防治鱼类暴发性传染病新药91高效消毒净

91高效净是一种高效、速效、广谱、无毒杀灭病菌病毒的消毒剂。以1:500稀释2分钟可完全消灭感染暴发性出血病的气单胞菌和乙型肝炎表面抗原,是当前防治暴发性传染性鱼、对虾、蟹等病的理想药物。其用法有全池泼洒、食场消毒、饲料浸泡、鱼种浸浴、渔具消毒、清塘消毒等。     

牛蛙腐皮病致病菌入侵门户的研究

采用口服、皮下注射、损伤浸泡、非损伤浸泡四种途径，将牛蛙腐皮病致病菌实验感染牛蛙，根据接种后１５天期间牛蛙的临床表现、病变及死亡率证明牛蛙腐皮病致病菌是经伤口感染，表现为创伤感染性败血症。     

大豆异黄酮对鱼类免疫增强作用的初步研究

研究副溶血弧菌对斑马鱼的感染模式。试验以注射、创伤、浸泡等3种不同的感染方式分2次进行,每组10尾斑马鱼,结果显示注射感染只在高浓度菌液时有死亡,48h的LC50是5.63×107CFU·mL-1,而创伤感染偶有死亡,浸泡感染则未见死亡,表明注射感染是斑马鱼副溶血弧菌的重要感染模式。同时注射感染结果也显示低水温的死亡率远远低于高水温的死亡率,表明适宜的温度和弧菌的浓度是其致病的关键。并初步探讨了大豆异黄酮作为饲料添加剂的免疫增强作用,各组试验鱼分别投喂黄酮含量为0.5%、1%、2%的饲料,喂养两周后开始注射3.6×109CFU·mL-1的副溶血弧菌悬液,以投喂1%的试验组的抗感染效果较好,表明其对减少养殖病害的发生有一定的好处,为养殖生产提供一种新的免疫增强剂。     

3种药物对中华绒螯蟹蟹种蜕壳及成活率的影响

正为获得安全、便于操作的蟹种消毒方法,实验选择池塘养殖中健康和步足损伤的蟹种,通过高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘、土霉素3种药物对实验蟹种进行浸泡和投喂,观察药物对步足损伤蟹种蜕壳和成活率的影响。一、材料与方法1.实验材料实验选用江苏省淡水水产研究所高淳河蟹养殖基地养殖的双年系F_1代蟹种,随机选择平均体重约为     

副溶血弧菌对南美白对虾致病力及黄酮抗菌作用初步研究

研究副溶血弧菌3种不同的感染方式对南美白对虾致病力影响,发现注射感染虾只在高密度菌液中有死亡,24 h的LD50为1.2×107/mL,95%的置信限为5.61×106~2.04×107/mL;而创伤感染虾在不同密度菌液中都有死亡,浸泡感染虾则都没有死亡。表明创伤程度及其导致的健康状况恶化是弧菌致病的关键。同时发现肌肉创伤处是弧菌致病的主要部位。初步探讨了黄酮作为饲料添加剂对副溶血弧菌的抗菌作用,为养虾生产的防病治病提供新的途径。     

淡水白鲨头部溃烂病病原的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患头部溃烂病的淡水白鲨(Pangasius sutchi)肝脏中分离到1株优势菌BS1,分别以腹腔注射、创伤浸泡和直接浸泡三种方式感染淡水白鲨。结果显示:该菌株能感染淡水白鲨,且毒力较强,腹腔注射0.2 m L该菌液(1×108cfu/m L)可导致受试淡水白鲨100%死亡,创伤浸泡感染(1×107cfu/m L)死亡率达83.3%,直接浸泡感染(1×107cfu/m L)死亡率为0%,受感染淡水白鲨出现与自然感染相同的症状。对菌株BS1进行形态特征观察和主要理化特性分析,初步鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。进一步选用16S rRNA对该菌进行分子鉴定,序列结果进行BLAST分析并构建进化树,结果表明:16S rRNA基因与Gen Bank上登录的嗜水气单胞菌的相应序列具有很高的同源性,进化树聚为一支。综合生理生化与分子鉴定结果,判定所分离的菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示:该菌株对左氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、新霉素、妥布霉素、阿奇霉素9种药物高度敏感。     

抱卵蟹拟阿脑虫病的防治

蟹栖拟阿脑虫既可在池底残饵中、沙蚕体表和水源生活,也可在蟹血淋巴液中寄生。它主要侵害抱卵蟹,从蟹创伤侵入,是严重危害越冬亲蟹的一种疾病,发病、死亡率可达98%。一、病症及防治措施1郾病原:蟹栖拟阿脑虫属纤毛动物门、寡膜纲、盾纤毛目、嗜污科。虫体呈葵花籽形,前端尖,后     

