马尾松人工林近自然化改造不同阶段森林凋落物持水特性研究

笔者以湖北省团风县马尾松人工林近自然林经营过程中不同阶段森林凋落物数量及其持水量等水文特征进行了研究,结果表明:不同阶段林下凋落物的现存数量依次为:竞争选择阶段>恒续林阶段>质量形成阶段>建群阶段;不同阶段半分解层和未分解层的凋落物持水量依次为:建群阶段<质量形成阶段<竞争选择阶段<恒续林阶段。     

太行山北端恒被林经营示范浅析

在山西省繁峙县伯强林场太平沟营林区进行了恒被林经营示范。介绍了示范区概况,提出了开展可持续经营的意义,以及恒被林经营目标和策略。从加强目标树管理、加强全林分经营、加强更新管理、作业措施几方面介绍了恒被林经营管理措施,最后分析了其抚育效果及效益。     

林科教三结合三大效益显著

为了贯彻省委、省政府“教育奠基,科技兴陕”的战略决策,探索林业职业教育改革的路子,我校自1988年以来,坚持在凤县山区开展以建立生态经济型林业体系为目标,以综合技术开发与推广为内容的林科教三结合基地建设工作。通过11年的实践创立了两个模式,即“河谷粮油、丘陵果药、浅山牧菌、深山林木”的产业开发模式与“林科教结合,     

近自然森林可持续经营方法

近自然森林经营的基本理念是培育接近自然状态的森林,经营目标是恒续不断地发挥森林多种功能,基本方法与措施是单株作业和天然更新,参照对象是类似立地条件上的自然度近可能高的天然林,参照树种是天然林乔木层中的主、次要树种,目标树密度依据现有林分结构和林木生长发育情况而确定,确定目标直径的原则是"利益最大化",逐步疏开林冠,补植特殊目标树,将促使人工纯林稳步进入天然更新程序。     

国内外森林经营思想与技术的演变

对国内外森林经营思想和技术的演变过程进行了回顾,对森林的永续利用思想、多效益利用思想、恒续林经营思想、近自然经营思想、多功能经营思想、可持续经营经营思想的产生和发展过程进行了分析和阐述,指出各种森林经营思想的联系和区别以及关注的重点。同时指出森林的可持续经营概念已被广泛的接受,成为当今世界森林经营的主体思想。本文还介绍的法正林经营技术、近自然林经营技术、多功能森林经营技术和可持续森林经营技术,以期对开展我国森林经营提供借鉴,为国家实施森林经营工程提供支撑。     

基于多功能经营理念的我国森林疗养林经营对策研究

近年来,随着森林疗养在国内蓬勃发展,如何经营并长期保持现有的具有疗养价值的优质森林资源已成为亟待解决的重要问题。文中概述了森林疗养的发展现状,以森林多功能经营为理念,围绕需要什么样的疗养林和如何经营疗养林等问题,探讨了以森林"五感"为多功能森林经营目标的疗养林经营技术措施,并提出疗养林经营对策,以期为我国疗养林的经营发展提供参考依据。     

对近自然林业理论的诠释和对我国林业建设的几项建议

对近自然林业的理论进行了诠释,按中国能不能学先进,向谁学和怎样学的思路进行了分析,并提出了以“建设健康的森林”提升林业目标和以“速生树种先锋林”替代“速生用材林”为林业技术路线的建议,以利于中国切入生态林业的经营轨道.     

借鉴日本历史经验,加强我国国有林经营

纵览近百年日本国有林经营历史,可划分为5个时期,每一历史时期都根据当时的社会经济和自然条件提出明确的经营方针,制定具体的经营措施,使日本国有林得到很快发展。借鉴日本历史经验,我国国有林应改变"重取轻予"的政策;编制国有林经营方案;重新划分林种;采伐、更新要因地、因林制宜;研究、确定永续利用范围;把扩大资源放在首位,重点营造防护林,使国有林在我国现代化建设中发挥更大作用。     

科技兴林的带头人——记静宁县林业局工程师王静娃

1984年,刚毕业不久的王静娃同志,由于工作扎实,勤奋好学,领导安排参加了在静宁县灵芝乡杨岔村开展的“以林为主,农、林、牧综合发展”试验课题,在他和其他课题组成员的共同努力下,此项试验顺利进行,分别获得了甘肃省科技进步三等奖、甘肃省林业科技进步二等奖及平凉地区科技进步三等奖。1986年,静宁县仅有4个国有苗圃,由于经营不善,生产经营几乎陷入瘫痪状态,苗圃全体职工的吃饭都成了问题,“苗圃主任”这个职务使人望而却步。在这个重要关头年仅23岁的王静娃勇敢地担起了重任,也深感肩上这副担子的份量。为了弄清苗圃亏损的原因,他来回奔波…     

