X-ray Tomographic Study of Chemical Vapor Infiltration Processing of Ceramic Composites

The fabrication of improved ceramic-matrix composites will require a better understanding of processing variables and how they control the development of the composite microstructure. Noninvasive, high-resolution methods of x-ray tomography have been used to measure the growth of silicon carbide in a woven Nicalon-fiber composite during chemical vapor infiltration. The high spatial resolution allows one to measure the densification within individual fiber tows and to follow the closure of macroscopic pores in situ. The experiments provide a direct test of a recently proposed model that describes how the surface area available for matrix deposition changes during infiltration. The measurements indicate that this surface area is independent of the fiber architecture and location within the preform and is dominated by large-scale macroporosity during the final stages of composite consolidation. The measured surface areas are in good agreement with the theoretical model.     

基于克里格插值的兰州市土壤全氮和有机质空间变异研究

用普通克里格法对兰州市土壤全氮和有机质的空间变异趋势及分布规律进行了分析.结果表明,土壤表层全氮和有机质的含量分布具有较高的空间变异性,且变异趋势较为一致.土壤全氮和有机质高值区主要分布在中偏南部分地区,且存在高度相关性.     

武汉市2015年不透水面的提取及其空间自相关分析

利用分类回归树(CART)从高分一号遥感影像提取武汉市2015年不透水面,总体精度为94.17%,Kappa系数为0.8986,满足精度要求.然后通过Moran指数I和Moran散点图对武汉市13个城区的不透水面盖度进行了空间自相关分析.结果表明,Moran指数为0.2412,高度显著,说明武汉市13个城区的不透水面盖度存在较强的正向空间自相关.同时,位于武汉市中部的武昌区、青山区、江岸区、江汉区、汉阳区和硚口区都位于Moran散点图的第一象限,说明武汉市不透水面在中部地区高度集聚;其他7个城区位于第二象限,说明这7个城区的不透水面盖度较低且呈离散分布.总体而言,武汉市2015年13个城区不透水面盖度存在较强的空间自相关,且中部高,四周低,与实际情况基本一致.     

Photoemission studies of high-tc superconductors: the superconducting gap

Over the last several years there have been great improvements in the energy resolution and detection efficiency of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. These improvements have made it possible to discover a number of fascinating features in the electronic structure of the high transition temperature (T(c)) superconductors: apparently bandlike Fermi surfaces, flat-band saddle points, and nested Fermi surface sections. Recent work suggests that these features, previously thought explainable only by one-electron band theory, may be better understood with a many-body approach. Furthermore, other properties of the high-T(c) superconductors, which are difficult to understand with band theory, are well described using a many-body picture. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy has also been used to investigate the nature of the superconducting pairing state, revealing an anisotropic gap consistent with a d-wave order parameter and fueling the current debate over s-wave versus d-wave superconductivity.     

基于DEM和NDVI的南京紫金山国家森林公园雨洪影响研究

城市丘陵型森林公园因其特殊地形地貌所带来的雨洪问题,严重影响着城市周边雨洪安全。以南京紫金山国家森林公园为例,基于数字高程模型(DEM)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)分别对其雨洪产生因素进行分析,模拟地表径流,得出易受雨洪影响的区域,并从源头、途径层面分析易受雨洪影响区域的形成原因。结果表明,利用DEM与NDVI构建的数据模型模拟的径流渠道和高雨洪风险区域与实际相符,可为雨洪管控提供理论依据。并针对源头、途径、终端三个层面提出全过程雨洪管控策略,强调源头控制与过程管控,从而充分发挥紫金山国家森林公园雨洪调控功能,完善城市生态安全格局,保障城市雨洪安全。     

High resolution satellite imaging sensors for precision agriculture

The central concept of precision agriculture is to manage within-field soil and crop growth variability for more efficient use of farming inputs. Remote sensing has been an integral part of precision agriculture since the farming technology started developing in the mid to late 1980s. Various types of remote sensors carried on ground-based platforms, manned aircraft, satellites, and more recently, unmanned aircraft have been used for precision agriculture applications. Original satellite sensors, such as Landsat and SPOT, have commonly been used for agricultural applications over large geographic areas since the 1970s, but they have limited use for precision agriculture because of their relatively coarse spatial resolution and long revisit time. Recent developments in high resolution satellite sensors have significantly narrowed the gap in spatial resolution between satellite imagery and airborne imagery. Since the first high resolution satellite sensor IKONOS was launched in 1999, numerous commercial high resolution satellite sensors have become available. These imaging sensors not only provide images with high spatial resolution, but can also repeatedly view the same target area. The high revisit frequency and fast data turnaround time, combined with their relatively large aerial coverage, make high resolution satellite sensors attractive for many applications, including precision agriculture. This article will provide an overview of commercially available high resolution satellite sensors that have been used or have potential for precision agriculture. The applications of these sensors for precision agriculture are reviewed and application examples based on the studies conducted by the author and his collaborators are provided to illustrate how high resolution satellite imagery has been used for crop identification, crop yield variability mapping and pest management. Some challenges and future directions on the use of high resolution satellite sensors and other types of remote sensors for precision agriculture are discussed.     