红鳍东方皮肤溃烂病病原菌的分离与鉴定

从体表溃烂的养殖红鳍东方鲀(Fugu obscurus)病灶处分离到1株优势生长菌,编号为H-06091.分别通过创伤浸泡和注射方式感染健康红鳍东方鲀,发现这两种途径均可引发皮肤溃烂,两种途径的感染率均为100%,2×108 cell/mL.菌浓度注射组死亡率为100%,4×107 cell/mL菌浓度注射组死亡率为50%,创伤浸泡感染未见死亡.药敏实验表明,复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、链霉素、环丙沙星、利福平、红霉素、氟哌酸、氟嗪酸、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、四环素、青霉素G等抗菌素对H-06091有较强的抑制作用.按照<常见细菌系统鉴定手册>进行菌种鉴定并测定其16S rRNA基因序列,结果表明,该菌呈革兰氏染色阴性,氧化酶阳性,接触酶阳性,V-P试验阴性,硝酸盐还原反应阳性等特征,符合哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)特征,其16s rRNA基因序列与GenBank中哈氏弧菌同源性为99%,因此将H-06091鉴定为哈氏弧菌.     

中华绒螯蟹蟹栖拟阿脑虫病的研究

在室内越冬的中华绒螯蟹亲蟹上检出一种嗜腐性纤毛虫,经鉴定为蟹栖拟阿脑虫Paranophrgs carci-ni。在感染初期,多寄生于新蟹残肢等伤口组织处;在感染后期,侵蚀到蟹体,进入血淋巴,甚至可分布全身,致使器官组织受到严重损害,造成亲蟹死亡。对越冬亲蟹危害严重,短期内使亲蟹死亡率达40％左右。用15～30ppm的福尔马林或0.1～0.5ppm的孔雀石绿短期药治无效,改用25ppm的福尔马林或0.3～0.5ppm的孔雀石绿每天药浴8h,连续10～15d,病情基本得到控制。     

10种方蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因的序列特征和系统发育关系

对中国沿海10种方蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因部分片段进行了序列测定,其长度为565bp～576bp。它们的核苷酸序列A、T、G、C的含量相似,A+T的含量（71.9%～80.1%）明显高于G＋C的含量;10种方蟹的12S rRNA基因序列比对获得592bp的同源序列（含插入/缺失位点）,共检测到232个变异位点,其中141个为简约信息位点。4种厚蟹（侧足厚蟹、天津厚蟹、日本仿厚蟹和伍氏仿厚蟹）与2种近方蟹的遗传距离（0.105～0.166）都显著的小于与其它方蟹之间的遗传距离(0.222～0.315),甚至明显小于与4种厚蟹原本属于同一相手蟹科的2种相手蟹之间的遗传距离(0.222～0.252);而基于12S rRNA基因片段序列采用NJ法构建的系统进化树的拓扑结构也显示,原本属于相手蟹科的4种厚蟹没有与同属该科的2种相手蟹聚为1支,而是与属于弓蟹科的2种近方蟹聚为1大支,且获得了高达100%的支持率。此结果表明4种厚蟹与2种近方蟹的亲缘关系相对较近,而与2种相手蟹等其它方蟹的亲缘关系则相对较远;因此,支持将4种厚蟹从相手蟹科移到弓蟹科。此外,属于相手蟹科的2种相手蟹聚为1支,属于方蟹科的白纹方蟹和属于斜纹蟹科的瘤突斜纹蟹又各自成为1支;表明12S rRNA基因的分子数据支持其形态学分类结果的正确性,提示上述4科蟹类可能分别为单系。     

杭州湾南岸滩涂贝类养殖环境中微生物数量分布及其类群

研究了杭州湾南岸慈溪滩涂贝类养殖区的微生物在水平、垂直及季节变化的分布规律。结果表明:3个采样区的异养细菌的数量变动在1.62×103~6.62×105cfu.g-1之间,平均值为4.28×104cfu.g-1,细菌数量在春季和夏季的数量偏低,10月份异养细菌的数量开始上升,并于11月份达到最高,表层高于底层;其中以革兰氏阳性菌比例最高,为主要的优势种,具有陆源性特点。各站位反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,都维持在一个较高的水平,整体上数量具有表层高于底层的特点,3种微生物在数量上的季节演替与异养细菌具有类似的结果,均为10-11月达到最大。     

