卷叶——玉米水分亏缺的外观症状

植株水分亏缺是玉米产量的主要限制因素,它同时影响玉米形态的和生理的进程。玉米因水分亏缺而造成的减产幅度取决于干旱的程度、持续时间和开始时期。在易旱地区,通过育种方案或农艺管理更有效地利用水分,会有助于降低水分亏缺对玉米籽粒产量的影响。另一个途径就是灌溉。尽管灌溉不是降低水分亏缺对籽粒产量影响的最经济办法,但它可用     

超级杂交稻叶片丙二醛含量以及产量性状对水分亏缺的响应

 通过严格控制土壤水分的盆栽试验,研究了超级杂交稻组合叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量对不同水分亏缺的生理响应及产量性状受到的影响,分析了叶片MDA含量与产量性状间的关系。结果表明,不同生育时段的水分亏缺均导致叶片MDA含量显著增加,受影响程度随控水时段的推迟而加重。随着叶位的降低,叶片MDA含量呈显著上升趋势,倒3叶最高,其次是倒2叶,剑叶相对较低,水分亏缺导致叶片尤其是下部叶片的MDA含量显著升高。水分亏缺均导致产量显著降低,开花至花后15 d和穗分化后15~30 d的控水处理影响较大,其次是花后15~30 d的控水处理,各组合减产均在20%以上,原因主要在于结实率和千粒重下降。叶片MDA含量的生理响应与稻株生长发育和最终产量表现存在相关性,不同组合的叶片MDA含量和产量性状对水分亏缺的响应有所不同,超级杂交稻组合所受影响小于普通杂交稻组合。作物对水分亏缺的响应除了表现胁迫程度 效应关系和胁迫时间 效应关系,还存在生育进程 效应关系。     

水分胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

以玉米叶片光合测量数据为基础,利用直角双曲线对农大108和京科25两个玉米品种光合作用的光响应曲线进行了拟合。结果表明:水分胁迫使玉米的表观量子效率(α)、最大净光合速率(Pn)、表观暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)及光饱和点(LSP)均降低,农大108的降低幅度较小,京科25的降低幅度较大。水分胁迫后玉米叶片的光合速率降低是气孔因素与非气孔因素共同作用的结果,京科25在水分胁迫后光能利用率和水分利用率均降低,影响光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔因素;农大108在水分胁迫后仍保持较高的光能利用率和水分利用率,影响光合速率下降的主要原因是非气孔因素。     

花后水分亏缺对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,分别于吐丝至吐丝15 d、吐丝至吐丝30 d和吐丝30 d至成熟期3个时期进行水分亏缺处理(T1、T2、T3),以花后适宜水分供应为对照(CK),研究花后不同时期水分亏缺对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,3个阶段的水分亏缺均使玉米产量降低,其中,T1处理的降幅最大,T3处理的降幅最小,与CK相比均达到显著性差异。T1处理下玉米的叶片衰老最快,在整个生育后期叶面积指数一直处于较低的水平;成熟期时,各处理的叶面积指数均低于CK。T1和T2处理使成熟期时的单株总干重显著下降,较CK分别下降了24.98%、29.94%。T3处理下作物的水分利用效率最高,比CK高0.5 kg/(mm·hm2);T1处理下作物的水分利用效率最低,且与CK达到显著差异。各个时期的水分胁迫均使玉米的穗粒数减少,穗长变短,穗粗降低,行粒数减少,秃尖变长,空秆率上升。     

茶树抗旱生理研究进展

本文从水分亏缺对茶树生长的影响、渗透调节能力、保护酥系统、光合作用、内源激素与抗旱性的关系等六个方面综述了近三十年来国内外茶树抗旱生理方面的研究进展。提出了今后的研究方向。研究茶树品种抗旱生理,明确茶树对水分胁迫的生理响应,对茶树旱早期鉴定技术及今后茶园管理技术的完善具有理论和生产实践意义。本文就近三十年来国内外茶树抗旱生理方面的研究进展综述如下。     