滇东南石漠化地区地形起伏度对水土流失的影响

分析石漠化地区的水土流失地理分布格局，探究地形起伏度对其分布规律的影响，为滇东南石漠化地区水土流失的防治措施提供合理且全面的依据。以滇东南石漠化地区马关县、西畴县和麻栗坡县为研究区，基于30 m空间分辨率的DEM数据计算地形起伏度，利用10 m空间分辨率的Sentinel-2数据提取土地利用类型。研究表明，根据均值变点法确定研究区地形起伏度最佳像元分析窗口为24×24，地形起伏度在0~2.41；水土流失强度主要为极强烈等级，占研究区总面积的26.85%；水土流失强度区域多集中在0.05~0.35等级范围内，地形起伏度在0.15~0.25等级范围达到水土流失强度峰值。研究区的地形起伏度与水土流失强度等级分布具有高度相关性，充分说明地形起伏度是石漠化地区水土流失的主导因素之一。     

Comparing high density LIDAR and medium resolution GPS generated elevation data for predicting yield stability

High density light detection and ranging (LIDAR) imaging has been shown to be able to define yield stability areas of a field for multi-cropping. Since LIDAR imaging is expensive and not widely available, it was hypothesized that medium resolution GPS elevation data which is commonly collected with variable rate technology (VRT) controllers and crop yield monitors could be used in lieu of LIDAR imaging. If proven, growers would be able to construct yield stability maps of their fields without the expense of obtaining LIDAR imaging. After substituting medium resolution GPS elevation data derived from the crop yield monitors, the procedure developed for developing a crop yield stability map was invoked and tested. The hypothesis that medium resolution GPS data could be used in lieu of LIDAR data was found to be invalid as the map generated incorrectly identified both high yield and medium yield areas of the field as low yielding areas as well as the inverse. While disappointing, high resolution GPS data from real-time kinetics (RTK) systems is yet to be tested and may offer an additional avenue to developing crop yield stability maps.     

Venus: global surface radio emissivity

Observations of thermal radio emission from the surface of Venus, made by the Pioneer Venus radar mapper at a wavelength of 17 centimeters, show variations that are dominated by changes in surface emissivity. The regions of lowest emissivity (0.54 +/- 0.05 for the highland areas of Aphrodite Terra and Theia Mons) correspond closely to regions of high radar reflectivity reported earlier. These results support the inference of inclusions of material with high electrical conductivity in the surface rock of these areas.     

高分辨率遥感影像和GIS在田坎系数测算中应用方法的探析

为探讨出一种利用高分辨遥感影像和GIS软件技术进行耕地田坎系数测算的方法,用文献资料法、综合分析法、实证分析法等进行了研究。结果表明,基于遥感影像的覆盖面大、现势性强、周期性短、信息丰富等特点,利用高分辨率遥感影像结合GIS软件技术进行耕地田坎系数测算的方法可行,与实地测算结果相符。运用该方法必须满足影像的高分辨率和准确合理的田坎边界提取2个条件;对于地形地貌变化不大、影像分辨率较高地区有较好的实际利用价值。     

Native cellulose: a composite of two distinct crystalline forms

Multiplicities in the resonances of chemically equivalent carbons, which appear in the solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of native celluloses, have been examined at high resolution. The patterns of variation are consistent with the existence of two distinct crystalline forms. One form is dominant in bacterial and algal celluloses, whereas the other is dominant in celluloses from higher plants.     

