螯合态多元复合微肥

微量元素和氮磷钾一样都是植物所必需的营养元素,虽然在植物体中含量很低,但是不可缺少.许多研究表明,我国微量元素缺乏的土壤分布普遍,微量元素缺乏已成为限制农作物产量提高的重要限制因子之一.施用微肥已引起重视,并得到广泛应用.但是,无机盐产品的微量元素施入土壤往往因受多种因素的影响而肥效不高,因此,在平衡施肥中提高微肥的有效性是微肥施用中的一个关键问题.     

中子活化法测定土壤中的微量元素

土壤中的微量元素是指土壤中含量很低的化学元素,或其中具有生物学意义的元素。土壤中微量元素的研究,除了土壤学和生物学的意义外,对于地学、环境科学、医学等也有重要意义。因此,在有关上述学科的各项科研丁作中,常常需要正确测量土壤中各种微量元素的含量。     

黑龙江省南部黑土区土壤微量元素空间变异及影响因子——以双城市为例

土壤微量元素的有效态含量水平直接决定植物吸收这些营养元素的状况和动植物的健康[1]。已有的对中、大尺度有效态微量元素的研究多应用经典统计学方法对其含量及其影响因素进行分析[2~6],近10年来,研究者常采用更加科学、直观和方便的地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学方法研究区域有效态微量元素的空间结构和分布规律[7],并应用GIS空间分析功能对其丰缺进行评价[8,9],但应用GIS的方法对有效态微量元素的影响因素进行分析的尚不多见。农业生产中施用的氮、磷肥等将导致土壤—植物系统中微量营养元素的失衡,从而引起微量元素的缺乏[2]。作为我国重要商品粮基地的黑龙江省黑土区,近几十年来由于农业生产的发展,不     

湘北丘岗地区红壤和水稻土微量元素的有效性研究

本文对湘北丘岗区土壤微量元素Cu、Zn、B、Mo、Mn和Fe的有效性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,该区大面积土壤缺Zn、缺B ,也有部分土壤缺Cu和Mo,而有效Mn含量较为丰富 .微量元素有效性与成土母质的关系极为密切 ,土壤 pH、有机质含量及土壤质地也是影响微量元素有效性的重要因素     

微量元素对丹参生长发育及有效成分的影响

微量元素与中药活性分子在人体内起着相互协同、互相渗透,互相制约的作用,并参与体内各种生化反应,促进机体自身调节; 中药有效成分可能是其中的某种或某几种有机成分或微量元素,更可能是它们之间形成的配合物[1],如中药补血药材中的铁、锰、锌、铜的含量较高[2].中药的生长环境对中药生长及所含微量元素含量有着直接的影响.微量元素可作为植物体内某些有机合成反应的催化剂或参与植物有效成分的结构功能而影响植物化学成分的形成和积累,从而最终影响药材的药理活性[3].中药的采收期直接影响其产量和品质,其生长年龄对所含微量元素有重要的影响,因此可以通过对中药的不同生长期微量元素含量的不同而选择适宜的采收期,以提高中药的临床药效[4].我国北方石灰性土壤和沿海的盐泽土以及南方的部分土壤因微量元素缺乏而成为当地农业生产的限制因素之一,施用微量元素肥料不但能克服土壤中微量元素的含量不足,而且能提高土壤氮磷等养分的有效性[5].     

环境中镉及其他微量元素

本文的目的是综述镉与微量元素在食物链中迁移及其潜在毒性有关的主要原理,主要讨论在污泥中镉及其他微量元素含量增高对植物生长和对动物与人体健康所产生的潜在性损害作用。一、微量元素在土壤-植物-动物系统中的迁移施用于土壤中的微量元素,可以(1)以植物可利用形态保存,(2)通过土壤剖面沥滤至地下水中,或(3)与土壤成分反应而固定。如果植物摄入元素过量,则会引起毒性症状,也可能作用轻     

