温室甜椒局部分根区交替畦灌土壤温度的变化研究

温室甜椒局部分根区交替畦灌根际土壤温度变化研究表明,浅层土壤温度增加较快且交幅很大,不同深度土壤温度出现最高温度的时间随深度增加而廷迟;局部分根区交替畦灌的平均地温(湿润侧和干燥侧)比常规灌溉的高,8:00时到14:00时浅层土壤湿润侧地温比相应的干燥侧低,14:00时到18:00时各个深度湿润侧地温都比相应的干燥侧高;每天同一时刻浅层土壤温度与气温呈线性相关,一天中浅层土壤温度和气温呈指数关系;土壤温度麦幅和深度可以拟合成指数关系且土壤温度与土壤含水量有密切联系.     

干旱区土壤蒸发及水热耦合运移模式研究

干旱地区土壤蒸发模拟及水热耦合运移研究,对干旱地区水资源利用、陆面过程及气候模式研究具有重要意义.通过对土壤蒸发与内部水分传输机理的深入了解,推导出土壤水热传输与土壤蒸发模式.为了比较模式模拟结果,利用本模式对CoLM陆面过程模式进行改进,并采用黑河沙漠站观测资料,对模式改进前后土壤蒸发与土壤温度和湿度模拟结果进行了对比.结果表明:改进后模式能够更好地模拟土壤温度与土壤蒸发,干旱条件下应考虑水汽对土壤水分与温度传输的影响.     

GSPAC water movement in extremely dry area

Under an extremely arid condition,a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area.The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/(m2·d) groundwater moved up and exported into the soil,and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m.After a prolonged export,the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones.According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil,and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse,it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater,and also it can be sure that the exported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse.Phreatic water,an important source for soil water,interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration.Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity.The extremely dry climate,terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(GSPAC) system.     

Water,land, and energy use efficiencies and financial evaluation of air conditioner cooled greenhouses based on field experiments

High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m² for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m² in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.     

温度和土壤水分对祁连山青海云杉林土壤呼吸的影响

采用美国Li-cor公司生产的LI6400-09土壤呼吸室和LI6400便携式光合作用测量系统对祁连山云杉林土壤呼吸速率进行野外测定,并通过多元回归对其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:土壤呼吸总体趋势是夏季高,其它季节低,但季节动态呈现不规律的多峰曲线;气温、地表温度以及5cm、10cm、15cm和20cm的土壤温度均与土壤呼吸速率呈显著的指数关系,温度对土壤呼吸的影响在低温时比高温时更显著;土壤呼吸的平均速率为2.145μmol.m-2.s-1。以气温、地表温度以及5cm、10cm、15cm和25cm的土壤温度为依据得到的Q10值依次为2.67、2.23、4.17、4.32、4.36和4.54;0~10cm和10~20cm土层的土壤含水量均与土壤呼吸速率呈相关关系,当土壤水分含量较低的情况下,随着土壤水分含量的增加,土壤呼吸速率也随着增加,但是当土壤水分含量增加到一定程度时,土壤呼吸速率则表现出降低的趋势。     

气温变化条件下融雪速率和土壤水分变化的同步观测试验

气候变化可以改变积雪持续的时间、雪盖储水量及积雪开始融化的时间,从而影响土壤水分时空分配。利用TFACE（temperature free air controlled enhancement）的增温装置,在中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站的融雪季节进行为期一个月的室外增温试验。试验包括3种处理：自然状态、增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ。结果表明：气温的升高和增温区内局部空气热对流加入的黑色粉尘物质加速了积雪的消融;在增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ条件下,积雪将提前19 d和25 d 消融,相应的各土层土壤水分也出现不同程度的增加。与此同时,土壤水分最大值也提前13 d和22 d。土壤水分极值的提前预示着以融雪水为重要来源、以超渗产流模式为主的河流洪峰的提前,或者超渗产流模式向蓄满产流模式的转变。这将给区域内水资源的时空分布和管理分配带来影响。     

不同供水条件对温室小型西瓜苗期根区土壤水分、温度及生理指标的影响

以小型西瓜"黑美人"为试验材料,在日光温室内进行了灌溉试验研究,试验设置1.25Ep(Ep为两次灌水时间间隔内的蒸发皿蒸发量)、1.0Ep、0.75Ep和0.5Ep四个供水处理,以探求不同供水条件对温室小型西瓜根区土壤水分变化、土壤温度、西瓜的形态指标、水分生理指标和光合生理指标的影响,并采用DPS分析软件对数据进行了...     

