磷化铝防治家庭贮粮害虫效果好

磷化铝防治家庭贮粮害虫效果好玉米、小麦、豌豆、胡豆、黄豆、绿豆等粮食在贮藏期间，常遭受豌豆象、绿豆象、玉米象等害虫的危害，对贮粮造成的损失很大。用家用高效粮食熏蒸杀虫剂──磷化铝熏杀贮粮害虫，具有用量少，成本低、穿透力强、杀虫效果好等特点。且使用方便...     

寄主与粮粒对雅脊金小蜂寄生和发育的影响

从三级营养关系出发,研究了不同粮食（小麦和玉米）和寄主（米象和玉米象）对雅脊金小蜂发育和寄生的影响。结果表明：4个三级营养系统中雅脊金小蜂实验种群在4种虫源寄主中均能正常发育,其卵-成虫的发育历期在4种虫源寄主中由短至长依序为：玉米粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-米象〈玉米粒-米象;4种蜂源中雅脊金小蜂对小麦中的米象或玉米象的寄生率、刺死率和总致死率均显著高于对玉米中的米象或玉米象。因此用雅脊金小蜂控制小麦中的米象或玉米象,其效果较之玉米中的米象或玉米象的效果更好。     

雨季如何施用农药

雨季施农药 ,必须慎重进行。否则 ,因受降雨影响 ,不仅浪费农药 ,白费工夫 ,而且会贻误防治适期 ,导致病虫成灾 ,作物减产。为了充分发挥药效 ,有效地控制病、虫、草的为害 ,作者对雨季施药的经验进行了调查和总结。1　观看天气施药一般来说 ,雨后施药效果要好于施药后下雨和边施药边下雨。因此 ,要注意天气情况 ,尽可能地选择好天气喷施 ,提高防治效果。2　选用适当的农药1 )内吸性农药。内吸性杀虫、杀菌剂如久效磷、呋喃丹、氧乐果、甲胺磷、乐果、磷胺、稻瘟净、灭病威、叶枯净、多菌灵、三唑酮等 ,施药后 4～ 5ｈ便有 80 %的有效成分能…     

颗粒剂防治玉米螟的研究

1960—61连续二年在河北衡水施用颗粒剂防治玉米螟:春、夏玉米心叶末期用5% DDT 颗粒剂,不仅前期的螟虫减少了80—90%左右,穗期的螟害也适当地被控制。1次施药能减少整个春玉米生育期的虫数65—77.4%,夏玉米60—71.9%。防治效果似与玉米后期虫口密度有关。心叶期防治以在心叶末期为最理想,提早施药不能获得最高效果。心叶期防治2次与防治1次的效果没有差异。心叶末期与穗期各防治1次,收获时检查,防治效果春玉米上可达85.8—88.6%,夏玉米90.6—91%。因此,在螟害较轻的年分,防治1次即能解决大部分的螟害问题,大发生年分,可以在穗期再防治1次。试验证明不同载体、不同加工方法配制的颗粒剂、不同用量和不同施用方法的防治效果差异都不显著。虽然含5% DDT 或0.5—1f6的颗粒剂的残效能维持1个月以上,但由于田间植株上残存的颗粒剂损失很快,1个月后的残存量仅为12—15%,因此1次防治的效果受到限制。由于防治效果与施药时螟卵发生的情况关系不大,而心叶未期是防治最适时期,因此作者建议可以玉米生育阶段作为施药时期的标准。     

玉米田用莠去津茎叶喷雾好

莠去津(阿特拉津)在玉米田有土壤封闭和茎叶喷雾两种施药方法。通过对不同施药方法的对比试验结果表明,莠去津采用茎叶喷雾较土壤封闭好。具体表现在以下几方面: 1.见效快,效果好。每亩用40％莠去津胶悬剂200～250克于杂草3～5叶期喷雾。一周后即可见效。除草效果达到土壤处理每亩300～350克的水平。一次施药可使玉米全生育期不再需要除草。     

