春尺蠖的研究综述

本文整理了国内外关于春尺蠖的研究结果,从其分类学、生物学特性、防治技术及目前研究中存在的问题等方面,对这种尺蛾科雌蛾无翅类群中最具经济意义的害虫进行了综述,为学术研究和农林业生产提供了基础资料。     

Sex-linked genetic influence on caste determination in a termite

The most ecologically successful and destructive termite species are those with both a nymph caste and an irreversibly wingless worker caste. The early developmental bifurcation separating these castes is widely accepted to be strictly environmentally determined. We present evidence that genotype also influences this process. Offspring from four different crosses of nymph- and worker-derived secondary reproductive individuals had strongly differentiated caste and sex ratios, despite uniform rearing conditions. These data fit an X-linked, one-locus-two-allele model. Of five possible genotypes, one was lethal, two resulted in workers, and two resulted in either nymphs or environmentally determined workers. Caste is thus controlled both by environment and by a complex genetic inheritance pattern.     

Active aerial dispersal of minute wingless arthropods: exploitation of boundary-layer velocity gradients

The wingless first instars of the coccid Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi exhibit active aerial dispersal behavior by standing on their hind legs. This behavior is an age-specific response to the ambient wind velocity by which the instars are able to capitalize on air velocity gradients in the thin boundary layer surrounding the host plant substrate. This dispersal tactic may be a convergent evolutionary strategy for many minute terrestrial arthropods.     

Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?

Recent morphological and molecular evidence has changed interpretations of arthropod phylogeny and evolution. Here we compare complete mitochondrial genomes to show that Collembola, a wingless group traditionally considered as basal to all insects, appears instead to constitute a separate evolutionary lineage that branched much earlier than the separation of many crustaceans and insects and independently adapted to life on land. Therefore, the taxon Hexapoda, as commonly defined to include all six-legged arthropods, is not monophyletic.     

麦长管蚜种群在不同小麦品种与生育期上的时间格局

在小麦拔节到乳熟期内,麦长管蚜自然种群是以不同虫龄、不同翅型和不同体色蚜虫组成的混合群体.小麦拔节-孕穗和乳熟期以绿色有翅蚜为主,扬花-灌浆期以绿色无翅蚜为主.抗感两小麦品种上麦长管蚜自然种群在数量、翅型、虫龄和体色组成等方面差异显著.抗蚜品种上麦蚜种群数量显著低于感蚜品种;小麦灌浆期,抗蚜品种上成蚜比例和无翅蚜比例均显著低于感蚜品种.蚜虫自然种群体色结构分析表明,红体色麦长管蚜更喜取食感蚜小麦品种.结果表明,寄主生育期和寄主品种显著影响麦长管蚜种群结构.     

柑桔特殊种质武夷橙遗传背景的研究

福建柑桔特殊种质武夷橙，俗称“四不象”．其性状特别，如果实扁圆，囊瓣隐约可辨，果皮紧，不易剥离，实心，叶片无翼叶，其亲缘关系不明．采用传统的外部形态与内部结构的观测、花粉形态、同工酶和核型分析相结合的方法进行研究，结果认为武夷橙不是雪柑与福桔或其它柑桔类的天然杂种，而是雪柑珠心胚的变异株系．对武夷橙遗传背景及其亲缘关系的研究，在柑桔遗传育种上具有重要理论与实践的意义     

静宁颗粒治疗56例小儿多动症气阴两虚证临床观察

目的 探讨静宁颗粒经验方治疗小儿多动症气阴两虚证患儿的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 采用中医、西医相应诊断标准纳入于2013年9月到2015年10月期间就诊于北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科门诊、北京市和平里医院儿科门诊的注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿60例,服用静宁颗粒12周,采用前后自身对照,观察有效率、中医证候评分、多动指数、划销试验、注意力缺陷多动障碍量表（SNAP-IV）以及相关安全指标和记录不良反应。结果 60例患儿中,脱落4例,总共完成56例临床观察。痊愈2例,显效12例,有效36例,无效6例,总有效率85.71%。治疗前后中医证候总积分、中医主要证候总积分、划销测验中计分、漏划数具有显著统计学差异（P<0.01）;多动指数、注意缺陷多动障碍量表积分改善具有统计学差异（P<0.05）;划销测验中错划数不具统计学差异（P>0.01）。结论 静宁颗粒治疗小儿多动症气阴两虚型具有较好临床疗效和安全性。     