天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子

以天山北坡军塘湖流域为研究区,测量2009年和2010年该地区不同深度土壤湿度的变化,并对2 a融雪期各土壤湿度进行比较。结果表明：2 a间 0 cm和10 cm土壤湿度变化趋势一致,20 cm和30 cm土壤湿度变化差异较大。运用相关分析方法,分析2009年各层土壤湿度与2 m气温、土壤温度及雪深的关系,得出各层土壤湿度变化是气温、雪深和土壤温度综合作用的结果,但在不同时期不同深度土壤湿度所受的影响因子不同。同时分析了2009年和2010年不同土壤湿度特征与融雪洪水洪峰的关系,得出在融雪期,若下层（20 cm以下）土壤湿度变化小则出现洪水,反之则无洪水。其结果为进一步研究融雪径流模型和洪水径流预报提供基础资料。     

Cereal Cyst Nematode, Soil Heating and Fungal Parasitism1

Experiments on winter heating of cereal cyst nematode-infested soil have been carried out during 4 years on light loam in eight concrete pipes (l-m diam.) dug into the soil. The soil in four of the pipes was heated to a temperature of 5oC during the winter periods. Temperature was measured at a depth of 5 cm. The heating was carried out by means of buried electrical cables. Soil temperature in the remaining pipes followed the natural fluctuation. The host plant was Sun II oats. Statistical analysis of the results for all the years together showed that the propagation of nematode populations was significantly lower in heated than in non-heated plots. Investigation of soil samples in spring and autumn 1980 for eggs and larvae, as well as fungal parasitism of these, showed that numbers of eggs and larvae were significantly lower in heated than in non-heated plots and the percentage of parasitized eggs and larvae was significantly higher in heated than in non-heated plots. Verticillium chlamydosporium seems to be a main parasitic fungus.     

祁连山北麓春季冻土深度对气温变化的响应

利用1961-2004年祁连山北麓11个站点的春季季节性冻土资料和9个站点的月平均气温资料,分析祁连山北麓冻土深度的空间和时间变化规律,并分析冻土深度对气温变化的响应特征。结果表明:祁连山北麓春季冻土以祁连站为最大值,向高纬度和高经度方向逐渐减小,武威附近为春季冻土最小值,靠近东南方向的乌鞘岭站出现次大值区域,冻土的空间分布特征与海拔高度关系密切;春季多年平均冻土深度为53.5 cm,年际最大值与最小值深度差为73.2 cm,随年际变化总体呈明显的减小趋势,其变化倾向率为11.3 cm/10 a,年代际变化呈阶梯状逐渐减小,20世纪90年代比80年代减小近20 cm;春季冻土深度减小主要受1~2月和春季平均气温升高的影响,特别是2月份气温每升高1℃,冻土深度减小7.05 cm;冻土深度大的地区,对气温变化的响应越敏感;冻土深度小的地区,对气温变化的响应相对较小。     

痕量灌溉管作地埋滴灌带对基质栽培樱桃番茄生长发育的影响

利用痕量灌溉管滴头独特的膜过滤特点,将痕量管作为滴灌带埋设于栽培介质中,以‘釜山88’樱桃番茄为试材,研究了该模式应用于日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培的可行性及其不同布设方式对樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明：痕量灌溉管作为地埋式滴灌带用于基质栽培樱桃番茄是可行的。不同布设方式对基质栽培条件下樱桃番茄生长、品质、产量和水分生产效率均有一定影响,且不同处理间存在一定程度差异,其中痕量管埋深15 cm为所有处理中影响最明显的布设方式。与表层覆基质处理相比,痕量管埋深15 cm时,植株株高、茎粗、果实纵径、果实横径、果实可溶性固形物含量、产量和水分生产效率分别增加5.62%、7.33%、5.70%、2.80%、8.80%、16.54%和34.61%。基质栽培条件下,痕量灌溉管可作为地埋式滴灌带使用,且痕量管埋深15 cm是该试验条件下日光温室樱桃番茄基质栽培较适宜的埋设深度。     