侵染大豆和桑的烟草坏死病毒(TNV)的鉴定

本文主要是介绍农业部植检所和有关单位共同协作进行的应用技术方面的研究结果。杀虫效果方面:室内试验得出:对谷斑皮蠹成虫、幼虫、蛹,温度11～14℃,10克/m~3,处理24～48小时,效果100%。对谷斑皮蠹卵,温度11～14℃,15～50克/m~3,处理24小时,效果9.0～62.5%,50克/m~3处理48小时,40克/m~3处理72小时效果100%,温度20～22℃,40克/m~3处理24小时,15克/m~3处理48小时也100%死亡。对谷象、玉米象、绿豆象的卵,温度20℃,15克/m~3处理48小时效果100%。对胚后期的黑皮蠹、烟草坪,印度谷蛾幼虫、玉米象、谷蠹和绿豆象成虫的效果更好。室外粮垛上试验,粮温15～16℃,50～70克/m~3处理24小时,对玉米象和绿豆象各虫态的效果100%。中草药材垛上试验,温度27～28℃,30克/m~3处理二天,对黑皮蠹幼虫、玉米象各虫态以及锯谷盗成虫效果100%。真空熏蒸,真空度负745～720mmHg,温度12～20℃,70克/m~3处理3小时,对谷象和绿豆象卵的效果方能100%。熏蒸粮食残留量测定结果:20～70克/m~3熏蒸3天,小麦中氟残留量为0.55～1.48ppm,水稻中为0.29～2.48ppm,玉米中为0.09～1.51ppm。熏蒸粉类粮食残留量高。硫酰氟熏蒸粮、棉、油、蔬菜以及林木种籽,对发芽安全。粮食在熏蒸期间对硫酰氟的吸附量,以大豆和玉米为例,分别只有溴甲烷吸附量的36%,20.3%     

“杀螟粒”颗粒剂

防治玉米螟最好在心叶末期,撒施残效期长的颗粒剂。在目前使用的颗粒剂中以呋喃丹颗粒剂和杀螟粒颗粒剂效果为最佳。呋喃丹主要依靠进口,价格比较贵;而杀螟粒剂具有药效高,使用方便,价格低廉等特点。 “杀螟粒”颗粒剂是用乙基对硫磷原油,以砂为载体,配添加粘结剂、湿润剂、吸附剂等,用包衣的方法加工而成。产品为灰褐色颗粒状,使用方便,残效期长。 使用方法:对春玉米或夏玉米均可采用心叶末期一次施药(螟卵孵化初期)。施药时,用手或点施器,将颗粒直接撒入心叶内(即喇叭口内)。施药量因地区及虫害轻重略有差别,每株1克左右,每亩5市斤左右。施药的时间和部位,对药效影响很大,应严格掌握,力求每株用药量均匀。     

竹提取物对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.生物活性的初步研究

研究了10种竹子提取物对玉米象种群形成的抑制作用和驱避作用。结果表明,灰水竹和短穗竹提取物对玉米象成虫的驱避效果较好,72 h驱避等级达到Ⅳ级,平均驱避率分别为77.44%和64.84%。应用索氏抽提法所得到的灰水竹提取物对玉米象成虫的驱避作用明显强于间歇振荡法所得到的提取物,驱避中浓度分别为0.9994 g/L。10 g/L的竹提取物对玉米象种群形成的抑制作用不明显,只有白纹短穗竹提取物对玉米象种群的抑制率达到50%以上。     