不同生长调节物质浸种对玉米种子萌发生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过室内培养试验、砂培试验和土培试验研究了不同生长调节物质浸种对玉米种子发芽、幼苗生长及水分利用效率的影响。室内培养试验和砂培试验表明,低浓度矮壮素(2.5gk/g和5.0gk/g)和6-BA(0.010gk/g)处理提高了农大108的发芽率、发芽势和幼苗及根系干重,高浓度处理则表现出明显的抑制作用。土培试验表明,使用CCC、6-BA及其配合均不同程度提高了农大108和陕单902玉米叶片叶绿素SPAD值和光合作用速率,促进了根系生长和干物质的累积。用生长调节物质浸种对玉米水分利用效率的影响与玉米品种及水分供应水平有关。且水分胁迫下的水分利用效率增幅明显高于正常水分下,正常水分和水分胁迫下农大108的水分利用效率提高为1.83%～4.57%和2.31%～7.51%,陕单902分别为2.84%～12.80%和11.05%～15.26%。     

水分亏缺对水稻生长发育、产量和稻米品质影响的相关研究

水资源短缺问题已制约着当今社会和经济的可持续发展，因水分亏缺引起植物生长和作物产量下降的影响超过了所有其它非生物胁迫所造成影响的总和。不同水分亏缺对作物的影响不一样，作物对不同水分亏缺的响应机制也不一样。本文在概括分析研究水分亏缺理论与实践意义的基础上，重点就水分亏缺对水稻生长发育、形态、生理生化、产量、品质及产量源库特性的影响作了详细阐述。     

花期水分胁迫对大豆器官平衡和产量的影响

水分亏缺是限制作物生长的最主要因素之一,研究水分胁迫下大豆生长发育规律,对于提高大豆产量具有重要意义。试验在盆栽条件下,研究了花期水分胁迫对大豆器官平衡和产量的影响。结果表明：花期在不同时间、不同强度水分胁迫下,不同时期大豆各器官的物质分配比例不同,且不同品种表现出各异差异。水分胁迫是通过影响各器官物质分配比例来影响大豆产量的。不同时间、不同强度的水分胁迫经济系数不同,不同品种间的经济系数也有差异。大豆花期水分胁迫影响产量形成,14d中度、重度水分胁迫对产量影响显著;而7d水分胁迫处理影响不显著。辽51064和辽51095均以7d中度水分胁迫（土壤含水量为19％-21％）为适宜,单株产量分别达到了18．36g、17．53g。     

冬小麦不同种植行对秸秆覆盖响应的差异

为给玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦的合理行数以及行距配置提供理论依据,研究了小麦不同种植行（行距20 cm）对玉米秸秆覆盖的响应差异,分析了覆盖带宽及种植带行距和行数对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对麦田0~10 cm土壤表现出增温（返青、拔节和成熟期）和降温（抽穗和灌浆期）的双重效应,同时具有明显的保墒和促进植株干物质积累的作用,且随覆盖量的增加,覆盖效应呈先增后减趋势;产量、耗水量和水分利用效率对秸秆覆盖量的反应也表现出相同的趋势,但只有4 500 kg·hm^-2 覆盖量处理的产量和水分利用效率显著高于CK（不覆盖）。在同一覆盖量下,秸秆覆盖对土壤温度、水分含量、干物质积累、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响总体上随种植行离覆盖带距离的增大而减弱。在不同栽培模式中,以行距16 cm、种6行、覆盖带宽35 cm的模式产量最高。     

花后水分亏缺对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦高产和生育后期抗旱栽培提供理论依据,盆栽试验条件下,选用旱地小麦品种长武134、长旱58和水地小麦品种西农9871作为试验材料,研究了花后水分亏缺对不同生态型小麦光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,花后水分亏缺对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率(Pn)和荧光参数(Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm)、籽粒产量、收获指数及水分利用效率均有明显影响.与对照相比,中度水分亏缺下两个旱地小麦品种Pn除花后24 d外变化均不明显,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm有升高趋势,产量和收获指数变化也不显著,水分利用效率明显提高;在重度水分亏缺下,Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、产量和收获指数均降低,水分利用效率长武134依然高于对照,而长旱58明显降低.水地小麦西农9871的Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm随水分亏缺程度的加重呈下降趋势,产量和收获指数与旱地小麦变化相似,水分利用效率处理间差异较小.说明旱地小麦受花后水分亏缺的不利影响小于水地小麦,表现出较高的水分利用能力.     