短期增温下青藏高原多年冻土区植物生长季土壤水分的动态变化

以青藏高原腹地典型高寒草甸植被类型为研究对象，采用红外灯加热的方法模拟全球增温，并利用水分探头，于2012年植物生长季（5—9月）获取0~100 cm不同土层深度土壤水分含量数据，并分析其对增温的响应。结果表明：① 短期增温对高寒草甸土壤水分含量有提高作用，但增幅并不显著（P>0.05），平均提高2.85%。② 土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势，在10~20 cm土层深度处降为最低值13.8%，在60~100 cm土层深度附近达到了20.57%的最高值；对照组5个月10~20 cm土层深度的土壤水分含量显著低于其他土层，而增温组0~20 cm土层深度的土壤含水量显著低于其他土层深度，表明增温对表层（0~10 cm）的土壤含水量影响较大，对深层土壤含水量的影响则较小，而且短期增温不会对土壤水分的垂直分布趋势产生影响。③ 土壤水分含量随时间的变化，在5—8月呈上升趋势，表明在青藏高原北麓河地区植物生长季，8月是其土壤水分含量最充足的月份，到了9月土壤中含水量开始降低，但5个土层深度降幅均不明显；增温组土壤水分含量随时间的变化趋势与对照组基本一致。     

荒漠-绿洲过渡带土壤温度变化分析

根据中国科学院临泽内陆河流域站2004—2014年的土壤温度与气象要素数据，分析了河西走廊中部荒漠-绿洲过渡带土壤温度年内和年际变化规律及主要影响因素。结果表明：土壤温度日变化与月变化大致呈正弦曲线，各层土壤最高、最低温度出现的时间随着土壤深度的增加逐渐推迟；年均土壤温度总体上随着土壤深度的加深先减小后增加；气温是与土壤温度变化相关性最强的气象要素；同时，明确了该区3个特征差异明显的土壤温度层次：0~20 cm土壤温度活跃层，40 cm土壤温度过渡层和60~100 cm土壤温度稳定层，与其他地区结果有所差异。最后，利用相关性分析、多元逐步线性回归方法建立了气象指标与各层土壤温度之间经验预报方程。     

滴灌条件下施氮量对黄瓜-番茄种植体系中土体NO3--N淋洗的影响

为了解不同氮肥用量对土壤NO3--N淋洗的风险程度, 合理指导温棚蔬菜施肥和灌溉,2005～2006年在宁夏引黄灌区滴灌条件下,以轮作体系下的温棚黄瓜-番茄为研究对象,采用田间土壤溶液定位提取、田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,设化肥施氮量150 kg/hm2(低氮)、300 kg/hm2(中氮)、450 kg/hm2(高氮1)、600 kg/hm2(高氮2)及有机肥和不施肥(CK)处理,研究滴灌条件下施氮量对土体中NO3--N淋洗的影响.结果表明:无论是低、中或高氮处理下,黄瓜-番茄轮作周期中,滴灌施肥对0～30 cm土壤溶液NO3--N含量变化的影响明显;在高氮处理下,由于番茄季较强的滴灌量,土体中NO3--N不断向下淋洗至90 cm土层;与CK处理相比,单施有机肥会造成的土壤NO3--N向深层淋洗.因此,提出每茬蔬菜推荐施氮量控制在300 kg/hm2左右为宜,在冬春茬后期4～6月份减少滴灌次数是减少土体NO3--N向下淋洗的措施.     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮对土壤温度的影响

