杀虫剂对硃砂叶螨某些生物学特性的影响

溴氰菊酯、氧化乐果、杀虫脒和三氯杀螨醇对硃砂叶螨连续选择3代后,该螨对这些药剂的敏感度分别降低了6.23、1.16、1.23和2.24倍。而4种药剂12个轮换用药组合的敏感度则有不同程度的提高。组建雌性生命表表明,4种药剂对各螨态历期均有不同程度的缩短,Ro、γm、λ各值以溴氰菊酯最高,分别为23.191、0.213、1.139;氧化乐果LC_(50)处理组各数值亦略高于对照组,分别为21.548、0.204、1.226;杀虫脒、三氯杀螨醇处理组各数值略低于对照组。田间试验证实,连续用药3次的三氯杀螨醇、杀虫脒和氧化乐果的较高浓度处理区均能大大降低螨群数量,而溴氰菊酯处理区的螨群数量比对照区高出6.39和8.77倍,认为溴氢菊酯对叶螨的毒性低、刺激增殖、驱使分散和杀伤灭敌而诱使叶螨发生再猖獗。     

河南和宁夏朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨对3种药剂的抗性检测

以玻片浸渍法检测河南和宁夏两地区朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)和截形叶螨T.truncatus对3种药剂的抗性。结果表明,河南的朱砂叶螨和截形叶螨对三氯杀螨醇、久效磷表现抗性;对氧化乐果仍处在敏感水平。宁夏的两种叶螨对3种药剂都表现敏感。同时,截形叶螨对3种药剂的LC₅₀均高于朱砂叶螨。大田防治时应减少三氯杀螨醇的使用次数。截形叶螨为优势种时,禁止使用久效磷防治。提倡氧化乐果在防治棉花叶螨和兼治棉蚜时应用。     

杀虫剂对朱砂叶螨扩散行为及繁殖力的影响

４种扩散试验法证明氧化乐果,杀虫脒,溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯对朱砂叶螨有较强的刺激扩散作用,扩散率基本随药剂浓度增加而升高,扩散高峰在施药后２４ｈ,叶螨对药剂处理叶（株）有很强的忌避性。３种激发生殖力试验证明,１１种农药中,增殖最大又持久的４种,且逐日上升;抑制力高又持久的２种,并逐步下降;５种居中,即先抑制后增殖,而且增殖作用还包括直接和间接两种。这些可能是引起叶螨再猖獗的重要原因。     

几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨的毒力测定

作者选用三氯杀螨醇、克螨特和螨克2种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨(儋州、岳阳和射阳种群)和二斑叶螨作了毒力测定,明确3种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的LC₅₀明显高于对朱砂叶螨,差异显著,已不能用于二斑叶螨的防治。螨克也已不适用于岳阳地区朱砂叶螨的防治。三氯杀螨醇和克螨特对朱砂叶螨儋州、岳阳和射阳种群的LC₅₀分别为237.79和804.64ppm、129.07和830.98ppm、112.03和732.32ppm,尚可在一定范围内用于对上述种群的防治,但应加强监测,注意与其他杀螨剂轮用,以延缓其使用期限。     

几种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力测定

１９９６～１９９７年应用玻片浸液法测定了螨克、克螨特、三氯杀螨醇、螨死净对宁夏永宁、灵武、中卫、彭阳４县果园山楂叶螨的ＬＣ_５０,测定结果表明：２％螨克乳油、７３％克螨特乳油、２０％三氯杀螨醇乳油杀螨效果较好,５％尼索朗乳油在高浓度下对成螨有一定效果,２０％螨死净水悬浮剂效果较差。试验明确宁夏山楂叶螨对５种杀螨剂均产生一定抗性,宁夏灌区的山楂叶螨抗性是山区的１．５～２．５倍。     

二点叶螨对16种杀虫、杀螨剂的抗药性

以兰州吐鲁沟公园采集的二点叶螨为敏感种群（S），测定了兰州安宁区（R1）、红固区（R2）、天水（R3）、平凉（R4）、庆阳（R5）等地果园的二点叶螨抗性种群对16种杀虫、杀螨剂的抗性水平。结果表明，五地果园二点叶螨种群（R）对水胺硫磷、久效磷、克螨特、双甲脒、甲氰菊酯（R2除外）、联苯菊酯（R2除外）均已产生抗药性。其中R3种群对甲氰菊酯、克螨特、三氟氯氰菊酯、双甲脒、三氯杀螨醇的抗性最高，抗性指数（RF）分别为280．51、107．36、107．12、98．17、69．57倍；R4种群对水胺硫磷、克螨特、久效磷的RF值分别为97．15、82．94和65．39倍；其次是R1种群对甲氰菊酯、水胺硫磷、克螨特的RF值分别为75．05、60．97、60．14倍。五地果园二点叶螨抗性种群对氰久合剂、氧乐菊酯、氯马乳油、螨嗪菊酯、齐螨素、螨蚧克和四螨嗪的RF值均在14倍以下，对氧化乐果的RF值在22倍以下。     

