循环农业模式在新农村建设中的研究与应用

郧县高岭村从2004年以来,实施乡村清洁工程建设,大力发展农业循环经济,提升了农民科技素质,已经形成了清洁的农业生产、农村生活方式,改善了农业生态环境和生活环境,充分利用了资源,培植了特色产业,促进了农业增效,农民增收,实现了农业可持续发展.     

甘肃省生态环境质量综合评价的AHP分析

建立了甘肃省生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对该指标体系中的各因子进行了统计分析,确定了各生态因子的具体权重,得出了各影响因子的重要性排序。根据排序结果,对甘肃省的生态环境作了综合全面的评价,并提出了主要生态问题的防治措施,提出了相应对策,以确保甘肃省生态环境向着良性的方向发展。     

农田杂草综合防治研究进展

本文系统综述了我国农田杂草综合防除的新进展,分析了农田杂草的类型,介绍了农田杂草的种类,重点总结了防除方法,阐述了农田杂草的防除进展及研究方向。     

亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶草的保墒抗旱效果及其相关生态效应

在亚热带丘陵区幼龄茶园通过连续4 a的大田对比试验,研究了茶园间作白三叶草对土壤水分时空变化的调节效果和其他生态综合效应,分析了其对茶树生长、茶叶品质和产量的影响.结果表明：与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶草提高了关键土层（0～20 cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的土壤水分,促进了深层土壤水分向上层移动,提高了水分利用率,延缓和缩短了干旱时间,具有良好的提水保墒抗旱效果,同时改良了土壤环境,抑制了杂草生长,减少了病虫害发生率,促进了蚯蚓的生长,改善了茶叶品质,提高了茶叶产量,增产幅度达50.67 g/m^2.     

宁夏集中销毁违禁农药

按照农药市场监管年的要求加大农药市场抽检活动,对各地经营的假劣农药、过期农药、国家禁用农药进行了依法查收,有效的打击了农药销售的违法行为,规范了农药经营秩序,保护了农民的合法利益,确保了农业生产安全。     

干旱山地果园储水滴灌试验研究

研究结果表明:储水滴灌为干旱山地果树生长提供了一个比较稳定而持久的水分供应系统。土壤含水量比对照平均提高13%,主要分布在21-80cm土层;同时改善了土壤物理性状和提高了养分含量,土壤比重随土层深度逐渐增加,土壤空隙度发育表层为54.35%,其余各层变动在48-51%之间;土壤容重较对照区降低了0.19g/cm3、空隙度增加了10.6%、碱解氮提高了5.7 mg.kg-1、速效磷提高2.8 mg.kg-1、速效钾提高8.4 mg.kg-1。改变了苹果新梢生长节律,促进春梢生长,抑制秋梢生长;百叶重提高了13.3%,座果率提高了76.8%,平均单果重提高了40.3%,产量提高了156.6%,优果率达到了90.5%。     

大气边界层湍流相干结构研究进展

湍流相干结构的发现是湍流研究的重大转折,它对湍流的认识和对物质、动量与能量的输送具有重要意义。本文首先回顾了大气边界层中湍流相干结构的发现过程,其次综述了其形态特征、组成结构、通量贡献以及其他特征,接着阐述了其产生的原因,详述了其典型的形成机制,然后论述了其在实践中的应用,继而综述了其检测方法,最后对全文进行了总结,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

麦田除草剂冻药害的产生与预防

2008年江苏省高邮市大面积出现了冻药害,根据发生情况进行了调查,分析了发生原因,提出了预防措施。     

石羊河流域绿洲开发与水资源利用

在分析石羊河流域水环境近2000多年变化的基础上,重点探讨了近50年来水资源的变化趋势及对环境的影响.结果表明:自20世纪50～90年代,石羊河流域出山地表水资源减少了15.91%,地下水补给资源减少了42.92%,地下水开采量增大了近10倍,泉水资源衰减了84.3%,进入下游的水资源减少了75%.水资源利用格局的变化直接导致了区域性地下水位持续下降和地下水水质的恶化,产生了植被衰亡、下游绿洲萎缩、土壤盐渍化、土地沙漠化等一系列严重的危及人类生存的环境问题,恶化程度已到了"崩溃"的边缘.     

近年来植保工作存在的主要问题及对策

植保工作是农技推广工作中十分重要的组成部分.近年来各级党委和政府对植保工作非常重视,植保工作走上了科学发展的轨道,提高了农作物的保收增收水平,保护了生态环境,确保了人畜安全,在作物增产,农业增效、农民增收中发挥了重要作用.     

甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究

 采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到14个链格孢菌分离物。通过菌落形态、产孢表型、分生孢子以及分生孢子梗等形态学观察,结合分析ITS-rDNA和histone 3基因序列,对链格孢菌分离物的种类进行鉴定;甜瓜种子携带的链格孢菌种类分别为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、交链格孢(A. alternata)和倒果链格孢(A. obovoidea)。还研究了这些链格孢菌分离物对甜瓜离体叶片的致病性及其对种子发芽的影响;结果表明,除A. obovoidea外,另外两种链格孢菌均对甜瓜离体叶片具有致病性;A. tenuissima和A. alternata的孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽均有一定的抑制作用。这是国内首次围绕甜瓜种子传带链格孢菌的种类及其致病性开展详细的研究。     

Population Dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monosporascus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">cannonballus</Emphasis> Ascospores in Marsh Soils in Eastern Spain

The population dynamics of Monosporascus cannonballus ascospores in the soils of four muskmelon fields located in a marsh area in Castellón province (eastern Spain) was studied for a 3 year period. Two of these fields were cropped to muskmelon with fallow periods between muskmelon cropping, and the others were in fallow and had extensive flooding periods. Muskmelon cultivation resulted in a progressive increase of the number of ascospores in soil, reaching a maximum 7 months after muskmelon planting (2–4 months after plant death), and a subsequent decline during fallow periods between muskmelon crops. During muskmelon cropping, in-bed and between-bed ascospore numbers were compared and, in general, there were no statistical differences between them. In the fields which were in fallow and flooded, the dynamics found was a progressive decline of the population of ascospores. Soilborne inoculum was viable and capable of infecting muskmelon at the end of the 3 year period in all fields, demonstrating that ascospores of M.␣cannonballus are able to survive for this period of time in the absence of muskmelon cultivation and also that this fungus seems to be well adapted to survive in soils which maintain a high water table during the crop or under flooding conditions.     

甜瓜种子携带的镰刀菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究

 采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到23个镰刀菌分离物。采用形态观察和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,并研究其致病性以及对甜瓜种子发芽的影响。通过观察菌落形态和色素颜色,以及大型分生孢子、小型分生孢子和厚垣孢子形态,同时分析ITS-rDNA序列和翻译延伸因子-1α(TEF-1α)基因序列,以确定真菌分离物的分类属性。结果表明,4个分离物为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),5个分离物为层生镰刀菌(F. proliferatum),5个分离物为木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti),9个分离物为轮枝样镰刀菌(F. verticillioides)。这4种镰刀菌均对甜瓜幼苗有致病性,其分生孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽有抑制作用。这是我国首例开展甜瓜种子携带致病性镰刀菌的研究报道。     

Identification, occurrence and pathogenicity of Rhizopycnis vagum on muskmelon in Spain

Rhizopycnis vagum is a recently described coelomycetous fungus that contributes to vine decline of muskmelons in Honduras, Guatemala, Texas and California. This fungus has been associated with roots of muskmelon plants affected by vine decline in most Spanish muskmelon production areas. Isolates were collected from 1996 to 2000 and identified from their cultural and morphological characteristics and by sequencing the ITS region of the ribosomal coding nuclear DNA (rDNA) and phylogenetic analysis. A few isolates from muskmelon with growth characteristics similar to R. vagum were identified as Phoma terrestris . Watermelon, Cucurbita hybrids used as rootstocks for watermelon production, Amaranthus sp. and grapevine were also hosts for R. vagum . Based on disease reaction in muskmelon roots, the pathogenicity of 10 isolates of R. vagum from different hosts and geographical origins was verified. The fungus caused root discoloration, corky lesions, and eventually the presence of pink coloration on the roots. Rhizopycnis vagum appears to be a minor pathogen that contributes to muskmelon vine decline complex in Spain through infection of roots.     

甜瓜种子携带的镰刀菌种类鉴定及其致病性研究

 采用洗涤检验法和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基法,从甜瓜种子上分离得到23个镰刀菌分离物。采用形态观察和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,并研究其致病性以及对甜瓜种子发芽的影响。通过观察菌落形态和色素颜色,以及大型分生孢子、小型分生孢子和厚垣孢子形态,同时分析ITS-rDNA序列和翻译延伸因子-1α(TEF-1α)基因序列,以确定真菌分离物的分类属性。结果表明,4个分离物为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),5个分离物为层生镰刀菌(F. proliferatum),5个分离物为木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti),9个分离物为轮枝样镰刀菌(F. verticillioides)。这4种镰刀菌均对甜瓜幼苗有致病性,其分生孢子悬浮液对甜瓜种子发芽有抑制作用。这是我国首例开展甜瓜种子携带致病性镰刀菌的研究报道。     

Pathogenic and Genetic Variation in the Japanese Strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis

ABSTRACT Pathogenic variation among 41 Japanese strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis was analyzed by pathogenicity tests with muskmelon, oriental melon, and oriental pickling melon cultivars. Based on pathogenicity to muskmelon cvs. Amus and Ohi and oriental melon cv. Ogon 9, 41 strains were divided into 3 groups that corresponded completely to Risser's races 0, 2, and 1,2y. To further characterize pathogenic variation within the forma specialis and races, strains were assayed for pathogenicity to 42 additional muskmelon, oriental melon, and oriental pickling melon cultivars. All strains of race 1,2y were pathogenic to all cultivars tested. Strains of race 0 were divided into six variants based on differences in pathogenicity to three muskmelon cultivars; strains of race 2 also were classified into six variants based on differences in pathogenicity to two muskmelon cultivars and one oriental melon cultivar. Genetic variation among strains was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting with four repetitive DNA sequences: FOLR1 to FOLR4. Thirty-six fingerprint types were detected among forty-one strains by pooling results of fingerprinting with four probes. Cluster analysis showed distinct genetic groups correlated with races: the fingerprint types detected in each of races 2 and 1,2y were grouped into a single cluster, and two distinct genetic groups were found in race 0. However, pathogenic variation detected within races 0 and 2 could not be differentiated based on the nuclear markers examined.     

Biological activity of neem against the red pumpkin beetle,Aulacophora Foveicollis

The biological activity of neem on the red pumpkin beetle,Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas, was studied. The effective concentration for 50% antifeedant activity was 0.01% methanolic neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and 0.4% neem oil, using leaves of muskmelon as feeding substrate. No-choice feeding of adults for a period of 11 days on leaves of muskmelon treated with 0.5-2.0% NSKE led to nearly 50% mortality within 4-7 days, whereas there was no mortality of adults fed on as high as 2% neem oil. The antifeedant activity of NSKE was found to vary with curcurbitaceous hosts. Neem oil as a residual film had an LC₅₀ of 0.7%. Unlike most chemical insecticides, 1% aqueous NSKE was not phytotoxic to the 5-day-old cotyledon stage and to 15- and 35-day-old crop stages of muskmelon, whereas 1% neem oil was toxic to the 5-day-old cotyledon stage and 15-day-old crop of muskmelon, but not to the 35-day-old crop.     

不同灌水量对温室甜瓜生长和生理特性的影响

以"一品天下208" 甜瓜为试验品种,在日光温室内进行了灌溉试验,采用20蒸发皿的日水面蒸发量为灌溉水量控制指标,设置了不同蒸发量系数(K_p=0.45;0.6;0.75;0.9)的供水处理,探求不同灌溉水量对温室甜瓜生理指标、形态指标和光合生理指标的影响.结果表明:温室内外温度的变化趋势基本相似,温室内的温度能够满足甜瓜的正常生长.不同处理的灌溉水量比值始终为T1:T2:T3:T4=0.45:0.6:0.75:0.9;从甜瓜的株高、茎粗、总生物量、根冠比等指标综合分析,采用T2(K_p=0.6)处理均优于其它水分处理,且根冠比也处于一个较高的水平;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量均以T2处理最高;各处理的细胞液浓度的变化呈单峰曲线,不同处理的叶片细胞液浓度表现为T1>T2>T3>T4处理.结果表明:采用T2处理的灌溉模式有利于甜瓜在获得较高产量的前提下降低灌溉用水量.     

山东局地甜瓜细菌性茎软腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

<正>果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium)可引起马铃薯、黄瓜等多种作物的软腐病,具有十分广泛的寄主范围。近年来,随着甜瓜种植规模的不断扩大,山东、河北、辽宁等多个甜瓜种植区出现茎秆严重腐烂的现象,发病初期甜瓜茎秆出现褐色病斑,然后逐渐腐烂,导致植株整株死亡,造成了严重的经济损失。本研究对山东寿光、昌乐和莱西疑似甜瓜茎软腐病的病株进行调查采样(图1-A、B),通过病原菌分离鉴定和致病性测定,为该地区细菌病害的病原分析提供实验参考。     

Multiple preharvest treatments with harpin reduce postharvest disease and maintain quality in muskmelon fruit (cv. Huanghemi)

Decay caused by fungal pathogens is responsible for significant economic loss of muskmelon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) in China. However, postharvest treatment is not effective in controlling all of these pathogens, owing to the ability of some of them for latent infection. Therefore, preharvest treatment has been considered as a promising method to control postharvest decay in muskmelon fruit. The effect of multiple preharvest treatments with harpin on postharvest disease and quality of cv. ‘Huanghemi’ muskmelon fruit was investigated in this study. Results showed that harpin treatment significantly decreased the incidence of latent infection caused by Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. in harvested fruit. Meanwhile, the postharvest pink rot in treated fruit inoculated with Trichothecium roseum was suppressed noticeably. Moreover, preharvest treatment increased the activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase and β-1,3-glucanase compared with control fruit. Harpin treatment also contributed to the accumulation of total phenolic compounds and lignin. In addition, harpin treatments were able to maintain the quality of harvested fruit. These results suggest that multiple treatments with harpin before harvest may be a promising technology to control postharvest disease and delay quality losses in Huanghemi muskmelon fruits.