土壤温度对作物生长发育、土壤水盐运移、生物的数量与活性、土壤碳平衡等均有较大的影响。为了研究毛乌素沙地生物结皮区和裸沙区土壤温度的差异,于2010年9~11月在陕北毛乌素沙地东南缘神木县圪丑沟地区,选择晴朗天气进行定位观测试验。结果表明: ① 同一剖面深度,生物结皮样地土壤温度的日变化趋势同裸沙样地一致;且从6:00~21:00时每隔3 h,土壤垂直剖面的温度沿着“\” 型、 微“（”型、明显“（”型、“/” 型、微“）”型、“\”型进行周期性变化。② 生物结皮的覆盖极显著降低了地表的土壤温度（[WTBX]P[WTBZ]＜0.01）。③ 生物结皮样地和裸沙样地表层土壤温度变幅最大,随剖面深度的增加土壤温度变化趋缓。当气温和土壤含水量较低时,生物结皮对同一深度土壤温度变化幅度的影响更明显。从垂直剖面角度看,生物结皮降低了土壤温度及其变幅。④ 生物结皮提高了0~25 cm深度土壤温度对气温的敏感程度。表明土壤温度的变化是多因素作用的结果,前人仅根据生物结皮的颜色来判断其对土壤温度的影响是不够的。生物结皮对土壤温度造成影响的主要原因,可能是其改变了土壤表层结构及土壤水分状况。在今后相关研究中如水分蒸发、土壤化学性状的改变等,要特别注意生物结皮的温度效应对这些过程的影响,从而使分析更加客观深入。     

不同覆盖材料下土壤水温效应对玉米前期生长的影响

本研究旨在比较盆栽与大田试验条件下不同覆盖材料的土壤调温保湿效果,为选择农业环保型覆盖材料提供理论依据。2014和2015年分别设置盆栽试验和大田试验,覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、液体地膜(YM)、麻地膜(MM)及秸秆(JM)等4种材料,以不覆盖处理为对照(CK),分析了不同覆盖材料对土壤水温状况及玉米前期生长的影响。结果表明:麻地膜覆盖对玉米生育前期0~20 cm土层土壤的保水保墒效果最好,秸秆覆盖处理次之,麻地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理玉米出苗至大喇叭口期平均土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高29.0%和26.6%。覆盖不同材料的调温作用:2014年盆栽试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为MMDMJMYMCK,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为MMJMCKDMYM;2015年大田试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为CKDMMMYMJM,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为CKDMMMJMYM。麻地膜覆盖处理促进了玉米前期的生长,比不覆盖处理提前10~11 d进入大喇叭口期,玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积及生物量分别较对照显著提高48.3%、27.5%、158.2%和63.5%。     

阿拉善荒漠功能灌木群的土壤呼吸动态研究

使用LI-8100仪器实测了在生长季阿拉善的梭梭、沙冬青、红砂、华北驼绒藜、珍珠、白刺六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率,使用挖刨面法逐月测定了土壤温度和土壤含水量。结果表明:这六种荒漠植物群落土壤呼吸速率日动态均呈单峰型,最高值皆出现在12:00-14:00,最低值出现在早晨8:00,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现时间先于气温最高值出现的时间。六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率的月变化呈单峰曲线,与近地面气温的变化趋势一致。六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率的日变化与地表温度达到极显著正相关关系,与近地面气温、5cm、10cm温度具有显著相关性。六种植物群落与土壤含水量0-10cm、10-20cm、20-30cm都没有显著相关性。在源与汇的问题上,梭梭、沙冬青、红砂、珍珠、华北驼绒藜、白刺是汇。     

Solarization of soil in piles for the control of Meloidogyne incognita in olive nurseries in southern Spain