三工河流域绿洲土壤微量元素有效含量特征分析

土壤微量元素的含量与分布特征是反映特定地区环境状况的一个重要因素,对土地资源的合理开发和利用具有重要意义.本研究以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲为研究区,选择盐土、潮土和灰漠土3种土壤类型,分析其B、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu等微量元素的有效含量特征.结果表明:⑴以"全国农业系统的土壤速效微量元素丰缺指标"为标准,土壤有效Mn含量属于极低水平,有效Zn和Fe含量属于中等水平,有效Cu属于丰富水平,有效B属于极富水平;⑵三工河流域绿洲土壤中有效Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu含量与土壤pH呈负相关关系;土壤有机质对有效Fe、Cu含量影响很大;有机质和Mn的关系不明显,这和湿润地区研究结果存在显著差异;⑶不同的土壤类型对于土壤有效B、Zn和Fe的含量影响显著;潮土中微量元素的有效含量与盐土、灰漠土中含量相比有显著差异.     

贵州开阳地区新元古代灯影组白云岩风化成土剖面微量元素地球化学特征

硒是人体必需的微量元素,土壤中的硒含量受基岩的控制,研究土壤中硒的分布情况,对合理开发利用土地资源具有重要意义。通过对开阳地区红粘土剖面的结构、颜色、微量元素、稀土元素分布特征研究,提出红粘土层可划分为两层:底部为暗紫褐色粘土,含有很高的Se元素及其它微量元素和稀土元素;顶部为紫红色粘土-灰黄色粘土,Se元素以及其它微量元素、稀土元素含量较低。基岩是红粘土剖面中硒元素的物质来源,其是土壤中硒含量的主要控制因素,另外,Fe含量、pH值、有机质也是微量元素包括硒元素、稀土元素富集的重要的控制因素,硒元素在铁质层和红粘土底部超常富集,这两层中硒含量分别是中国土壤硒平均含量的14.35倍和34.78倍。     

不同尺度下低山茶园土壤主要微量元素的空间变异性

利用地统计学、主成分分析方法对不同尺度下四川蒙顶山茶园土壤微量元素空间变异性、影响因素及多元素综合制图进行了研究.结果表明:①两个尺度下土壤微量元素的空间相关性存在差异,同时其空间变异方向具有相似性,Mn和Cu在山脉走向垂直方向变异较大,Fe和zn在水平方向变异较大且具有各向同性发展的趋势.普通Kriging插值结果说明微量元素含量从东北至西南呈明显的带状分布,垂直方向上随海拔升高而变化.②主成分综合制图较好地反映了微量元素分布的总体规律.两种主成分均具有较明确的物理意义,其插值图体现了微量元素特性沿坡面方向的带状变化特点,与半方差函数分析的结果完全吻合.③土壤环境条件对蒙顶山茶园土壤微量元素影响较大,而坡度是影响土壤微量元素空间分布形态的主要地形因素.     

复垦土地土壤有效微量元素分布特征研究

为了分析矿区不同复垦条件下,复垦土地土壤中有效微量元素的的分布特征,采用实地试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究不同复垦时间和复垦措施条件下土壤铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量的时空变化规律。结果表明,在复垦土地恢复过程中,不同的微量元素含量变化表现出了不同的特征;恢复时间的延长有利于土壤有效微量元素的恢复和增加;当土壤恢复时间超过8a以后,有效微量元素含量接近或超过自然状态下土壤中的含量。不同治理措施对土壤有效微量元素含量及其分布也有较大影响,覆土+灌草种植等合理的人为治理活动能够提高土壤中有效态微量元素的含量。     

川西滇北地区森林土壤的微量元素

在大范围的地区内研究土壤中微量元素的含量、累积和迁移状况及其地理分布规律,对农、林、牧业科研和生产以及环境科学、生态科学的发展都有极其重要意义.     

Trace elements in surface soils from the mineralized area of Madison County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Duplicate, bulked surface soil samples, from sites 10m apart, were collected at 97 locations 1000 m apart on a regular grid measuring 8x11 km. Data were obtained for Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. One field sample was a good predictor of its nearby duplicate for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb, satisfactory for Ba, Be, Cr, Mn and Zn, but poorer for Cr, Li and V. Maps of the variation in precision of the field samples did not reveal any association between abandoned mine sites and high variability. The median coefficient of variation for trace elements in the field duplicates was between 8 and 19.5%. The duplicated field data were averaged to yield a mean soil metal concentration at each sample location. Concentrations of Ba, Be, Cr, Li, Sr and V were comparable with other published values for similar soils in Missouri. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher which was explained by pollution from mining activities. A graphical technique was used to calculate background levels for metals in the second group. Samples of forest litter were collected at 12 locations: Ag, Ba, Cd, Mn, Sr and Zn concentrations were higher in the litter whereas Li and V concentrations were higher in the subjacent mineral soil. Computer isoline maps of the distribution of elements revealed an association between areas of high soil Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn and abandoned mines or mineralized rocks.     