不同时期干旱和干旱程度对夏玉米生长发育及耗水特性的影响

通过防雨棚下测坑试验,研究不同生育期干旱,设轻度干旱和重度干旱对夏玉米生长状况、耗水规律、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同生育期干旱均会抑制植株株高和叶面积指数增长,受旱越重,株高和叶面积指数越小。适宜水分处理的植株株高与叶面积长势优于其他处理;与适宜水分处理相比,随着干旱时期的后移,产量呈先降后升的趋势,其中,苗期轻度干旱的处理减产最少,为9.88%,抽雄期重度干旱穗粒数最少,为349.98粒,减产最多,达32.67%;夏玉米拔节期重度干旱处理的耗水量最低,为258.09 mm,任何生育阶段受旱,其日耗水量随着干旱程度的加重而降低。对各处理产量和耗水量进行分析,两者呈良好的二次曲线关系,拔节期轻度干旱处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,为2.202 kg/m3,其次是苗期重度干旱的处理,后期干旱处理由于减产幅度超过节水的幅度,WUE降低。通过对各处理的产量和WUE综合分析,确定了夏玉米节水高产的灌溉控制指标。     

宁夏引黄灌区滴灌玉米4种光响应曲线模型比较

为探讨宁夏引黄灌区滴灌玉米光合响应机制,采用Li-6400XT气体交换测量系统测定2年玉米大喇叭口期的光响应曲线,选取4种通用的光响应曲线模型分别对玉米光响应过程进行分析、拟合与比较,筛选出6个不同氮素处理下最优光响应模型,并利用最优模型计算分析玉米光合生理特征参数。结果表明,滴灌玉米功能叶片光合能力随着施氮量的增加呈递增趋势。通过模型误差计算与分析,4种光响应曲线模型拟合精度存在差异,且直角双曲线、非直角双曲线和指数模型对于高氮处理的光响应曲线拟合度均高于低氮处理。相对其他3种模型,直角双曲线修正模型拟合精度最高,可作为最优光响应曲线模型模拟引黄灌区水肥一体化玉米光响应动态。由最优模型对各氮素处理光响应生理参数计算分析表明,360 kg/hm^2氮处理玉米叶片的光响应参数均高于其他氮处理,有利于提高玉米对强光的适应范围和光能利用效率,增强光合作用。     

Partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism of carbon allocated to roots in four maize genotypes under water deficit and its effects on productivity

Plants may respond to drought by altering biomass allocation to shoots and roots or by changing the metabolic activities in these organs. To determine how drought changes the partitioning of carbon allocated to growth and secondary metabolism in maize roots and how it affects photosynthesis(A) and productivity in maize, we evaluated leaf gas exchange, yield componentes, root morphology, and primary and secondary metabolites including total soluble sugars(TSS), starch(S), phenolics(PHE), and lignin(LIG). Data were collected from pot-grown plants of four maize genotypes: BRS 1010 and 2B710(sensitive genotypes) and DKB390 and BRS1055(tolerant genotypes) under two soil water tensions: field capacity(FC,-18 kP a) and water deficit(WD,-138 kP a). WD was applied at the pre-flowering stage for 12 days and then the water supply was restored and maintained at optimum levels until the end of the cycle. For genotype BRS 1055 under FC, the greatest A did not result in greater grain biomass(DGB) because the accumulated photoassimilates had already filled the cells, and thus the excessive TSS synthesized in leaves was allocated to roots in large amounts. However, the sharp decrease in A caused by WD imposition in this genotype did not affect the influx pressure of leaf TSS, which was due largely to conversion of primary metabolites to PHE compounds to increase the length of fine roots. In leaves of DKB390 under WD, both S and TSS were reduced, whereas PHE were increased to prevent excessive water loss and xylem cavitation. Under WD, both BRS1010 and2B710 genotypes displayed reduced allocation of biomass to shoots and roots and LIG content in leaves, as well as lower A and DGB values. In BRS1010 this response was coupled to S decrease in leaves and TSS increase in roots, whereas in 2B710 there was a concomitant S increase in roots.     

