磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭

以微晶纤维素为原料,在不添加黏结剂的条件下,采用磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭。分析了捏合过程和炭活化工艺对活性炭耐磨强度、吸附性能和孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明,炭活化温度的升高及保温时间的延长有利于颗粒活性炭强度的提高;随着浸渍比值的升高,颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积和中孔容积均呈不断上升的趋势;浸渍比值较小,较细微孔结构发达,浸渍比值较大,较大微孔结构发达。在较佳的工艺条件下:捏合温度150℃,浸渍比值1.25,捏合时间55 min,炭活化温度450℃和保温时间1.0 h,制得颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、强度、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积、中孔容积和平均孔径分别为896.6 mg/g、131.3 mg/g、94.69%、1 377.3 m2/g、1.083 cm3/g、0.514 cm3/g、0.569 cm3/g和3.14 nm。     

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of Activated Carbon with Developed Micropore from Coconut Shell by Pyrolysis Activation

以椰壳为原料,采用热解活化法制备微孔发达活性炭.研究了活化温度、活化时间对活性炭孔结构和吸附性能的影响.实验结果表明:活化温度为900℃,活化时间为4h,可制得比表面积为994.42 m2/g的微孔发达活性炭,其碘吸附值为1 295 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为135 mg/g.N2吸附结果表明活性炭的平均孔径在2nm左右,总孔容积为0.503 9 cm3/g,其中微孔容积为0.430 3 cm3/g,微孔率达85.39％.对该活性炭进行CO2动态吸附实验,CO2饱和吸附容量为56.61 mg/g,在热解活化法制备椰壳过程中,随着活化温度的升高和活化时间的延长,活性炭的得率有不同程度的降低.     

热解活化法制备微孔发达椰壳活性炭及其吸附性能研究

以椰壳为原料,采用热解活化法制备微孔发达活性炭。研究了活化温度、活化时间对活性炭孔结构和吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明:活化温度为900℃,活化时间为4 h,可制得比表面积为994.42 m2/g的微孔发达活性炭,其碘吸附值为1 295 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为135 mg/g。N2吸附结果表明活性炭的平均孔径在2 nm左右,总孔容积为0.503 9 cm3/g,其中微孔容积为0.430 3 cm3/g,微孔率达85.39%。对该活性炭进行CO2动态吸附实验,CO2饱和吸附容量为56.61 mg/g,在热解活化法制备椰壳过程中,随着活化温度的升高和活化时间的延长,活性炭的得率有不同程度的降低。     

高性能竹炭水蒸汽活化制备烟用竹活性炭工艺研究

采用正交试验设计,研究活化温度、活化时间和水蒸气用量对活性炭吸附性能、活化得率和固定碳含量的影响.并分析活性炭的孔结构特征,结果表明竹活性炭的低温氮气吸脱曲线属于典型的微孔结构活性炭的吸附曲线,其BET和微孔比表面积、总孔和微孔容积的数值是原料竹炭的2倍左右,但活化时间的延长对活性炭的微孔结构参数影响较小,不影响低分子有害物质的去除.得到最佳活化工艺条件为:活化时间1.5h、活化温度900℃、水蒸汽用量430～480 g·h-1.制得竹活性炭具有较高的碘、亚甲基蓝和苯酚吸附值,优异的孔结构,活化得率可达45％,强度93.76％.最佳工艺制备的竹活性炭达到烟用活性炭国家烟草行业标准,基本达到净化空气用煤质颗粒活性炭国家标准,高性能竹炭制备烟用竹活性炭是可行的.     