Distribution of 32 Elements in Organic Surface Soils: Contributions from Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants and Natural Sources

Data are presented for 32 elements (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi) in organic-rich surface soils in Norway, based on samples from 464 sites. By considering geographical distributions based on isopleths, results from factor analysis, and ANOVA of median values from 12 different geographical regions, the contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources are estimated for each element. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from areas out of Norway is a dominant source for Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi and also a strongly contributing factor for Zn, As, Mo, and Tl. Also V, Ni, Cu, and Ge are somewhat affected, but other factors dominate for these elements. Local point sources of pollution provide significant contributions to soil concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd. The local bedrock is the overriding source of Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Rb, Zr, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, and probably of Ge and Ag. Surface enrichment by root uptake in plants and return to the soil surface by decaying plant material is particularly evident for Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, and Ba. These elements show no clear difference between south and north in the country, indicating that their plant uptake does not depend on latitude. In the case of B and Sr, atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols is an important source. Rb and Ag, and to a less extent Mn, Ga, and Ba, appear to be depleted in soils near the coast presumably due to cation exchange with airborne marine cations.     

Etude par spectrometrie de masse a etincelles de la composition minerale de cuticules isolees de feuilles de poirier passe crassane

Abstract

The minerai content of enzymatically isolated pear leaf cuticles has been determined using a technique allowing a high sensitivity and a wide elemental coverage : the spark source mass spectrometry. About thirty elements have been detected, classified in different classes according to their content : N, K (major) Ca, Si, Al, Na (≥ 1 000 ppm) Fe, Cl, Mg (≥ 100 ppm) P, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ba, Mn, Ni, Co, Sr (≥ 10 ppm) B, Ag, Rb, Cr, Sn, V, Pb, Cd, U etc... (traces). These results are compared with analysis of entire pear leaves effected simultaneously and with those reported in literature concerning isolated tomato fruit cuticles. The problem of their validity for cuticles in situ, is discussed.     

Determination of “normal” levels and upper limit values of trace elements in soils

To determine “normal” levels of trace elements in soils, soil samples taken all over Belgium were analysed. The selection of the sampling places was based on the geological substrata, from which the soils originate and on the texture class to which they belong. The elements As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, V and Zn were determined using an extraction method with strong acids. The found concentrations were called “total acid extraction concentrations”, although this extraction does not extract all the elements which are incorporated into the minerals. This has been done, however, by arc emission spectrography which was applied to determine the elements Ag, B, Co, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Sn, Sr and V. The greatest difference between the “overall total” concentrations and the “total extractable concentrations” were found for chromium. Based on the obtained results, an upper limit for normal levels of trace elements was fixed. For Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sb, this upper limit value is almost the same for all the investigated soils irrelevant of their texture. The same conclusion could not be made for the other elements. For these elements, the soil texture and also the geological parent material, on which the soil was formed, have an influence on the upper limit value.     

Depth Profile Of Trace Elements In a Sediment Core Of a High-Altitude Lake Deposit At The Pyrenees, Spain

Depth concentration profiles of 26 elements, i.e. trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zn), lithophiles (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Ti) and nutrients (C, P, N, S) have been established in a sediment core collected at the Respomuso Lake (Pyrenees, Spain). This high altitude lake of glacier origin was transformed into reservoir in the fifties of last century. Correlations among the depth profiles of the above elements were established. HCl-extractable elements, which are better related to bioavailability, followed the profiles of total contents. Principal component analysis was applied to establish the binding behaviour of trace elements in the sediment matrix and, in turn, to search for their anthropogenic or natural sources. It was seen that Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn clustered together, and with exception of Sr, they were not clearly associated with any major component of the sediment. Their depth profiles correlate well with each other, hence indicating their presence as a result of atmospheric pollution. Redox-sensitive elements such as Fe and Mn follow a similar trend along the vertical profile. Depth profiles of As an Co correlate well with those of Fe and Mn. Principal component analysis showed that As, Co, Fe and Mn clustered together, which confirms the close association of As and Co with Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. As concentrations in many strata exceed the ERM value, and therefore, significant biological effects are expected. Dissolution of minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena taking part in the mineralogy of this area accounts for the As concentration found. Ba, Cr, Rb and V were associated with the sediment matrix (aluminosilicates), hence showing low mobility.     

