CO2气调防治储粮害虫试验研究

利用自行设计的试验装置，充入CO₂气体使储粮害虫(谷蠹与米象)窒息死亡，以达到杀灭粮食害虫的目的。试验分为两个部分，一是在实验室里进行，试验温度分别在15～18℃和23～28℃；试验的CO₂气体浓度分别控制在25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%和60%左右；试验时间分别为24、48、72、96、120、168 h。通过多次试验，找出了实验室试验的最佳参数：温度为(25±3)℃；CO₂气体浓度为25%～35%；谷蠹杀虫保持时间为72 h以上；米象杀虫保持时间为48 h。二是在实验仓进行试验，将传感器通过管道分别布置在仓的各个部位，并每隔12～24 h，测取温、湿度等。 实验仓的试验验证了实验室的试验结果，但杀虫的持续时间为10 d以上，研究成果为实仓应用CO₂气调防治储粮害虫提供了可靠的依据。     

采用厌氧序批间歇式反应器处理屠宰废水试验研究

厌氧序批间歇式反应器(ASBR)是一种新型的厌氧反应器。应用这一工艺进行屠宰废水的处理试验。考察了ASBR工艺的运行方式、搅拌反应时间、温度、污泥负荷等对COD_cr的去除效果。结果表明,搅拌方式、温度、反应时间对ASBR处理效果影响较大,当进水COD_cr为1100～3000mg/L,反应时间24h,去除率可达75%以上。ASBR处理屠宰废水的适宜条件是:采用间歇搅拌SV₃₀=35%～46%,温度25～35℃,反应时间24h,污泥负荷0.2～0.5kg/(kgMLSS.d)     

甘薯淀粉性质与其粉丝品质的关系

为了弄清不同品种甘薯淀粉所制粉丝品质差异的原因,该研究通过对各种甘薯淀粉的理化性质、热力学特性、分子结构与甘薯粉丝品质的测定,并以绿豆淀粉做对照,对三者与其粉丝品质进行了相关性分析。结果表明：淀粉理化性质对粉丝品质影响较大,按相关系数大小依次是：膨润力＞溶解度＞表观直链淀粉含量＞蛋白质含量＞颗粒大小。回生对粉丝品质的影响远远大于糊化对其的影响。快速黏度分析参数与粉丝品质有显著的相关性,可作为预测其相应的粉丝品质的重要手段之一。淀粉分子结构对粉丝品质影响更大,按显著程度依次是：直链淀粉（A _m ）含量＞支链淀粉（A _P ）短链量＞A_P长链量＞A_m分支数＞A_P短链长度＞A_m链长＞A_P长链长度。     

低油脂红心甘薯薯片的常压油炸工艺研究

研究了红心薯片的常压油炸工艺,结果表明：(1)薯片护色条件为NaHSO₃0.10%＋柠檬酸0.10％浸泡5 min,而后在95～100℃的热水烫漂3 min;(2)脱水温度为60℃,120 min,即油炸前半成品的含水率控制在42％左右;(3)冻结温度为-32℃,时间控制30 min;(4)甘薯薯片的最佳油炸条件为油炸温度170℃,油炸时间1 min,料油比1∶5～1∶4。 依此工艺油炸的薯片,色泽橙红,整片酥脆,气泡均匀,外形美观,油脂含量低于15％。     

籼型黑米萌芽积累γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件研究

对稻米进行萌芽处理可以显著提高其营养成分和γ-氨基丁酸等活性物质含量，为了分析影响籼型黑米萌芽积累γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件，采用响应面分析法对籼型黑米的浸泡温度、时间、浸泡液中Ca²⁺浓度及其萌芽培养温度和时间等条件进行了优化研究，结果表明，籼型黑米的吸水率和萌芽率受浸泡温度和时间的影响，在萌芽过程中其对γ-氨基丁酸的积累受浸泡液中Ca²⁺浓度以及萌芽培养的温度和时间等条件的影响，在28℃温度下用0.50 mmol/L CaCl₂溶液浸泡24 h后，再在29℃温度下萌芽培养30 h,其γ-氨基丁酸含量可达到55.36 mg/(100 g)，为萌芽前的3.9倍。     

玉米淀粉制备双醛淀粉的试验

双醛淀粉用途广泛，但在国内几乎没有生产和应用。文中对双醛淀粉的制备工艺进行了系统研究，得出了制备双醛淀粉的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：在所选参数下，高碘酸钠氧化淀粉时，高碘酸钠应稍过量；NaIO₄/Starch摩尔比=1.1/1；NaIO₄浓度为0.7 M；反应温度35～40℃；反应时间控制在3 h；pH值在1.2～1.5为好；所得产品中淀粉的醛基含量在95%以上。     