几种农药防治柑橘蚜虫药效研究

[目的]研究几种农药防治柑橘蚜虫的药效,为柑橘生产提供科学依据。[方法]于无翅蚜为害期喷雾高、中、低3种剂量的阿维菌素、蛇床子素、高效氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素＋吡虫啉（1∶2）,以剂量25mg/kg的吡虫啉为药剂对照,设清水为空白对照,分析几种农药防治柑橘蚜虫的效果。[结果]5种供试药剂中阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素＋吡虫啉及吡虫啉单剂对柑橘蚜虫均有很好的防效,速效性、持效性均接近或超过95%。生物农药蛇床子素低剂量和中剂量处理后1d对蚜虫防效较低,分别为44.14%和69.74%;高剂量药后3d防效开始上升,药后10d防效达94.76%,药后14d防效可达98.87%。5种供试药剂均有很好的持效性,所有处理药后2周的防效均在95%以上。[结论]为柑橘蚜虫的防治提供了借鉴,并有效保证了高毒农药的取代工作。     

香蕉束顶病的研究──Ⅲ．传毒介体香蕉交脉蚜的发生规律

在福建香蕉种植区，香蕉束顶病的介体──香蕉交脉蚜以孤雌生殖方式进行繁殖，高度世代重叠．它主要分布在蕉株的假茎及吸芽上，密度大时可遍及心叶基部、叶片以及果轴上．可以有翅蚜飞迁以及无翅蚜爬行方式在株间迁移．在田间除为害香蕉外，在其高峰季节．还见少量寄生粉芭蕉、大蕉、姜、姜黄、芋．室内饲养在粉芭蕉、大蕉（柴蕉）、姜、姜黄、芋、芭蕉芋和美人蕉等上能少量繁殖．在香蕉园中一般在每年的９—１２月份有一明显的发生高峰．香蕉束顶病株处理不当时，还促进香蕉交脉蚜的扩散和传病．香蕉交脉蚜在蕉园中的空间分布型为聚集分布中的负二项分布ｍ－ｍ和ｌｇＳ２－ｋｇｍ的直线回归式分别为。ｍ＝７．５８５４＋７．９３７ｍ（ｒ＝０．９７７１）和ｌｇＳ２＝１．０８７９＋１．６００３ｌｇｍ（ｒ＝０．８５９７）     

天津常见有害蚜蚧的识别特征

对采集到的常见蚜、蚧昆虫标本进行识别特征观察。结果表明:蚜虫各科间可根据触角上的感觉圈个数及形状、尾片的形状、腹管形状及有无网纹、体表突起物等特征进行比较。蚧虫各科可从腹部末端特征、体表有无气门、是否形成蚧壳等方面进行比较。不同科属的蚜、蚧可能在不同植物体表的危害特点相似或在同种植物的同一部位同时为害;同一种昆虫在同一性别中有有翅型和无翅型的区别,不同性别间有性二型;不同龄期的蚜蚧若虫有形态差异。     

Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients

The possibility that hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contributes to the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis observed in patients with major depression was investigated by measuring the concentration of this peptide in cerebrospinal fluid of normal healthy volunteers and in drug-free patients with DSM-III diagnoses of major depression, schizophrenia, or dementia. When compared to the controls and the other diagnostic groups, the patients with major depression showed significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CRF-like immunoreactivity; in 11 of the 23 depressed patients this immunoreactivity was greater than the highest value in the normal controls. These findings are concordant with the hypothesis that CRF hypersecretion is, at least in part, responsible for the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis characteristic of major depression.     

浅谈梦境与中医五脏辨证的关系

中医学认为,梦境是睡眠中心神活动的表现,与脏腑的气血阴阳的变化密切相关。五脏气盛、五脏气虚及邪客五脏均可致不同梦境。后世医家在《黄帝内经》对梦境研究的基础上进行了继承和发展,其中最具代表的医家乃唐朝孙思邈和金元时期张元素。随着近现代医学的发展,梦诊作为一种诊断方法逐渐得到重视,也有越来越多的医家将其运用到临床中,丰富了中医临床诊疗的内容。