油茶果壳基活性炭的制备及其中孔结构调控研究

研究了油茶果壳经水蒸气活化后,浸渍磷酸再活化对活性炭中孔结构调控的影响,制备出中孔丰富的活性炭。实验结果显示:820℃下制备的水蒸气法油茶果壳活性炭以微孔为主,BET比表面积1 076 m2/g,总孔容积0.81 cm3/g,微孔率63%,中孔率33%,亚甲基蓝吸附值180 mg/g,碘吸附值1 012 mg/g;水蒸气法油茶果壳活性炭经800℃下磷酸再活化后,可明显增加BET比表面积(1 608 m2/g)和总孔容积(1.17 cm3/g),尤其对中孔率(61%)的发展更有效,同时保留一定比例的微孔(37%),显示出更高的亚甲基蓝吸附值(330 mg/g)和碘吸附值(1 326 mg/g)。     

竹节制备提金活性炭及其表征

以竹节为原料,采用水蒸气活化法制备提金活性炭,研究温度、保温时间、水蒸气流量等因素对活性炭性能的影响,并对其孔隙结构进行表征.结果表明:随着温度和保温时间的增大,活性炭的吸附性能总体呈上升趋势;随着水蒸气流量的增加,活性炭的吸附性能呈先升后降的趋势;N_2吸附等温线的分析表明,竹节活性炭具有发达的微孔、中孔、大孔结构.在较佳的试验条件下,活性炭的强度、亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积和微孔容积分别为97.5%,262 mg·g~(-1),1 072.7 mg·g~(-1),1 334.2 m~2·g~(-1),0.671 mL·g~(-1)和0.574 mL·g~(-1).     

磷酸活化竹节制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭的研究

以竹节为原料,采用磷酸法制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭.实验结果表明,随着温度( 325～400℃)、浸渍比值(0.60～0.75)和保温时间(3～6 h)的增加,竹节活性炭的比表面积、微孔容积和醋酸吸附量呈先升后降的趋势,而醋酸锌吸附量呈相反趋势;N2吸附等温线表明,竹节活性炭具有发达的微孔和大孔结构.在较优的工艺条件下:活化温度350℃,保温时间5h和浸渍比值0.65,可制得醋酸吸附量527.5 mg/g,醋酸锌吸附量70 g/L,比表面积999.0 m2/g和微孔容积0.468 cm3/g的活性炭.     

水蒸气活化法制备松子壳活性炭的研究

以废弃的松子壳为原料,采用水蒸气活化法制备松子壳活性炭,系统研究了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间、活化剂用量等关键工艺因素对活性炭产品性能的影响,分析其对碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响。结果显示,松子壳活性炭最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度为500℃、活化温度为860℃、活化时间为90 min、水蒸气流量为2.5 m L/min,此时松子壳活性炭得率为26.08%,碘吸附值为1 338 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为300 mg/g。松子壳活性炭孔径主要集中在3 nm左右,其平均孔径为2.396 nm,BET比表面积为105 2.68 m~2/g,总孔容积为0.630 6 cm~3/g,微孔容积为0.355 8 cm~3/g,占总孔容积的56.43%。     

高温重整调控木质成型活性炭性能的研究

为了研究高温重整方法对活性炭性能的影响,以商品磷酸法木质成型活性炭为原料,考察了不同升温/降温方式、重整温度和重整时间对活性炭强度、孔结构、着火点和官能团的影响。结果表明:快速升温至800℃重整活性炭30~75 min后快速降温的方式(快速升温/快速降温(FH/FC))可使活性炭强度提高5.75%~6.39%,得率保持在83.54%以上,比梯度升温/自然降温(GI/ND)更高效节能。对经800℃重整30和60 min后的活性炭的孔结构和吸附性进行研究,发现活性炭的比表面积和总孔容积分别下降约400 m2/g和0.3 m3/g,孔径分布在1.2 nm以下的微孔所占的比例增加,对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能略有下降,而对碘的吸附性能略有提高,丁烷工作容量下降15%以内。经高温重整后,活性炭的着火点显著提高,800℃重整60 min后,着火点提高100℃以上,这与高温重整后活性炭表面含氧官能团数量的减少有关。     