浙江省主要害虫抗药性发展现状及治理策略综述

本文报道了浙江省５种作物的９种害虫对２２种药剂抗性监测结果。其中二化螟对杀虫双、杀虫单、甲胺磷,棉铃虫和棉红铃虫、马尾松毛虫对溴氰菊酯,柑桔全爪螨对水胺硫磷、灭扫利、三氯杀螨醇,菜青虫和马尾松毛虫对敌百虫等均产生较高的抗性水平。同时,通过１９９２～１９９７年抗性治理研究,提出了抗性治理对策,通过实施和跟踪监测,慈溪棉红铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性从２８．６倍下降到１４．３倍,龙游柑桔全爪螨对氧化乐果、尼索朗、霸螨灵、双甲脒的抗性指数分别下降９．４９倍、０．７１倍、１０．９３倍和１６．１９倍。     

非致死浓度农药对智利植绥螨繁殖和定居的影响

用6种农药的非致死浓度(LC_(n-13)),在实验室内处理菜豆叶的结果说明,对智利螨的繁殖有显著的影响。三氯杀螨醇(84ppm)、氧化乐果(1ppm)、速灭杀丁(0.2ppm)、氯氰菊酯(0.1ppm)、溴氰菊酯(0.025ppm)和灭扫利(0.026ppm)使智利螨的产卵量比对照分别减少35.3％,41.2％、20.8％,65.1％、49.4％和74.7％。用上述农药在温室处理菜豆植株的结果说明,当对照植株上的智利螨定居率为96.7％时,上述农药处理植株上的智利螨定居率依次为48.4％、50.0％、25.0％、11.7％,3.3％和6.7％。菊酯类农药对智利螨定居率的影响明显大于氧化乐果和三氯杀螨醇。植株上残留的微量农药不仅能影响智利螨繁殖能力,而且严重影响其定居率,在螨类的综防工作中值得引起重视。     

几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的药效试验

本文试验了杀螨利果、西斗星、三氯杀螨醇、螨虫素、爱及咪、蚜螨灵、克螨特、尼索朗等８种药剂对二斑叶螨ＴｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｕｒｔｉｃａｅＫｏｃｈ卵、幼若螨和成螨的杀虫效果。结果表明，上述８种药剂中，杀螨利果效果最好，供试的３种浓度１５００、２５００和４０００倍对各虫态螨均有较好的杀虫效果，死亡率可达１００％；三氯杀螨醇、西斗星、爱及咪次之；螨虫素、蚜螨灵杀幼若螨和成螨效果较好，但杀卵效果较差，分别仅为３０％和６０％左右，克螨特对各虫态的效果均较差，且作用较为缓慢；尼索朗杀成螨效果较差，不及５０％，杀幼若螨效果一般，稀释１０００倍液对幼若螨的死亡率为９０％左右，但它具有很强的杀卵作用，用１０００倍和２０００倍液处理二斑叶螨卵，其死亡率均为９９％以上，是一种较好的杀卵剂     

山楂叶螨抗药性及混配增效作用

采用载玻片浸渍法测定了山西省忻州、晋中、运城地区山楂叶螨种群对9种杀螨剂的抗药性水平.测定结果表明:忻州地区种群对甲氰菊酯和三氯杀螨醇表现中抗,抗性指数FR分别为17.79和31.93倍,对水胺硫磷和毒死蜱表现低抗,FR值分别为7.74和5.35倍;晋中地区种群对水胺硫磷、甲氰菊酯和三氯杀螨醇均表现中抗,FR值为22.42～33.00倍,而运城地区种群对这3种药剂产生了高抗,FR值分别为135.05、41.53和1714.01倍;运城地区种群对毒死蜱表现中抗,FR值为34.49倍;晋中和运城地区种群对双甲脒表现低抗,FR值分别为5.15和6.89倍;3个种群对阿维菌素、苯丁锡、三唑锡和四螨嗪仍相对敏感.混配增效作用测定结果表明,阿维菌素与甲氰菊酯1:20、1:10、1:5组合以及阿维菌素与三氯杀螨醇1:20、1:10组合均具有明显增效作用,共毒系数为189.63～363.30,其中阿维菌素与甲氰菊酯1:20和1:10组合以及阿维菌素与三氯杀螨醇1:20组合是比较理想的混配组合.     

Antibiosis of maize inbred lines to the carmine spider mite, tetranychus cinnabarinus

The antibiosis of tenZea mays L. inbred lines to the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae), was evaluated. Two maize inbred lines previously reported as resistant to this spider mite and a susceptible inbred line were compared with B96 (formerly called 41:2504B), reported as being resistant to the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae and to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). Other lines were derived from B96. All lines originated in the U.S.A. and were tested in Israel at two different growth stages. Four days after inoculation of detached leaf squares with adult mites, significant differences in susceptibility were observed among lines. At the 3-leaf stage lines B68, B96, B79, A619, B65, B49 and B64 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 43%, 64%, 66%, 67%, 77%, 81% and 87%, respectively, as compared with the most susceptible line, B52. At the flowering stage, the average reduction in mite daily fecundity was much lower: inbred lines B64, A619 and B96 reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 48%, 51% and 86%, respectively, whereas the seven other genotypes had an intermediate or a susceptible reaction to the carmine spider mite, with A661 being the most susceptible. Our results show that B96 could be used as a source of resistance in developing improved resistance of inbred lines of maize to carmine spider mites.     