密云水库入库河流水体总细菌和反硝化菌群落组成与结构研究

研究密云水库入库河流水体中总细菌和反硝化菌的群落组成与差异性,为水库的安全管理与水质保障提供基础数据和科学依据。选择对密云水库水质影响最大的5条入库河流（潮河、白河、清水河、对家河和白马关河）,对水体中的总细菌和氮循环功能微生物反硝化菌进行了聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增与高通量测序分析。5条入库河流中全细菌主要隶属于6个门,而以Proteobacteria（变形菌门）为优势种群;反硝化菌在门水平的分布则相对简单,主要以Proteobacteria和少量Deferribacteres（脱铁杆菌门）构成。不同入库河流全细菌的群落结构具有空间差异,其中水文特征较为接近的白河和潮河全细菌群落结构具有较高相似性,与其他3条入库河流群落差别较大;水体中全细菌的Shannon多样性和Chao1丰富度均表现出较高水平。氮磷污染较重的对家河和潮河反硝化菌群落结构比较类似,其他3条入库河流之间则相对分散;对家河全细菌和反硝化菌的多样性和丰富度表现出较低水平。清水河水体中的全细菌和反硝化菌群落结构都较少受到已分析的环境因子影响,可能与该河道的人工改造有关。河流水体中全细菌以及关键功能微生物群落特征受到河流的水文、形态和理化指标的综合影响,可以作为水体环境与生态状况的重要指示项目,在今后的水库水环境保护与管理中应予以重视。     

丙酮酸钠对硝化细菌制剂活性的影响

分别研究丙酮酸钠对淡水型和海水型硝化细菌制剂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)活性的影响。结果表明,丙酮酸钠能明显提高AOB活性,缩短其对环境的适应时间。在丙酮酸钠浓度为7mmol/L时,12h海水型硝化细菌和淡水型硝化细菌对氨氮去除率分别为54.7%和63.4%,是对照组的8.82倍和2.98倍。丙酮酸钠对NOB活性影响与AOB存在不同,其中,丙酮酸钠对海水型硝化细菌NOB有抑制作用,并随其浓度升高而增大,但对淡水型硝化细菌NOB活性影响较小。     

虾池沉积物中3类主要细菌的垂直分布特征

采用平板涂布法和MPN法测定了虾池底质下 0到 30cm深度范围内 3类主要细菌类群的垂直分布情况。结果表明 ,底泥中细菌主要集中于 0到 5cm的表层范围内 ,随深度增加 ,数量急剧减少 ,至 30cm深处所测到菌量已很少。底泥中的总菌量随养殖时间推移 ,逐渐增加 ,到养殖中后期 ,表层菌量增加至 10 6CFU/g ,表层以下 10～2 0cm的总异养菌量和硝酸盐还原菌数量也增加至 10 5CFU/ g以上。弧菌仍集中于表层。细菌的垂直分布主要受各层有机物和溶解氧含量的影响     

Extracellular protease production of bacteriolytic bacteria isolated from marine environments

ABSTRACT:   Fourteen bacterial strains isolated from marine environments exhibited antagonistic action against a wide range of bacteria including Vibrio spp. A double layer agar method was used for preliminary screening to determine the relative degree of growth inhibition or bacteriolysis exhibited by the isolates. Most of the antagonistic isolates were found to be Gram-negative, motile rods and were oxidase positive, and oxidative in the oxidation and fermentation test, suggesting that they are belong to the genera Pseudomonas . The antagonistic isolates lyzed the dead cells of marine Gram-negative bacteria in both plate and liquid methods. Bacteriolytic and casein hydrolytic activities were observed in the culture supernatant of the isolates. Anion exchange column chromatography (Toyopearl DEAE-650 M) was used to purify the extracellular protease produced by an antagonistic strain A1-J25a. The active fractions of protease collected from the eluted solution also exhibited bacteriolytic activity.     

浅海养殖环境复合生态净化菌群的筛选及其净化功能

本研究由浅海网箱区富营养沉积物经多步富集和筛选获得高效复合生态净化菌群,对浅海养殖区的有机物、氨氮和亚硝酸氮有明显去除效果.研究了不同条件对复合菌液去除养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸氮和有机物能力的影响,并确定了最佳净化条件.结果表明,复合菌添加量、葡萄糖添加量,处理时间、温度、pH和盐度对复合菌的去除效果均有影响,实验条件确定为复合菌的添加量为3%、处理时间为4 d、温度为30±2 ℃、pH值为8.1±0.2、葡萄糖添加量为2 g/L和盐度为(30±10) g/L 时,去除效果达到最佳,此时氨氮、亚硝酸氮和溶解有机物的去除率可分别达到79.1%、85.2%和88.7%.     