微氧下低浓度磷化氢在浸渍活性炭上的吸附及表征

要利用富含高浓度CO的工业尾气(如黄磷尾气)生产甲酸、乙酸以及甲醇等高附加值产品,净化处理成为制约其应用的瓶颈问题.采用浸渍法改性活性炭吸附净化低浓度PH3,研究了HCl、KNO3和己二醇改性活性炭吸附净化磷化氢(PH3)的性能,研究表明:质量分数7%的HCl是最佳浸渍液,70℃和氧体积分数0.8%是改性活性炭的最佳反应条件.改性后的活性炭用氮气吸附的方法测定其孔结构特征.结果表明,改性使吸附剂总孔容的减少主要发生在2nm以下的微孔直径范围内,特别是在0.3～1.5nm的微孔范围内,孔容积减小明显,经改性后,微孔容的减少占总孔容减少的87%,吸附后,微孔容减少29%,表面积减少28%.HCl改性可以显著增加活性炭对PH3的吸附能力.分析表明,存在于微孔中的HCl起了催化作用,使PH3迅速氧化成磷的氧化物(P2O3或P2O5),而磷的氧化物能较强地吸附在活性炭0.3～1.5nm的微孔中.     

木质颗粒活性炭的孔结构对丁烷吸附性能的影响研究

对5种不同工艺制备的杉木颗粒活性炭的丁烷活性、丁烷工作容量、丁烷持附性与孔结构之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:丁烷吸附性能与活性炭样品的比表面积、孔容积和孔径分布有着密切联系。对丁烷活性起作用的孔主要集中在1.16～2.00 nm;对丁烷工作容量有显著影响的孔径介于2.0～4.0 nm;对丁烷持附性影响最大的孔分布在0.5～1.0 nm。大孔对整个吸附过程没有什么显著影响,只是作为丁烷分子进入中孔、微孔的输送通道。     

Characteristics of nitrogen-enriched activated carbon prepared from waste medium density fiberboard by potassium hydroxide

Most waste of medium density fiberboard (MDF) is burnt, which could release toxic gases and pollutants to the environment. So, the re-using waste of MDF is highly desired. The nitrogen atoms of waste medium density fiberboard originate from urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive used in the manufacturing process, so nitrogen-enriched activated carbons could prepared easily. Nitrogen-enriched activated carbons were prepared from waste MDF by potassium hydroxide. The activation temperature was ranged from 600 to 900 °C, and the chemical agent/waste MDF varied from 1 to 5. Iodine number was used to evaluate the adsorption ability of waste MDF activated carbons. The pore properties including surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution were determined by N₂ adsorption. The method of elemental analysis and XPS were used to estimate how nitrogen functional groups changed with different activation conditions. The results showed that the adsorption of iodine number of activated carbons was ranged from 661 to 1350 mg/g. The surface area of waste MDF activated carbons was different from 941 to 1876 m²/g and total pore volume was from 0.455 to 0.949 cm³/g. The pore size distribution indicated that waste MDF activated carbons included both micropores and mesopores, and the analysis of element implied that the contents of nitrogen varied from 0.41 to 2.31 %.     

Effect of thermo-hydro-mechanical densification on microstructure and properties of poplar wood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>)

This study aimed at developing a thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processing to compress poplar wood and investigating the effects of high temperature, moisture, and pressure during the THM processing on the changes in microstructure, porosity, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of compressed poplar wood. The variations in these properties were correlated and their mathematical relations were determined. Poplar woods with high moisture content were compressed using different pressures at a temperature of 160 °C for different periods. The compression level was characterized by the volume compression ratio (CR), which is defined as the ratio of the compression volume and the original volume of sample before and after THM processing. The obtained results indicated that the high pressure of THM process caused the collapsing of wood cell lumens and the developing of a certain amount of fractures in the cell wall. The damage level of wood cells increased with increasing pressure and time. Moreover, the pressure narrowed the cell lumens, which decreased significantly the pore volume in wood substrate. The pore size distribution shifted from the level of macropores to those of mesopores and micropores after THM process. The THM process created superior mechanical property, especially for those with higher CR. Besides, it was revealed that the process decreased dramatically the set recovery of treated woods and improved their dimensional stability. A significant improvement was achieved in terms of the mechanical and physical properties of compressed poplar wood via the structural reformation during the THM process.     