Infrared thermal mapping of the martian surface and atmosphere: first results

The Viking infrared thermal mapper measures the thermal emission of the martian surface and atmosphere and the total reflected sunlight. With the high resolution and dense coverage being achieved, planetwide thermal structure is apparent at large and small scales. The thermal behavior of the best-observed areas, the landing sites, cannot be explained by simple homogeneous models. The data contain clear indications for the relevance of additional factors such as detailed surface texture and the occurrence of clouds. Areas in the polar night have temperatures distinctly lower than the CO(2) condensation point at the surface pressure. This observation implies that the annual atmospheric condensation is less than previously assumed and that either thick CO(2) clouds exist at the 20-kilometer level or that the polar atmosphere is locally enriched by noncondensable gases.     

Simulation of recent southern hemisphere climate change

Recent observations indicate that climate change over the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere is dominated by a strengthening of the circumpolar westerly flow that extends from the surface to the stratosphere. Here we demonstrate that the seasonality, structure, and amplitude of the observed climate trends are simulated in a state-of-the-art atmospheric model run with high vertical resolution that is forced solely by prescribed stratospheric ozone depletion. The results provide evidence that anthropogenic emissions of ozonedepleting gases have had a distinct impact on climate not only at stratospheric levels but at Earth's surface as well.     

河西走廊东部地面温度的变化特征及影响因子分析

利用河西走廊东部4个气象站近50 a地面0 cm温度及年气温、蒸发、降水、相对湿度和风速等观测资料,运用线性趋势系数法系统分析了河西走廊东部近50 a地面温度的空间分布、时间变化趋势及极值变化等特征,采用多元线性回归中的标准化回归系数分析了影响地面温度的气象因子。结果表明：受天气系统、地形地貌以及海拔高度等影响,河西走廊东部地面温度低海拔平原区大于高海拔山区。各地年、年代地面温度呈很显著上升趋势,年地面温度的时间序列存在着6～9 a的准周期变化;月地面温度变化比较一致;各地各季节地面温度也呈上升趋势,春、夏季上升率大于秋、冬季;各地年极端最高和最低地面温度也均呈上升趋势,极端最低地面温度的上升率大于极端最高地面温度的上升率,因此冬季增温对年地面温度升高贡献大于夏季。河西走廊东部地面温度的主要影响因子是最低气温和平均气温,其次是降水、平均风速和相对湿度,最高气温的影响较弱,蒸发的影响最弱。地面温度与平均、最高、最低气温呈正相关,与降水、相对湿度以及平均风速呈负相关,与蒸发无相关性。影响各地地面温度的主要因子有所不同。     

Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small-molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists

Chemokine receptors are critical regulators of cell migration in the context of immune surveillance, inflammation, and development. The G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4 is specifically implicated in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 infection. Here we report five independent crystal structures of CXCR4 bound to an antagonist small molecule IT1t and a cyclic peptide CVX15 at 2.5 to 3.2 angstrom resolution. All structures reveal a consistent homodimer with an interface including helices V and VI that may be involved in regulating signaling. The location and shape of the ligand-binding sites differ from other G protein-coupled receptors and are closer to the extracellular surface. These structures provide new clues about the interactions between CXCR4 and its natural ligand CXCL12, and with the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120.     

基于不同分辨率DEM的南江县坡度提取分析

坡度是影响土壤侵蚀的一个重要因子。该文以ASTER GDEM_30m为基础数据,结合全国1∶400万矢量数据,进行重采样获取分辨率为40m、50m、60m、70m、80m的DEM数据,通过坡度提取与重分类获取数据来对比不同分辨率下南江县坡度的变化趋势。结果显示:南江县北部坡度大,南部坡度小,与其北高南低的地势相吻合,坡度主要集中在8~35°;分辨率越低,对地形的概括程度越高,坡度不断变缓,向中等分级集中;南江县超过30%的坡度高于临界坡度,加之其复杂的地质环境,土壤结构疏松,水土流失严重。基于DEM对南江县坡度进行提取对比分析,以期为该区水土流失的研究提供有效的依据。     

Scanning electron microscopes: is high resolution possible?

Experiments with this scanning microscope have produced extremely encouraging results so that we feel Confident in predicting high resolution and high contrast after some obvious modifications are made in the system, such as providing a good objective lens. Experience with conventional lenses indicates that the instrument behaves in a predictable manner and there is no reason to doubt that the resolution can be as good as that of a conventional microscope. The use of quadrupole lenses will depend on calculations now being performed. There is cause for optimism; high resolution may also be possible with this kind of lens. Experience with field emission shows that the technology is not difficult and that there is more than enough current available for any conceivable use. Energy-loss measurements have been made on a variety of materials. It is attractive to consider the possibility of chemical analysis of selected areas of a specimen. We believe that a very crude form of analysis may indeed be possible. The principal advantage of the use of energy-loss techniques, however, may be in the availability of another contrast mechanism. The ability to "see" small details may be considerably enhanced. Finally, we are experimenting with the possibility of using transmitted electrons of different energy losses to produce different colors on a color television display. This should add an extra element to the picture contrast which may be of some value.     