反应条件对水稻秸秆慢速热解产物的影响与评价

秸秆炭化还田是培肥地力和土壤固碳的重要途径。该研究采用慢速热解试验平台，研究了热解温度 (450、500、550、600和650 ℃) 和停留时间 (30、40、50和60 min) 对水稻秸秆热解产物理化性质（以还田利用指标为主）的影响，同时分析了不同生产条件下的产品收率和能量分布。试验结果表明，热解温度为450～650 ℃时制备的水稻秸秆炭O/C均低于0.2，H/C均低于0.7，且随着热解温度升高和停留时间的增加，O/C和H/C呈现明显减小趋势；随着热解温度升高，水稻秸秆炭的比表面积、电导率和pH值均呈上升趋势，其值分别为4.5～83.4 m²/g、688～1 059 μs/cm和9.8～10.5；阳离子交换量在43.7～71.1 cmol /kg之间无规律波动；随着反应条件变化，水稻秸秆炭的比表面积、电导率和pH值具有较强的相关性，比表面积与pH值相关系数达到0.83，pH值与电导率相关系数为0.66，比表面积和电导率相关系数为0.54。随着热解温度的升高，炭产率降低，热解气产率增加，热解气中H₂、CH₄等可燃气组分富集，热值增加，最大可达到15.74 MJ/m³；热解温度为445～650 ℃变化时，水稻秸秆炭能量收率为45.2%～53.8%，热解气能量收率为11.6%～19.1%。该研究为水稻秸秆炭化还田轻简化热解设备开发提供了基础支撑。     

振动式超微粉碎处理时间对绿豆淀粉理化性质的影响

为研究振动式超微粉碎处理时间对绿豆淀粉理化性质的影响,提高淀粉类制品中抗性淀粉的含量,该文以绿豆淀粉为研究对象,通过振动式超微粉碎处理,研究了处理时间对样品的粒度分布、结晶度、溶解度、膨润力、凝沉性、老化值及提高抗性淀粉形成等性质的影响。研究结果表明:随着振动式超微粉碎处理时间的延长,绿豆淀粉颗粒的平均粒径、中位径(D50)和粒径分布的离散度增大,比表面积总体呈下降趋势;淀粉晶体的有序化程度降低,无定形化程度逐渐增强;在同一温度下,样品的溶解度大幅增加,同一处理时间的绿豆淀粉其溶解度随着温度的升高不断增加,低温膨润力随处理的时间延长而增加,高温膨润力随处理的时间延长而降低,且随着处理时间的延长,温度对膨润力的影响逐渐减小;绿豆淀粉糊的凝沉程度变高、凝沉速度变快,超微处理20 min可明显提高绿豆淀粉的老化程度,对提高抗性淀粉的形成具有促进作用,该研究为绿豆抗性淀粉的生产、提高绿豆淀粉制品中抗性淀粉含量的工艺改进提供了理论依据及技术支撑。     

发芽条件对发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响

以糙米为原料，研究浸泡温度、发芽温度和发芽时间对发芽过程中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量变化的影响，建立基于GABA含量的糙米发芽动力学模型，以获得富含GABA发芽糙米的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：浸泡温度、发芽温度和发芽时间对GABA的含量有显著影响，采用Logistic生长模型建立的糙米发芽动力学方程能较好地描述GABA含量的变化规律。在30～40℃浸泡和33～38℃发芽，GABA的增长速率常数b和积累极限k均达到较高水平；基于GABA含量的最佳发芽条件为33.0℃浸泡12 h，35.1℃发芽26 h，此条件下GABA的含量可达32.23 mg/(100 g)。     

马兰水溶性粗多糖提取工艺的研究

该文首次报导了马兰水溶性多糖的水提醇沉工艺。采用单因子试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计，研究了料水比、提取时间、提取温度和乙醇浓度对马兰水溶性多糖提取的影响。结果表明，影响多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、料水比、提取时间及提取温度；马兰水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料水比1∶30，提取时间2 h，提取温度100℃，95%乙醇醇析。在此最佳工艺条件下，马兰水溶性多糖的得率为4.12%。     

