濒危珍稀植物半枫荷转录组中SSR位点分析

分析半枫荷转录组中的SSR位点信息,并设计简单重复序列(SSR)引物,以期为半枫荷EST-SSR分子标记提供有力工具。利用MISA工具筛选了半枫荷转录组测序获得的77629条Unigenes,对其SSR位点信息进行了分析;在此基础上利用Primer 3.0设计SSR引物,并随机选择50对SSR引物对4株不同来源的半枫荷进行多态性扩增分析。在半枫荷的转录组中,共找到15041个SSRs,分布于10669条Unigenes,SSR位点发生频率为13.74%,含多个位点的序列数为3114,占SSRs位点总数的29.19%,以复合形式出现的位点数2044个,占SSRs位点总数的19.16%,SSRs的平均距离是3.2 kb。SSRs位点中二碱基重复是主要类型,占总SSRs的42.17%;其次是单碱基重复基序(38.25%)SSRs。所包含的重复基元中,单碱基重复基元A/T(5572),二碱基重复基元AG/CT(4845)是优势重复基元类型,分别占总SSRs的37.05%、32.21%。利用Primer 3共设计出28590对SSR引物。随机选择50对引物进行PCR扩增,其中44对(88.0%)扩增出清晰、可重复的条带,15对(34.1%)扩增条带表现出多态性。半枫荷转录组SSR位点出现频率高,类型丰富;大量的SSR为其遗传多样性分析、分子标记辅助育种和遗传图谱构建提供了丰富的候选分子标记。     

基于菜心(Brassica campestris)基因组Survey测序开发多态性SSR标记

为解决菜心SSR标记数量不足、已开发的位点多态性差等问题,本研究利用高通量测序技术,对‘四九-19’和‘3T6’两份菜心材料进行基因组Survey测序,规模化开发多态性SSR标记。两个菜心材料分别获得55 649 657个和59 300 433个Clean reads,分开拼接组装得到430 483个和499 876个Contig。在两个材料的Contig中搜索到共有的SSR位点为30 696个,其中以二和三核苷酸重复基序最为丰富,占总SSR位点的67%。分析比较发现,3 652个(12%) SSR位点在两份测序材料间具有潜在多态性,随机挑选50个SSR位点进行PCR扩增验证,48对(96%)引物在4份菜心材料中扩增出清晰的条带,其中31对(62%)引物在两份测序样品间具有多态性,19对(38%)引物在另两份菜心材料间具有多态性。结果表明,利用基因组Survey测序能开发SSR标记和开发具有多态性的SSR标记,本研究开发的多态SSR标记将进一步为菜心分子标记的发展和应用提供基础。     

基于白木香转录组的SSR序列特征分析

为探究白木香的简单重复序列特征,开发SSR分子标记用于白木香种质资源的遗传分化和分子鉴定,本研究鉴定了白木香转录组unigene序列的SSR位点,对其SSR的分布及序列特征进行统计分析,进而设计SSR引物,并验证其SSR引物的多态性。结果表明,在128 712条unigene中共鉴定到9 362个SSR位点,分布频率为7.27%。SSR序列中双碱基重复序列最多,占总SSR的54.90%;白木香双碱基重复序列以AG/CT、AC/GT为主,占34.22%。SSR位点重复次数主要集中在5～11次,占总SSR位点数的96.56%,其中三碱基重复5次的SSR位点数最多,共有1 925个。设计并合成50对引物,其中35对引物可扩增出预期大小条带,扩增效率达到70%。以24个不同白木香个体对35对引物进行扩增,采用8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测SSR引物多态性,表明SSR引物具有多态性。研究表明,白木香转录组SSR重复基元类型丰富,分布密度高,多态性高,可用于白木香资源的遗传多样性评价、遗传分化、种质鉴定和分子育种等后续研究。     

基于红掌转录组序列的SSR标记分析与开发

本研究从红掌转录组共32 391条unigenes中搜索得到3 944个SSR位点,出现频率为12.17%。EST-SSR类型以一、二、三核苷酸重复为主,占总SSR比例的96.29%,其中二核苷重复为主要基序类型,占总SSR的51.01%,AG/CT重复类型出现最多。设计合成的200对SSR引物中有22对引物扩增条带清晰、多态性好,在18个红掌品种中得到有效性验证。结果表明,基于红掌转录组序列的SSR标记开发是可行的,这些EST-SSR的开发可为红掌遗传多样性分析、分子育种等奠定重要基础。     

苦荞全基因组SSR位点特征分析与分子标记开发

目前苦荞SSR多态性标记数量较少,根据已发表的苦荞基因组测序数据,利用MISA软件对1~6核苷酸重复的SSR位点进行了查找和序列特征分析,批量设计引物并对引物进行了有效性和多态性检测。结果表明,苦荞基因组中共检测到1 640个SSR位点,其中三核苷酸重复型SSR最多,占比63.29%,五核苷酸重复型最少,仅占0.12%。AT/TA、AAG/CTT、ACC/GGT和ATC/GAT为出现频率较高的重复基序。苦荞基因组SSR序列长度变化范围为12~476bp,平均长度23.14bp,长度12~19bp的占比71.71%,长度≥20bp的占比28.29%。根据不同类型SSR位点设计并合成引物479对,选择200对引物对5份苦荞资源和3份甜荞资源进行多态性检测,有56对扩增出多态性条带,17对在苦荞种质中产生多态性条带,48对在甜荞种质中产生多态性条带,9对同时在两种种质中产生多态性条带。利用苦荞全基因组序列可实现SSR标记的批量开发,可鉴定出适用于苦荞和甜荞遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和品种鉴定等研究的SSR引物。     