3种有益微生物对菲牛蛭养殖水体理化因子及成活率的影响

为减少高密度养殖下菲牛蛭疾病发生和养殖废水排放,研究比较了3种商品化有益微生物制剂（硝化细菌T1、光合细菌T2和EM复合菌T3）对菲牛蛭高密度养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,3种有益微生物制剂在15天内均能使养殖水体的pH稳定在6.8以上,溶氧量（DO）分别比对照组提高30.12％（T1）,26.95％（T2）和46.12％（T3）,化学耗氧量（COD）分别比对照组低1.02 mg/L（T1）、1.13 mg/L（T2）和1.53 mg/L（T3）;3个处理组对氨氮（NH4+ - N）的平均降解率分别为：48.48％（T1）,45.23％（T2）和63.10％（T3）,亚硝态氮（NO2- - N）平均值分别比对照组低：0.16 mg/L（T1）,0.19 mg/L（T2）和0.27 mg/L（T3）。3个处理组菲牛蛭存活率均高达90％以上,明显高于对照组（53％）。3种有益微生物制剂均有显著增加溶氧量、降低氨氮、亚硝态氮和化学耗氧量的效应。因此,本研究中3种有益微生物对菲牛蛭养殖水体均具有很好的净化作用,其中以EM复合菌效果最佳。     

Heterotrophic versus mixed BFT system: Impacts on water use,suspended solids production and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei

The Biofloc Technology System (BFT) is characterized by stimulating the development of a microbial community that acts mainly in the maintenance of water quality but also promotes other benefits such as increased productivity, biosafety and serves as a supplementary source of food for reared animals. Two main groups of bacteria are involved in nitrogen removal in this system: heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, present in the aggregates. Different fertilization techniques can be used for the formation and maintenance of bioflocs, depending on which group of bacteria the predominance is preferred. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different organic fertilization techniques on the bioflocs establishment, amount of water used, the production of suspended solids and the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in the BFT System. Shrimp juveniles were stocked in 150-liter tanks at a stocking density of 300 shrimps/m³. Three treatments (in triplicate) were tested using different fertilization techniques: 1) without supplementary organic fertilization; 2) organic fertilization according to nominal ammonia reading (heterotrophic/chemoautotrophic = “mixed” system) and 3) organic fertilization according to estimated ammonia production (heterotrophic). The temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity and total suspended solids (TSS) of the water were monitored. The water quality parameters were influenced by the treatments with differences found in the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity and TSS. Ammonia levels were higher in control treatment since no organic fertilization was performed. Nitrite levels were lower in heterotrophic system since the nitrifying pathway was suppressed due to daily fertilization, also resulting in lower nitrate levels. There were significant differences in the growth performance parameters, with the highest final weight and yield, as well as the lowest FCR, found in the mixed treatment. There were no significant differences among survival. The mixed system treatment used less water during production cycle compared to other treatments while the volume of solids removed was almost four times greater in the heterotrophic treatment compared to the others. These results show that adopting a mixed heterotrophic/chemoautotrophic biofloc system improves shrimp growth performance, optimize water use and decrease solids production.     

Short‐term effect of the inoculation of probiotics in mature bioflocs: Water quality parameters and abundance of heterotrophic and ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short‐term effect of probiotic inoculation on the abundance of heterotrophic and ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria in mature biofloc, as well as on total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll‐a and nitrogenous compounds in water. A completely randomized design consisting of five treatments (three commercial probiotics, one native consortia and one control) was performed. At the beginning of the experiment (day 1), each treatment was inoculated with the respective probiotic: PondPlus^® (PP), Efinol^® PT (EF) and Epicin^® ponds (EP), native consortia UE, whereas the control was not inoculated. Water parameters and bacterial abundance were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. The addition of probiotics, either native or commercial, did not show any significant effect on the TSS, Chl‐a and colony‐forming unit (CFU) of heterotrophic bacteria when they were added to the systems containing mature biofloc. A significant increase in ammonium oxidizing bacteria was registered with the probiotics PP and EP, although the levels of total ammonia nitrogen, NO₃‐N and NO₂‐N were statistically similar among all treatments. Modifications on most of the parameters measured were associated with the factor of time, rather than the inclusion of probiotics. Results suggest that the bacterial conglomerates in mature stage contain well‐established bacterial communities that are difficult to be affected by the addition of probiotics.