甘薯淀粉糊与绿豆淀粉糊流变行为的共性与区别

淀粉糊在粉丝加工中作为黏结剂，它的流变特性是粉团搅拌、形成、漏粉和定型的关键因素。本研究通过对甘薯淀粉糊和绿豆淀粉糊在不同浓度、温度、剪切速率和升温扫描过程中的流变行为的考察和分析比较，表明两种淀粉糊有触变共性，在流变曲线图上都呈现出不同滞后面积大小的开口型滞后回路，用Cross方程拟合精度比幂律方程高；用Arrhenius方程描述两者都具有温度敏感性。两者的区别在于：甘薯淀粉糊在各条件下的滞后面积比绿豆淀粉糊小，说明在粉团形成中甘薯淀粉糊的持续增黏效果高于绿豆淀粉糊；虽然绿豆淀粉糊的零剪切黏度值比甘薯淀粉糊要低，但在浓度较低(≤8%)时，两者差别不大，因此用甘薯淀粉糊替代绿豆淀粉糊是可行的。     

Calcium nutrition and sodium absorption in mung bean sprouts

Abstract

Water containing 6 mM sodium bicarbonate was used for soaking mung bean seeds for 9 hrs arid for frequent spraying of sprouts for the rest of 5 days. A concentration series of calcium as nitrate showed that 0.25 meq/1 calcium in this solution was sufficient for maximum yield in 5 days; additional calcium up to 6 meq/1 did not increase yield. The requirement for calcium was independent of the effect of calcium on partially preventing sodium uptake. Calcium in the dry seed did not replace the requirement for external calcium. The minimum calcium requirement was associated with maintaining or increasing the 9‐hr. calcium content for the rest of the 5‐day growing period.     

Characterization of starch from tubers of yam bean (Pachyrhizus ahipa).

Detailed studies of the starch present in tubers of six accessions of Pachyrhizus ahipa (ahipa) have been carried out using starches from tubers of P. erosus (Mexican yam bean) and seeds of ahipa and wheat for comparison. Starch accounted for 56-58% of the tuber dry weight with granules occurring in a range of geometric forms and in sizes from below 5 microm to about 35 microm (mean about 10 microm in all accessions except two). The amylose content ranged from 11.6 to 16.8% compared with 16.9% in P. erosus tubers and over 23% in the seed starches. X- ray diffraction analysis showed A-type or C(A)-type diffraction patterns. The chain-length distribution of the amylopectin after enzyme debranching showed a peak at DP11 similar to that of wheat starch, but had a less marked shoulder at DP 21-22 and contained a higher proportion of longer chains. Differential scanning calorimitry showed an endothermic peak corresponding to gelatinization with T(max) ranging from 59 to 63 degrees C, which was similar to the T(max) of wheat (about 64 degrees C). The composition of the ahipa starch may mean that it is suitable for food applications that require low amylose content and low retrogradation after processing.     

Polyphasic characterization of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) rhizobia from different geographical regions of China

Polyphasic characterization of 54 indigenous mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) rhizobia from different geographic regions of China was determined by analyzing the variability of 16S rRNA gene RFLP, 16S–23S rRNA gene Intergenetic Spacer (IGS) RFLP, G-C rich RAPD and phenotype assays. Based on these characteristics, mung bean rhizobia were clustered into four groups. Group I comprised 16 slow-growing isolates from a variety of geographic regions. This group was genetically distinct from Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium liaoningense, and may represent a new species. Group II was composed of 18 isolates, which could be sub-divided into two sub-groups that were respectively related to B. japonicum and B. liaoningense. Group III comprised 12 isolates from South China and clustered together with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Group IV formed a miscellany of 8 fast-growing isolates variously related to the genera Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium.     

发芽绿豆苗的生理指标和抗氧化特性对邻苯二甲酸酯的响应特征

Single phytotoxicity of two representative phthalate esters （PAEs）, di-n-butyl phthalate （DnBP） and bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）, was tested in mung bean （Vigna radiata） seedlings germinated for 72 h in soils spiked with varying concentrations （0-500 mg kg-1 soil） of DnBP or DEHP. PAEs added at up to 500 mg kg-1 soil exerted no significant effect on germination but both pollutants significantly inhibited root elongation （P 〈 0.01）; DEHP inhibited shoot elongation （P 〈 0.01） and DnBP depressed biomass on a fresh weight basis （P 〈 0.05）. Seedling shoot and root malondialdehyde （MDA） Contents tended to be stimulated by DnBP but inhibited by DEHP. However, increases in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, as well as glutathione （GSH） content, were induced at higher concentrations （e.g., 20 mg kg-1） of both compounds. Accumulation of proline in both roots and shoots and the storage compounds, such as free amino acids and total soluble sugars, in whole plant was induced under the stress exerted by both PAEs. The general responses of mung bean seedlings indicated higher toxicity of DnBP than DEHP on primary growth, during which root elongation was a more responsive index. MDA and GSH were more sensitive parameters in the roots than in the shoots and they might be recommended as physiologically sensitive parameters to assess the toxicity of PAE compounds in soils in future long-term studies.     