应用杀菌烟剂防治玉米大斑病的初步研究

黑龙江省牡丹江地区玉米种植面积约占粮豆总面积的25—30％(个别社队达40—50％),对粮食生产有举足轻重的地位。近年来由于玉米面积的逐渐扩大,推行间混种和易于感病品种(多为杂交种)的应用,玉米大斑病有日趋严重的趋势,一般减产1—2成,严重者减产5成以上甚至颗粒不收。 在化学防治方面,《全国玉米大斑病研究协作组》通过多年来大量的杀菌剂新品种鉴定工作,肯定了“北方地区在发病盛期前10天(发病株率100％,病叶率30％)全面喷洒50％敌菌灵可湿性粉剂1000ppm药液一次,一般可达60％的防治效果;如果连续喷2—3次即可基本控制病情”。这一结果为国内目前化学防治的最佳效果。国外如美、加、苏等国的药剂防治,除仍用退菌特、代森锰等药剂外,也无多大突破。 目前存在的问题是:玉米植株高大(施药阶段株高已达2米)、面积广、施药器械功效低等因素,施药亦难全面实施。为寻求省工高效的施药方式,鉴于国内曾用硫磺烟剂防治小麦锈病和应用杀菌烟剂防治水稻瘟病研究工作的启发下,从1978年开始进行了应用杀菌烟剂防治玉米大斑病的研究工作。     

不同助剂和喷头对烟嘧·莠去津的防效及安全性的影响

为了研究不同喷雾助剂和喷头对玉米田常用除草剂烟嘧·莠去津防除效果的影响,在自走式喷杆喷雾机施药过程中,选择不用型号喷头(XR11001、XR110015、XR11002)、不同助剂(2、3、4号喷雾助剂),调查药后14 d玉米田杂草株防效以及药后28 d玉米田杂草株防效和鲜重防效,并调查对玉米的安全性和玉米的产量。结果表明:自走式喷杆喷雾机施药过程中,选择喷头XR11001、4号助剂的杂草防效要优于其他处理组,且对玉米安全,不会影响玉米产量。自走式喷杆喷雾机施药的效果要优于人工喷雾。自走式喷杆喷雾机施药过程中,选择细喷头和合适的喷雾助剂,能有效提高药效。     

Effect of low volume copper sprays with polyisobutene sticker on mango blossom blight (Glomerella cingulata) in Dominica

Abstract

Two spraying strategies to control mango blossom blight caused by Glomerella cingulata were tested in Dominica In one trial, a single dose of 4% copper oxychloride (18 g per tree) was applied to foliage before flowering had started, while the other trial compared fortnightly applications of concentrations up to 2%, starting after flowering. The early single dose gave a significant increase in fruit set, whereas the repeated doses gave no significant effects. Early application, followed by a low volume spraying of protectant fungicides, may reduce the cost of disease control. The addition of 0.5% polyisobutene sticker, tested in the single dose trial, gave a consistently improved fruit set compared to the non‐sticker treatment, significant at one recording date; the overall evidence was encouraging. In vitro tests showed that the fungus was less sensitive to copper than to chlorothalonil and some systemic fungicides.     

Some factors affecting the activities of dinitrophenol fungicides

The vapour phase and protectant activities of members of seven homologous series of alkyldinitrophenols against cucumber powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) are discussed. No correlation existed between vapour activities in vitro or in vivo and vapour pressure, but a positive correlation between Vapour' protection in vivo and conventional protectant activity was evident. Although vapour activity occurs with some homologues, results obtained for zone assays in vivo are probably better explained in terms of easy movement of the compound in the leaf surface than in terms of vapour transmission. Alkyldinitrophenyl-crotonates showed no zone activity in vivo but often good protectant activity. The possible existence of two optimum π-values for protectant activity is suggested. No appreciable systemic activity was found with these compounds.     

Working Group on Genetical Methods of Pest Control,Bucharest, September, 1974

Abstract

Treating maize seed and cowpea seed with activated carbon or naphthalic anhydride permitted highly selective and economic early control of grasses and some broadleaved weeds with respectively EPTC and linuron and EPTC and chloramben. Without protectant every herbicide treatment produced less crop yield than with protectant. Early season control of grasses with herbicides followed by one row-cultivation controlled weeds throughout the crop.     