棉花蚜螨繁殖率及棉蚜再猖獗

氰戊菊酯曾对棉蚜有极好的防治效果,而对棉叶螨防治效果极差。棉蚜抗药性的发展使药效发生了变化,近来的试验表明,该药对蚜虫药效很差,对伏蚜根本无效,１００和２００ｐｐｍ对棉蚜已属低浓度,可使其繁殖率增加４－８倍,在田间使用氰戊菊酯可形成大的棉蚜群体。在相同浓度下一般可抑制棉叶蚜群体,使药后存活很少的棉叶螨在种间竞争中处于劣势而使群体越来越小。氰戊菊酯的复配剂－丰收菊酯弥补了氰戊菊酯的不足,可同时控制蚜     

硃砂叶螨为害对棉花生理活动的影响

本试验利用玻璃房中盆栽棉花,研究了硃砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)为害对棉花生理活动的影响。试验结果显示,螨害棉株生理活动发生了很大变化。螨害棉叶叶绿素含量减少,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾强度减弱,导致光合作用强度的降低。受害棉叶还表现细胞膜透性的增加,过氧化物酶同工酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱都发生了变化。棉叶氨基酸总量和可溶性蛋白质含量随为害程度的增加而减少。所测17种氨基酸,多数含量减少,以谷氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸减少量最多,但半胱氨酸含量积累增加。故此可以认为螨害影响了棉叶有机氮正常合成和分解的过程。     

棉叶螨危害对棉花生理和产量的影响

棉叶螨危害致使棉花生理和代谢发生紊乱是造成棉花减产的内在原因。1984—1985年,作者采用人工接螨和控制螨量的方法,任其自然繁殖28天,使各处理株间出现螨量和被害指数梯度,然后测定各处理株主要生理参数及其产量。结果表明,当全株每叶初接螨量在5头以上、螨群最高繁殖量高于35头时,处理株比对照株组织水势增高13.11—34.31％;叶绿素含量减少39.60—62.50％;光合强度减弱23.47—89.29％;过氧化氢酶活性降低22.79—48.04％;呼吸强度变化差异不显著。棉叶中可溶性糖、全氮、全磷损失显著,营养恶化。单株籽棉重降低35.18—45.10％,平均铃重降低24.34—35.53％。据此,确定棉叶螨防治标准为全株平均每叶螨量20头。     

Field and laboratory experiments on the response and development of resistance to pesticides and population density ofTetranychus cinnabarinus in ISRAEL

Dosage mortality data for 12 pesticides were determined with females of an insecticide-susceptible strain of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), by the slide dip method; for four of the pesticides which are specific acaricides, also the Munger cell method was used. The LC₅₀s ranged from 0.00078% to 0.041%, with the synthetic pyrethroids being more toxic than the specific acaricides. There were no differences in results between the two assay methods. Four synthetic pyrethroids that were very active againstT. cinnabarinus in laboratory tests were examined in an unsprayed apple orchard for their effect on the population density of spider mites. An upsurge of tetranychid mites was noted 4 weeks after a single application     

棉花对硃砂叶螨抗性的鉴定和机制研究

1988-1991年进行的棉花抗硃砂叶螨试验表明,海岛棉和二倍体栽培棉(中棉和草棉)对硃砂叶螨具有较高水平的抗性,它们的抗螨性已通过远缘杂交技术转移到了感螨的陆地棉栽培品种中。来自四川省和河南省的一些品种以及来自美国的PD种质系对硃砂叶螨的抗性比湖北省当地品种要差。叶片有毛,无腺体和高含淀粉的棉花,硃砂叶螨为害较重;而叶片具有致密茸毛、棉酚、可溶性糖、叶绿素和类黄酮含量高以及叶片鲜重高的品种抗螨性较强。     

影响朱砂叶螨自然种群消长的气象因子的模糊划分

根据１９８７－１９９２年年茄子田内朱砂叶螨自然种群数量动态及同期气象资料，利用条件频率法建立了气象因子对叶螨种群消长的隶属函数，详细讨论了温度、湿度、降雨对群消长的影响，用隶属函数对叶螨种群消长进行了拟合，拟合率为９３．５％。结果表明，能很好地对气象因子进行模糊划分。     

Resistance to carmine spider mite in watermelon

Resistance of 37Citrullus lanatus L. lines to the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), was evaluated in three laboratory experiments, each including seven plants per line. Infestation with ten adult female mites per leaf, of each plant, was done at the three-leaf stage. In experiment A, average counts 10 days after infestation of three leaves ranged from 42 to 144 mites per leaf. In experiment B, average counts 8 days after infestation of two leaves ranged from 40 to 286 mites per leaf. In experiment C, average counts 8 days after infestation of two leaves ranged from 15 to 196 mites per leaf. The results suggest that a definite variation in resistance against mite infestation exists among watermelon lines. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 1082-E, 1993 series.     

The potential of spiders of different taxa and a predacious mite to feed on the carmine spider mite — a laboratory study

Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.