Productivity of mung bean and sesame grown on residual fertility in multiple cropping systems

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted on an Entisol from 1984 to 1987 at Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, West Bengal, India, to study the residual effects of N, P, and K on productivity of mung bean (Vigna radiatus Roxb.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in irrigated multiple cropping with rice‐potato‐mung bean and rice‐potato‐sesame cropping systems. The crops were grown with or without application of farmyard manure or incorporation of crop residues. Different quantities of inorganic fertilizers based on locally recommended practices for fertilization were applied to rice and potato and their residual effects on succeeding mung bean or sesame crops were assessed. Application of fertilizers at a higher rate than the recommended amounts to rice and potato in the system showed no significant residual effect on yields of succeeding mung bean or sesame compared to the yields obtained with the application of N, P, and K at 100% of the recommended rate or 75% of the recommended rate with manure or residues. Any reduction in the application of recommended amounts of fertilizers to rice or potato without compensating amounts coming from other organic sources resulted in lower productivity of succeeding mung bean and sesame.     

不同状态绿豆根边缘细胞对Cd2+的响应

以绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus)为材料,采用琼脂悬空培养法和培养皿滤纸培养法,以不同浓度的Cd2+处理洗脱根边缘细胞和未洗脱根边缘细胞的绿豆根尖,研究了离体状态和活体状态绿豆根边缘细胞对镉毒的响应.结果表明:在Cd2+的诱导下,离体状态的绿豆根边缘细胞凋亡和分泌黏液,同时随着Cd2+浓度的升高,其存活率逐渐递减;Cd2+具有诱导根尖产生根边缘细胞的作用,根尖释放的根边缘细胞数量随着Cd2+浓度的增加先增多后减少,其中,50 μmol L-1 Cd2+处理在洗脱组和未洗脱组均呈现最大诱导效应;Cd2+对根边缘细胞的活性具有影响,随着Cd2+浓度的增加,根边缘细胞的存活率在未洗脱组逐渐降低,而洗脱组则先升高后降低.与对照相比,25 μmol L-1,200 μmol L-1,400 μmol L-1 Cd2+在各处理时间段具有显著性差异(p＜0.05);根冠果胶甲基酯酶活性(PME)随着Cd2+浓度的增加呈现上升趋势,处理24 h高浓度Cd2+均会引起根冠PME活性的显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,绿豆根尖可释放更多根边缘细胞,并通过离体根边缘细胞形成黏液层、凋亡等来抵御Cd2+对根尖的毒害作用.     

超重力处理及盐胁迫对绿豆幼苗生理生化指标的影响研究

试验对绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus)刚萌动种子进行不同超重力和不同时间处理,并用9g／kg NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫。结果表明:随处理超重力加大,其发芽率(Gr)和发芽指数(Gi)降低;3000×g处理组的根系活力、游离脯氧酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于2000×g处理,4000×g与3000×g处理间差异不显著(SOD除外);处理组丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照,3000×g比2000×g处理丙二醛含量显著减少,4000×g和3000×g处理间差异不显著;2000×g、3000×g超重力处理随处理时间的延长,根系活力、游离脯氨酸含量、SOD活性呈增加趋势,而4h处理与3h处理间差异不显著,MDA含量随处理时间的延长呈降低趋势。超重力处理可提高绿豆幼苗的抗盐性,以3000×g、4h处理为宜。     

Glycinebetaine mediates chromium tolerance in mung bean through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant system

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in chromium (Cr) tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown in Cr-stressed soil. Three concentrations of Cr (0, 250 and 500 µM) were tested with three (0, 50 and 100 mM) concentrations of foliar-applied GB. Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil. Lower Cr stress enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT), while higher Cr concentrations decreased the activities of these enzymes. Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress. GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone. These findings suggest that foliar-applied GB alleviated Cr-induced oxidative stress in mung bean by reducing Cr uptake. The protective effect of GB against Cr stress varies with the concentrations of GB and Cr stress applied. Thus, further studies are still needed to specify the concentrations of GB required for detoxification of specific Cr concentrations under various climatic conditions.