水分胁迫下玉米叶片光合作用、脂质过氧化及超微结构变化的关系

研究了不同耐旱性品种在不同生育时期水分胁迫下叶片光合作用和呼吸作用、脂质过氧化作用、膜系统伤害、叶肉细胞超微结构变化之间的关系。在各生育时期水分胁迫下，光合作用和呼吸作用强度下降，SOD活性降低，脂质过氧化作用增强，膜透性增加，叶肉细胞的细胞器和质膜遭到严重破坏。结果表明，水分胁迫下脂质过氧化作用增强是造成细胞内膜系统紊乱和伤害的原因，而超微结构的破坏造成光合作用和呼吸作用的降低是导致作物减产的生理因素。     

An evaluation of water-yield relations in maize (Zea mays L.) in Turkey

The objective of this study was to compare the responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to deficit irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons in western Turkey. Irrigation treatments were tested with 100, 70, 50, 30 and 0% replenishment of water depleted at 120 cm soil profile from 100% replenishment treatment at ten days intervals. The irrigation amount ranged between 0 and 323.20 mm in the first year and 0-466.61 mm in the second year of the experiment. Seasonal crop water use values were between 142.19 and 481.91 mm in 1999 and 136.25-599.45 mm in 2000. Average maximum and minimum yields were 10639-10383 kg ha(-1) for full irrigated treatment (I100) and 3750-2136 kg ha(-1) for non-irrigated treatment (I0) in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Water deficit significantly affected maize yield. In both years, yield increased linearly with irrigation applied but the relationship varied from one year to the other. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) ranged from 1.49 to 2.71 kg m(-3), while Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) varied from 1.44 to 2.55 kg m(-3) in both years. The yield response factor (ky) relating relative yield decrease to relative evapotranspiration deficit was found to be 0.99 for the data of the two experiments combined. Also, dry matter yields (DM) and leaf area index (LAI) were markedly affected by the irrigation treatments. The finding of this work showed that well-irrigated treatment should be used for maize grown in semi arid regions under no water scarcity.     

种植方式对春玉米光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响

通过不同种植方式对玉米的群体光合性能、干物质积累及产量进行研究。结果表明：适当的宽窄行配比可使其群体保持较高的叶面积指数,且中后期叶面积指数衰减较慢,漏光损失较少,净光合速率提高,群体干物质积累量增加,为获得玉米高产奠定了基础。     

Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield and yield components of four rice cultivars commonly grown in Mazandaran province, Iran. In northern Iran irrigated lowland rice usually experiences water deficit during the growing season include of land preparation time, planting, tillering stage, flowering and grain filing period. Recently drought affected 20 of 28 provinces in Iran; with the southeastern, central and eastern parts of the country being most severely affected. The local and improved cultivars used were Tarom, Khazar, Fajr and Nemat. The different water stress conditions were water stress during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages and well watered was the control. Water stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water stress at other times. The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21, 50 and 21% on average in comparison to control respectively. The yield advantage of two semidwarf varieties, Fajr and Nemat, were not maintained under drought stress. Total biomass, harvest index, plant height, filled grain, unfilled grain and 1000 grain weight were reduced under water stress in all cultivars. Water stress at vegetative stage effectively reduced total biomass due to decrease of photosynthesis rate and dry matter accumulation.     

不同时期亏水对糯玉米产量和水分利用的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究苗期-拔节前期、拔节后期-孕穗期和孕穗期-开花期不同亏水水平即重度缺水(35%～45%θf,θf为田间持水量)、中度缺水(45%～55%θf)、轻度缺水(55%～65%θf)和正常灌水(CK,65%～80%θf)以及拔节后期-孕穗期和孕穗期-开花期不同亏水水平组合对糯玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,苗期-拔节前期各亏水处理,拔节后期-孕穗期、孕穗期-开花期轻度、中度亏水处理耗水量减少10.8%～19.8%,干子粒产量降低不显著,对WUE无显著影响;拔节前期-孕穗期中度和轻度亏水组合与孕穗期-开花期中度或轻度亏水组合耗水量减少15.8%～22.8%,总干物质量显著降低,产量降低不显著,对WUE无显著影响。