温室蔬菜严防美洲斑潜蝇

<正>美洲斑潜蝇属双翅目,潜蝇科,是一种世界性检疫害虫,近年来在温室黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、菜豆等蔬菜上为害严重,对产量影响很大。防治方法:1.加强植物检疫防止扩散蔓延。2.农业防治实行瓜果、豆类等美洲斑潜蝇喜食蔬菜与十字花科、百合科等非喜食蔬菜合理轮作;适当稀     

水稻抗褐飞虱基因及其育种应用研究进展

褐飞虱是危害水稻生产最重要的害虫之一。遏制水稻褐飞虱为害的最安全、有效的措施既利用水稻自身的抗虫性。迄今为止,已经于栽培稻和野生稻中成功鉴定出30个水稻抗褐飞虱基因,其中26个主效抗性基因已被定位,显性基因Bph14已成功克隆,但仅少量主效抗性基因被育种家利用并培育出抗性品种。对褐飞虱的生物型和抗性机理、水稻抗褐飞虱的遗传基础及育种应用研究进行了综述,并就今后的抗性育种研究趋势展开了讨论。     

PCR-RFLP用于5种斑潜蝇的诊断和鉴别

在5种斑潜蝇CO Ⅱ基因序列变异分析的基础上,建立了PCR-RFLP分子标记对该5种斑潜蝇种类的检测鉴定方法,寻找出能够检测出检疫性害虫三叶斑潜蝇及美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇的特征酶:XbaⅠ对三叶斑潜蝇和番茄斑潜蝇均有一个酶切位点,但位于不同的酶切位点;EcoR Ⅰ只对美洲斑潜蝇有一个酶切位点;PVUⅡ只对南美斑潜蝇有一个酶切位点.     

保护地番茄病虫害综合防治技术

目前保护地番茄生产中为害最重的病害为叶霉病、灰霉病、病毒病等。尤其番茄灰霉病直接为害番茄果实,产生大量烂果。保护地番茄的主要虫害为蚜虫及美洲斑潜蝇的为害。     

棉花抗除草剂2,4-D品系抗性遗传分析

利用高抗除草剂2,4-D的亲本与不抗除草剂的品系配制组合,对亲本、F1和F2植株进行抗性鉴定、调查、统计,进行棉花抗除草剂2,4-D性状遗传分析,结果表明,棉花除草剂2,4-D抗性性状是由一对显性基因控制。该抗除草剂性状属于质量性状遗传,便于在棉花育种中利用,抗性水平较高,能达到800mg/kg以上水平。抗除草剂性状可以在棉花常规育种和杂交种生产利用中发挥作用。     

大豆对SMV抗侵染与抗扩展的遗传分析

大豆花叶病毒（SMV）抗性研究最早着重于系统病症,后来发现感病材料还存在发病程度上的遗传差异,抗侵染与抗扩展并不相同,从而鉴别出一批具不同类型抗性的抗源。本研究利用抗侵染和抗扩展品种（系）配置10个不同类型杂交组合,在分别接种Sa或SC8株系条件下,研究两类抗性的遗传模式。结果表明,大豆对大豆花叶病毒抗侵染和抗扩展分属不同遗传体系,抗侵染由一对主基因控制,抗病对感病表现为显性;抗扩展由一对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,F₂代主基因和多基因遗传率分别为23.91%~74.97% 和18.43%~37.04%,F_2∶3代主基因和多基因遗传率分别为49.46%~82.42% 和17.42%~39.93%,抗性大小依亲本而异。两类抗性都有育种价值。因中抗×高感组合的遗传率明显低于高感×高抗组合,抗扩展育种应尽量选择抗性强的品种作亲本。     

番茄抗叶霉病基因及分子育种的研究进展

叶霉病是危害保护地番茄生产的重要病害之一,是一种世界性的病害,能导致番茄产量下降,影响番茄生产的经济效益。防治该病的主要措施是培育抗病品种。抗病基因是抗病分子生物学和抗病育种的基础。随着生物技术的发展,已有多个抗性基因被鉴定和克隆出来,有的已经被利用在分子育种上,这为生产上有效控制番茄叶霉病病害提供了一条新途径。为了更好的控制病害,本文综述了叶霉菌生理小种的分化、克隆基因的结构和功能、抗性基因的遗传及抗叶霉病的分子机制,讨论了抗性基因的应用和基因工程的展望。     

小麦抗源兴资9104抗条锈性遗传研究初报

采用常规杂交和基因推导法相结合,在苗期和成株期对小麦优良抗病种质兴资9104进行抗条锈性遗传研究。结果表明,兴资9104至少含有1对显性全生育期抗条锈病基因和1对成株抗条锈病基因,分别控制对条锈菌生理小种条中17号的全生育期抗性和对条中32号的成株期抗性。兴资9104可能携带有YrSK基因。建议在小麦抗病育种中     

小麦抗白粉病菌不同生理小种遗传的初步研究

前言小麦白粉病(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici)是大部分麦区发生较重的病害,选育抗白粉病的品种是小麦高产稳产的有效保证。研究抗源的抗性遗传规律,是抗病育种的重要组成部分。据报道,小麦抗白粉病性的遗传主要是单显性遗传,也发现单隐性遗传和双显性基因重叠作用控制的遗传。国内一些单位采     

水稻抗褐飞虱基因及其利用现状研究

褐飞虱是危害水稻生产最重要的虫害之一.自20世纪70年代以来,国内外相继开展了水稻褐飞虱抗性基因的发掘工作.迄今已确认和报道的水稻抗褐飞虱基因共27个,其中16个为显性基因,11个为隐性基因,至少定位了19个褐飞虱主效抗性基因.针对目前水稻抗褐飞虱育种存在的问题,结合稻褐飞虱生物型、水稻品种的遗传背景及生态适应性,本文综述了水稻抗褐飞虱基因资源的鉴定、其分布特点以及水稻品种对褐飞虱的抗虫机制,简述了抗褐飞虱基因的育种利用现状,讨论了抗褐飞虱育种中存在的问题及其应用前景.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...