丙酮回收用活性炭微结构的研究

利用AS-703比表面积、孔径分布测定仪对几种回收丙酮溶剂的商品活性炭进行了比较深入的剖析,从微观结构上阐明了影响丙酮回收用活性炭的主要因素,并提供了国产化样品,与进口商品活性炭相比较具有价格低吸附性能好等优点.微孔容积的大小决定了丙酮吸附量的多少,而与总孔容积关系不大.丙酮回收用活性炭的孔径主要集中在1nm左右,微孔容积在0.40～0.50cm3/g.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

磷酸法自成型木质颗粒活性炭孔隙结构分析及其甲烷吸附性能

以杉木屑为原料,在不额外添加粘结剂的工艺下,采用磷酸活化法制备自成型颗粒活性炭,并对其活化工艺、孔隙结构和甲烷吸附性能进行了分析。结果表明:随着活化温度的升高,颗粒活性炭的吸附性能先升后降,450℃时吸附性能最佳,强度不断升高;浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭吸附性能的提高,不利于其强度的增大。氮气吸附等温线和压汞法分析表明:颗粒活性炭具有发达的微孔、中孔和大孔结构,浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭比孔容积的增加,不利于堆积密度和表观密度的增加。在活化温度450℃,压力3.4 MPa时单位质量和单位体积的颗粒活性炭的甲烷吸附值在浸渍比1.25时达到最大,分别为125.6 m L/g和115.2 L/L。     

Micropores and mesopores in the cell wall of dry wood

To investigate micropores and mesopores in the cell walls of dry wood, CO₂ gas and N₂ gas adsorption onto dry wood were measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). CO₂ gas adsorption isotherms obtained were used for determining micropore volumes smaller than 0.6 nm by the HK method (Horvath-Kawazoe method), and N₂ gas adsorption isotherms obtained were used for determining the mesopore volume between 2 nm and 50 nm by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. Micropores and mesopores existed in cell walls of dry wood, and the cumulative pore volume was much larger for micropores than for mesopores. Micropores in the cell wall of dry wood decreased with elevating heat treatment temperature, and the decreased micropore was reproducible by wetting and drying. Mesopores did not decrease so much with elevating heat treatment temperature. Micropore volumes for the softwood Hinoki and the hardwood Buna were compared. A larger amount of micropores existed in hardwood Buna than in softwood Hinoki, and this relationship was considered to correspond to the difference in thermal softening properties for lignin in water-swollen Hinoki and Buna. This result probably indicates that micropores in the cell walls of dry wood relate to the structure of lignin.     

氨水改性活性炭及其性能的研究

采用氨水对活性炭进行改性,探讨氨水浓度、改性温度和处理时间对活性炭的吸附值、比表面积和表面化学结构的影响.结果表明,氨水改性对活性炭的孔结构产生破坏,不利于孔隙结构的发达,但氨水改性在活性炭表面引入了碱性基团,有利于苯酚吸附值的提高.随着氨水浓度的提高,活性炭的碘吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积和微孔容积不断下降,亚甲基蓝吸附值呈先降后升的趋势,碱性基团的含量和苯酚吸附值不断提高.     

高温处理对活性炭孔隙结构的影响

利用Ｍｉｌｅｓｔｏｎ２００氮气吸附仪及Ｘ－ｒａｙ分析仪对淀粉质活性炭经高温处理后孔隙结构的变化做了评价。结果表明：高温处理使活性炭中孔塌缩,中孔容积减小,微孔容积略有变化,堆积比重增大,基本微晶增大。