关中盆地全新世黄土-土壤剖面微量元素的地球化学特征及其古气候意义

通过对老官台全新世黄土剖面12种微量元素的测定分析,结合本剖面已测定的粒度、磁化率、光释光(OSL)年龄,研究和揭示了它们在表生环境下的地球化学特征和古气候意义。微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其活动性由强至弱顺序为BaSrCdPbLiZnCuCrMnCoRbNi。其中Rb、Li、Cr、Co、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni八种元素在土壤形成过程中相对富集,含量较高;Sr、Ba、Cd三种元素在土壤中相对淋失,含量较低;但Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb五种元素对黄土层和土壤层的区别不是很明显。因此,Rb、Li、Cr、Co的高含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,低含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境;而Sr、Ba、Cd低含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,高含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境。Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Cd元素含量在表土层中的富集主要与现代耕作活动或工业污染有关,反映了人类活动强度的不断增强。LGT剖面主要微量元素的变化清楚地记录了关中盆地自末次冰消期以来气候环境经历的显著波动变化。     

Ratios of Closely Related Elements in Soil and Their Implications

This paper has investigated the ratios of closely related elements such as Mn, Cr, V, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ba, Sr, La and Ce in the major soils of China, and the factors affecting them, and explored their use as indicators in soil formation, material transport and environmental pollution. Results show that the effect of soil-forming processes on the ratios of closely related elements varied with different elements, and became greater in the sequence of Ce/La <V/Cr=Ni/Co<Zn/Cu=Zn/Pb<Zn/Cd <Mn/Cr <Ba/Sr. The magnitude of the variation in the ratios of closely related elements depended on the chemical properties of the elements themselves, on the one hand, and the parent material and climatic conditions on the other.     

黄壤中微量元素的含量和分布

黄壤是我国南方山区主要土壤类型之一,分布于亚热带和热带山地上,以四川、贵州两省为主,云南、广西、广东、福建、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、安徽和台湾诸省(区)均有相当面积的分布.母质以花岗岩、砂岩为主,还有页岩、第四纪红色粘土、石灰岩和片岩等.黄壤的自然植被为常绿林和落叶林,目前大部份地区的森林植被已被破坏,为草本植被和农作物所代替.     

华中黄棕壤和黄褐土粘粒胶膜的微量元素地球化学特征

The relationships between the basic properties and trace elementsin soil argillans and corresponding matrix soils were studied by sampling from the B horizons of 26 Alfisols in croplands of the subtropical area in Central China. The soil elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn) were extracted by acid digestion and their contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean contents of clay and organic matter in the argillans were approximately 1.1 and 1.3 times greater than those in the matrix soils, respectively. The pH values and the contents of P₂O₅ and bases (K₂O, Na₂O, CaO, and MgO) in the argillans were higher than those in the corresponding matrix soils. Cu, Cd, Ti, and V were enriched in the argillans. Correlation coefficients and factor analyses showed that Co, Cu, Li, and Zn were bound with phyllosilicates and manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) in the argillans. Cr and Pb were mainly associated with iron oxides (Fe-oxides), while Ni was bound with Mn-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were chiefly associated with phyllosilicates, but Cr and Mo were rarely enriched in the argillans. In contrast, in the matrix soils, Co and Zn were associated with organic matter and Fe-oxides, Cr existed in phyllosilicates, and Mo was bound to Fe-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were associated with organic matter. The results of this study suggest that clays, organic matter, and minerals in the argillans dominate the illuviation of trace elements in Alfisols. Argillans might be the active interfaces of elemental exchange and nutrient supply in cropland soils in Central China.