The potential of solarization to control Meloidogyne incognita in piles of soil used at olive nurseries in southern Spain was studied in 1999 and 2000. Kaolin and soil infested with free eggs and egg masses of the nematode in nylon bags were buried 20 and 40 cm deep inside conical piles of soil 80 cm high and with a base diameter of 1 m. Soil piles were solarized for 3 weeks in July and August. The effect of various periods of solarization was assessed by egg hatch bioassays in sterile water, and by infectivity to tomato plants. Maximum soil temperature at 20 cm depth in solarized piles was 47·4°C in 1999 and 48·2°C in 2000, compared with 32·9°C and 31·7°C in nonsolarized piles. Solarization reduced egg hatch by > 95% compared with nonsolarized samples, irrespective of type, burial depth and location of inocula in a soil pile. Egg hatch of egg mass-infested samples buried at 20 cm depth was higher than that of free eggs buried at the same depth. The differential effect associated with burial depth and type of inoculum was not found in solarized piles. In nonsolarized piles, hatch of free eggs from samples buried at 40 cm depth was higher than that from samples buried at 20 cm depth. Egg hatch in samples from solarized piles was lower than that from nonsolarized piles. A bioassay of tomato plants in 2000 confirmed the reduction in infectivity of free eggs buried in solarized soil piles. Under the conditions in southern Spain, solarization of 40 cm-high piles of soil for 3 weeks can therefore be used for the control of root-knot nematodes in potting soil for olive nursery production.     

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE SURFACE LAYERS OF AN AGRICULTURAL SOIL*

Summary. Continuous measurements of soil temperatures were made at 1·3, 2·5, 5·1, 10·2, 15·2 and 20·3 cm below the barren surface of a Drummer silty clay loam during 1969. Annual average temperature at all these soil levels was higher than the air temperature 122 cm above the soil surface. The daily fluctuations in soil temperatures were greater in summer than in winter and were greater down to depths of 5·1 cm than the fluctuations in air temperature. The maximum and minimum temperatures for the year, of the air, 1·3-cm and 20·3-cm depths were 34 and - 19,46 and - 18, and 33 and - 8°C, respectively. On near cloudless days, the soil temperatures showed a pattern of amplitude reduction and phase retardation with depth, as the soil layers warmed and cooled. Variations de la température dans les couches super ficielles d'un sol agricole     

Influences of drip and flood irrigation on soil carbon dioxide emission and soil carbon sequestration of maize cropland in the North China Plain

The need is pressing to investigate soil CO_2(carbon dioxide) emissions and soil organic carbon dynamics under water-saving irrigation practices in agricultural systems for exploring the potentials of soil carbon sequestration. A field experiment was conducted to compare the influences of drip irrigation(DI) and flood irrigation(FI) on soil organic carbon dynamics and the spatial and temporal variations in CO_2 emissions during the summer maize growing season in the North China Plain using the static closed chamber method. The mean CO_2 efflux over the growing season was larger under DI than that under FI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions at the field scale were 1959.10 and 1759.12 g/m~2 under DI and FI, respectively. The cumulative CO_2 emission on plant rows(OR) was larger than that between plant rows(BR) under FI, and the cumulative CO2 emission on the irrigation pipes(OP) was larger than that between irrigation pipes(BP) under DI. The cumulative CO_2 emissions of OP, BP and bare area(BA) under DI were larger than those of OR, BR and BA under FI, respectively. Additionally, DI promoted root respiration more effectively than FI did. The average proportion of root respiration contributing to the soil CO_2 emissions of OP under DI was larger than that of OR under FI. A general conclusion drawn from this study is that soil CO_2 emission was significantly influenced by the soil water content, soil temperature and air temperature under both DI and FI. Larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and total organic carbon(TOC) were observed under FI than those under DI. The observed high concentrations(DOC, MBC, and TOC) under FI might be resulted from the irrigation-associated soil saturation that in turn inhibited microbial activity and lowered decomposition rate of soil organic matter. However, DI increased the soil organic matter quality(the ratio of MBC to TOC) at the depth of 10–20 cm compared with FI. Our results suggest that the transformation from conventional FI to integrated DI can increase the CO2 emissions and DI needs to be combined with other management practices to reduce the CO_2 emissions from summer maize fields in the North China Plain.