Perspective of Chinese GF-1 high-resolution satellite data in agricultural remote sensing monitoring

High-resolution satellite data have been playing an important role in agricultural remote sensing monitoring. However,the major data sources of high-resolution images are not owned by China. The cost of large scale use of high resolution imagery data becomes prohibitive. In pace of the launch of the Chinese "High Resolution Earth Observation Systems",China is able to receive superb high-resolution remotely sensed images(GF series) that equalizes or even surpasses foreign similar satellites in respect of spatial resolution,scanning width and revisit period. This paper provides a perspective of using high resolution remote sensing data from satellite GF-1 for agriculture monitoring. It also assesses the applicability of GF-1 data for agricultural monitoring,and identifies potential applications from regional to national scales. GF-1's high resolution(i.e.,2 m/8 m),high revisit cycle(i.e.,4 days),and its visible and near-infrared(VNIR) spectral bands enable a continuous,efficient and effective agricultural dynamics monitoring. Thus,it has gradually substituted the foreign data sources for mapping crop planting areas,monitoring crop growth,estimating crop yield,monitoring natural disasters,and supporting precision and facility agriculture in China agricultural remote sensing monitoring system(CHARMS). However,it is still at the initial stage of GF-1 data application in agricultural remote sensing monitoring. Advanced algorithms for estimating agronomic parameters and soil quality with GF-1 data need to be further investigated,especially for improving the performance of remote sensing monitoring in the fragmented landscapes. In addition,the thematic product series in terms of land cover,crop allocation,crop growth and production are required to be developed in association with other data sources at multiple spatial scales. Despite the advantages,the issues such as low spectrum resolution and image distortion associated with high spatial resolution and wide swath width,might pose challenges for GF-1 data applications and need to be addressed in future agricultural monitoring.     

陕西秦岭北麓猕猴桃主产区水质动态变化研究

为探究陕西秦岭北麓地区集约化猕猴桃生产对地表水及地下水水质的影响，在每月中旬定点监测了2019年度眉县主产区不同土地利用方式（居民区、果园区和自然植被区）下24个地下水（潜水和深水各12个）及8个地表水硝酸盐含量、电导率（EC）及盐基离子含量等。结果表明：自然植被区地表水硝酸盐含量变化平稳，未发现硝酸盐超标现象；而猕猴桃集中产区地下水及地表水硝酸盐超标严重，地表水超标率[>10 mg N·L^-1，《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）]为31.82%，潜水位地下水超标率[>10 mg N·L^-1，《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848—2017）]为93.27%，深水位地下水超标率（>10 mg N·L^-1，GB/T 14848—2017）为57.41%。地下水及地表水硝酸盐含量变化与眉县施肥时期变化趋势基本一致，峰值主要出现在6月及11月施肥时期；9月潜水位地下水硝酸盐有明显下降，这与9月长时间的高降雨量有关。猕猴桃集中区地表水及地下水EC、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺及Cl^-等离子含量相比居民区与自然植被区也显著增加，其中水体EC与NO₃^-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺等离子含量间呈显著的正相关关系。研究表明，秦岭北麓猕猴桃产业的发展显著增加了地表水的硝酸盐含量，导致当地水质恶化。     

Magellan: radar performance and data products

The Magellan Venus orbiter carries only one scientific instrument: a 12.6-centimeter wavelength radar system shared among three data-taking modes. The synthetic-aperture mode images radar echoes from the Venus surface at a resolution of between 120 and 300 meters, depending on spacecraft altitude. In the altimetric mode, relative height measurement accuracies may approach 5 meters, depending on the terrain's roughness, although orbital uncertainties place a floor of about 50 meters on the absolute uncertainty. In areas of extremely rough topography, accuracy is limited by the inherent line-of-sight radar resolution of about 88 meters. The maximum elevation observed to date, corresponding to a planetary radius of 6062 kilometers, lies within Maxwell Mons. When used as a thermal emission radiometer, the system can determine surface emissivities to an absolute accuracy of about 0.02. Mosaicked and archival digital data products will be released in compact disk (CDROM) format.