基于丝瓜全基因组序列SSR分子标记开发

为研究高效的丝瓜分子标记,本研究根据已报道的有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜全基因组序列信息,利用MISA 2.1软件对丝瓜全基因组水平的SSR位点进行搜索,分别在有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜中鉴定到341 829个和348 397个SSR位点,发生频率分别为2.20 kb/SSR和2.03 kb/SSR。有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜重复单元最多的均为单核苷酸,分别占总数的73.90%和74.21%,其次为二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复单元。在有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜中各鉴定到211种SSR重复基序,其中A/T、AT/AT、AG/CT和AAT/ATT重复基序类型出现频率最高。优选SSR位点,分别在有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜中开发了278 522和284 966对SSR引物。通过比对两个基因组的SSR引物序列与自身的参考基因组,获得在有棱丝瓜和普通丝瓜中具有序列大小差异的SSR引物955对,随机挑选其中64对引物在6份表型差异较大的丝瓜材料中进行引物有效性检测,其中61对引物有目的条带扩出,16对引物具有多态性。本研究在丝瓜全基因组水平所开发的SSR分子标记可为后续丝瓜种质资源鉴定、亲缘关系分析及分子标记辅助育种提供基础。     

基于荧光标记的茶树花转录组序列SSR标记开发

本研究对204 199条茶树花转录组Unigenes进行SSR简单重复序列的查找,得到含有SSR的序列60 581个,出现频率为29.67%。EST-SSR重复类型以单核苷酸和二核苷酸为主,占总SSR比例的85.69%,其中主要重复基序类型为单核苷酸,占总SSR的47.97%,A/T重复类型出现最多。采用荧光标记PCR技术对设计合成的100对SSR引物进行引物筛选,其中有28对引物扩增条带清晰、多态性好,在4个品种的茶树花中得到有效性验证。结果表明,茶树花转录组的SSR标记开发是可行的,这些EST-SSR的开发对茶树花遗传多样性分析、分子育种和开发茶树不育相关的SSR标记等具有重要意义。     

基于转录组测序的黑枣EST-SSR引物开发与鉴定分析

目前黑枣已有的分子标记比较匮乏,本研究基于转录组测序技术对黑枣品种进行SSR引物开发,为黑枣种质资源评价及分子标记辅助育种提供有力的技术支持。本研究对‘冀洪1号’黑枣转录组序列进行了分析筛选和开发,并利用开发出的引物进行了验证分析。结果表明:共得到52 537个Unigene序列,SSR位点总数22 327个,包含SSR的Unigene序列数为15 286条。黑枣SSR位点的重复单元中,二核苷酸重复类型的SSR最多(52.26%),其次为单核苷酸(25.84%)及三核苷酸(19.25%)。随机挑选90对EST-SSR引物进行验证,有效扩增率为77.78%(70对),多态性引物比例为18.57%(13对),对13个多态性位点进一步分析可得,共扩增了35个等位基因,PIC值介于0.233~0.677之间,平均为0.430。本研究开发出的EST-SSR分子标记,为后期进行黑枣良种的鉴别及分子育种提供了分子技术手段。     

基于甘草全基因组序列的SSR分子标记开发

由于不同基原和产地的甘草有效成分差异较大,开发甘草特异分子标记对于种质资源鉴定意义重大。本研究以甘草全基因组序列为基础,检测到193 207个SSR位点,发生频率为73.52%。单核苷酸重复类型最多(60.73%),其次为二核苷酸(26.11%)和三核苷酸重复单元(10.95%)。分析重复序列位点发现,甘草SSR中包含284种类型重复基元,具有碱基偏好性,主要以A/T为主要重复单元,优势基元依次为A/T (58.28%)、AG/CT (10.48%)、AT/AT (10.48%)、AC/GT (5.12%)、AAT/ATT (3.57%)。优选140 294个重复位点设计出701 302对SSR引物,随机选取100对引物进行有效性检测,63对引物均扩增出目标条带,其中,12对引物能在材料间扩增出特异性条带,可用于对不同产地甘草进行区分。本研究开发的大量SSR标记不仅可用于甘草种质资源的鉴定分析,也将用于进一步的甘草分子标记辅助中。     

基于油楠(Sindora glabra)转录组测序的SSR分子标记的开发

油楠(Sindora glabra)作为极具开发潜力的能源植物,在分子水平上的研究仅局限于ISSR分子标记。本研究利用Trinity软件对油楠转录组数据进行组装,共得到总长为48307806 bp的283998条Unigenes。利用MISA软件寻找到97443个含有SSR的重复基元。SSR位点中主要重复序列为单核苷酸和二核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点的67.68%和22.56%,其次是三核苷酸,占8.54%。利用Primer 3.0设计引物,并从中随机选择200对引物进行PCR扩增,其中有13对扩增出清晰条带,多态性高,重复性好。油楠SSR分子标记的开发对于研究其遗传多样性、重要性状基因定位及分子标记辅助选择育种等起到重要的推动作用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.