喷雾和灌根施药后吡虫啉在番茄植株中的分布及其对烟粉虱的防效

以番茄为供试植物,采用喷雾和灌根两种施药方法,测定了吡虫啉在植株内的分布动向及其对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的防效。结果表明,喷雾后第2 d,吡虫啉消解率为56.1％,第10 d接近90％;灌根后第2~21 d茎内持留量基本处于稳定状态。施药方法不同,吡虫啉对烟粉虱的防效不同。喷雾法施药对烟粉虱的短期防效好于灌根法(7 d以内),但"持效期"较短,喷雾施药 7 d 后,其防效大幅下降;而灌根施药后第7~21 d内,吡虫啉对烟粉虱的防效一直保持在65％以上,在此期间可有效控制烟粉虱的危害。模拟雨水冲刷试验结果表明,药剂在叶面的冲刷率始终在70%左右,表明吡虫啉叶面喷雾后没有或仅有很少一部分进入叶片内部,因此,喷雾叶片在吡虫啉持留量略高于灌根的条件下,对烟粉虱的防效却不如灌根的好。     

溴氰虫酰胺对香蕉田间黄胸蓟马的药效及其残留规律

采用10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂（OD）,按有效成分75 g/hm2的剂量,于香蕉抽蕾初期施药1次,比较了喷雾、灌根和埋药3种施药方式下溴氰虫酰胺对黄胸蓟马的防效,并通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）,分析了溴氰虫酰胺在香蕉果实、花瓣及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。药效试验表明:喷雾法与灌根法对黄胸蓟马均具有良好的防治效果,防效分别为78%和74%,而埋药处理的防效较差,仅18%。残留检测结果表明:喷雾和灌根处理组,溴氰虫酰胺在果实、花瓣和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为6.5、14.0、8.5 d和16.0、5.7、8.0 d;在香蕉收获前7 d采样,果实中未检测到溴氰虫酰胺残留,其在土壤中残留量为0.028 mg/kg。研究表明,采用喷雾与灌根法施用溴氰虫酰胺可有效防治香蕉田黄胸蓟马,且其在香蕉上使用较安全,属于易降解性农药。     

The use of rainfall and accumulated mean temperature to indicate fungicide activity in the control of leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK1

During 1988/1990, a series of 21 experiments was established in commercial crops of winter wheat. Chlorothalonil, fenpropimorph and propiconazole were chosen as protectant, eradicant or curative fungicides active against leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK. To test their properties each one was applied once only to separate plots during a period of 7–8 consecutive weeks in May and June (GS 32–39). Disease progress was assessed weekly on adjacent unsprayed control and sprayed plots up to GS 85. Septoria tritici leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) was the disease that occurred most frequently and severely across the 21 sites. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and yellow rust (P. striiformis) occurred at fewer sites and were sufficiently severe to distinguish differences between the active ingredients at only two or three sites. Analysis of the disease progress curves for 75% control of each disease at one site only indicated that chlorothalonil possessed very good protectant but shorter-term eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis. Fenpropimorph exhibited only short-term eradicant control of M. graminicola, but gave excellent protectant and eradicant control of E. graminis and P. striiformis; against P. recondita only eradicant activity was apparent. Propiconazole showed activity similar to that of fenpropimorph against P. recondita and excellent protectant and eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis; against E. graminis, it gave good protectant and eradicant control. From disease progress curves, it was possible to calculate the period of protectant and eradicant activity in thermal time (accumulated degree days above zero) for each of the three active ingredients and to identify the most effective timing(s) for fungicide application in relation to rainfall or imputed infection.     

超敏蛋白对烟草黄瓜花叶病毒的诱导抗性及生长、品质的影响

为明确超敏蛋白对烟草黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)的诱导抗性及其生长、品质的影响,采用半叶枯斑法和田间试验研究了10%超敏蛋白对枯斑三生烟和普通烟的诱导抗性及促生作用,并分析了对烤烟经济性状和内在质量的影响。结果表明,10%超敏蛋白在活体外对CMV无钝化作用,但预防、治疗效果显著,接种前48 h喷施预防效果达75.70%,接种后24 h喷施治疗效果达65.45%,均显著高于对照;10%超敏蛋白处理后烟草的株高、茎围、最大叶面积均高于其它处理,单位产量比20%吗啉胍·乙铜可湿性粉剂处理增产211.8 kg/hm2,增值3 519.2元/hm2;经10%超敏蛋白处理后的烤烟化学成分均处于优质烟的适宜质量分数范围内。表明超敏蛋白不仅有利于提高烟草抗性和促进烟株生长,且可以明显提高烟叶经济效益和烟叶内在质量。     

木醋液与萘乙酸钠复合作用对花生光合特性及产量的影响

以花生品种"农大3号"为材料,研究了木醋液与萘乙酸钠溶液复合处理对花生光合性能及产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,不同喷施处理对单株结果数、单株果重均具有促进作用;出仁率除B3-300N3-20、B2-300N2-20处理低于对照,其余均有提高,B3-600N3-20出仁率提高幅度最大,达到75.1%;300倍木醋液或20 mg·L-1萘乙酸钠三次喷施对于抑制株高效果理想,600倍木醋液与20 mg·L-1萘乙酸钠复合处理促进花生有效分枝数的提高;高浓度的复合处理(B3-300N3-20)对花生光合速率(Pn)有抑制作用;除喷施300倍木醋液处理组(B300N0、B300N10、B300N20)外,其余各组均呈现出随喷施次数增加,SPAD值显示为上升趋势。采用系统聚类法对产量进行聚类分析,按照产量由高至低可聚为3类,分别包含3个、10个、14个处理。试验表明:最佳喷施处理为600倍木醋稀释液混合20 mg·L-1萘乙酸钠,喷施3次。     

A revision of the species concept in Sarocladium, the causal agent of sheath-rot in rice and bamboo blight, based on biochemical and morphometric analyses

Fifty strains of Sarocladium (11 dried specimens and 39 living cultures) were examined for variation in conidial size, utilization of several carbon sources, hydrolysis of several substrates, esterase isozymes after gel electrophoresis, and secondary metabolites after thin-layer chromatography. The results showed that there was insufficient justification to maintain the separation of the genus into the two species S. oryzae and S. attenuatum; S. attenuatum is, therefore, considered a synonym of S. oryzae. Strains isolated from outbreaks of bamboo blight in Bangladesh could be distinguished from strains isolated from rice in 12 countries by pigment production in culture; a strain isolated from bamboo leaf-litter in India was identical to the rice isolates in this respect.     

油菜蚤跳甲药剂防治试验

选用6种药剂,采用拌种、拌种+喷雾、喷雾3种施药方法,在甘肃省康乐县进行了双低春油菜田间油菜蚤跳甲防效比较试验,以油菜被害指数表示药剂的防治效果,选出适宜药剂与施药方法。结果表明：拌种处理中,毒死蜱被害指数最低（2~3叶期4.15%、4~5叶期20.38%、5~6叶期32.08%）,氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐次之;拌种+喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（1.83%、15.84%、25.16%）、甲维盐（6.20%、29.25%、29.24%）防效最佳,吡虫啉次之;喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（5.24%、18.79%、29.17%）最佳,甲维盐、吡虫啉次之。氰戊•马拉松、辛硫磷、毒死蜱、甲维盐拌种、拌种+喷雾,甲维盐喷雾将最终死苗率控制在5%以内,大田示范试验中被害指数控制在40%以内,有效控制了对油菜的为害。由此,可以用毒死蜱、氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐、吡虫啉替代高毒农药甲拌磷防治油菜蚤跳甲。其中吡虫啉、甲维盐适宜喷雾,毒死蜱适宜拌种,氰戊•马拉松拌种或喷雾均适宜。