调整所有制结构发展非公有林业

“十五”期间林业要实现跨越式发展，必须深化林业体制改革，在更大范围内加大对私有林的开放，建立以非公有制为主体的林业发展体系，才能确保既定目标的实现。本文以四川省巴中市为例，就大力发展非公有制林业谈点看法。林业生产经营、管理体制的基本结构巴中市有森林面积４２８９４０公顷。按所有制结构分，国有林面积占１４．３％，集体林占７８．４７％，个人林（含个人经营的自留山、承包、租赁、合股等），占７．２７％；从经营目的分，生态公益林占森林面积的３５．１％，商品林占森林面积的５４．９％，兼用林占森林面积的１０％；…     

抚顺地区红松冠下更新存在问题及对策

通过对抚顺地区次生林综合经营“示范林”建设工程和红松“果材林”建设工程冠下更新的红松长势状况进行了调查分析,指出了红松冠下更新经营过程中出现的问题,分析了红松冠下更新经营问题和经营现状并提出经营对策,为红松冠下更新经营和林业长远发展提供参考和建议。     

Purposes and challenges of public participation in regional and local forestry in Finland

Public participation in regional and local forest planning in Finland was researched. The questions were: (1) What is the purpose of public participation? (2) What are the challenges of public participation? The results are based on the analysis of discourse communities in a case study concerning a Regional Forest Programme and forest management planning. It was shown that the purpose of participation was to promote communication at the regional level and to gather information at the local level. The general conclusion is, that the regional forest programmes include practices to offer possibilities for communication among participants. This does not mean, that all the programme processes have reached consensus automatically. The case studied here reached compromise. The case study points out problems faced, if public participation would become common practice at the local level on non-industrial private forests lands. In forest management planning it would result in an excessively demanding mediator/expert role for the planner. The need to consider all relevant issues, e.g. biodiversity management, would also become apparent. The study supports the idea that public participation as communication has better possibilities to promote sustainable forest management than public participation as information gathering.     

Multiple use forestry and preservation of coniferous forests in Norway

The concepts of Multiple‐use forestry and preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests are elements of an ongoing debate in Norway, regarding aesthetical and biological consequences of current forest management practices. A study, based on the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), was performed during the fall of 1990. Data were collected through in‐person interviews of 1204 persons above 15 years of age.

The main objectives of the study were to analyze: 1) Attitudes toward the present state of Norwegian forests, 2) Attitudes toward and maximum willingness to pay for changes in current forest management, 3) Preferences and maximum willingness to pay for preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests, and 4) Attitudes toward society's right to impose restrictions on forest management on private forest land.

Based on responses to statements related to the forest area people usually visit, the study showed a low degree of conflict regarding the present state of Norwegian forests. A ranking of possible results of two alternative forest management strategies, i.e. 1) a more cautious forest management or 2) preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests, gave the highest average scores to “Preservation of endangered plants and animals”; and “Preservation of “virgin”; forests for our descendants”;, both related to the second management strategy. The maximum willingness to pay for a more cautious forest management was 277 Norwegian kroner (NOK) per household and year, with a median value of NOK 50. 47% of the sample preferred the preservation alternative A specified by the governmental committee, Barskogutvalget, while 18% preferred alternative B and 9% preferred alternative C, corresponding to the governmental decision. 15% preferred a 0‐alternative, i.e. no further preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests. Two possible sources of bias, related to the CVM, were tested.     

汪清县发展林下经济的思考

在停止商业采伐日益临近的大背景下,发展林下经济意义重大。本文根据汪清县的自然环境和资源状况,制定了"一区三园"的林下经济发展战略,提出了林中菜、林中菌和林中果等8种林下经济发展模式。     

Inclusive Community Forest Management

Summary

Proponents of community-based natural resource management often use definitions of community that implicitly, if not explicitly, favor resident forest users over migrant forest users. This paper explores the shortcomings of the “fixed-in-place” model of community, using examples from ongoing community-based management projects in Mali. The author then summarizes strategies that these projects are using to expand migrant forest user participation in decisonmaking. The paper ends with a brief discussion of how these experiences in West Africa can enrich community-based natural resource management efforts in the United States.     

Determining the shape of the productivity function for mechanized felling and felling-processing

Productivity studies in forest operations are often carried out on new equipment, or on equipment being used in new conditions. Understanding how stand and terrain parameters impact the productivity of harvesting machines is important for determining their optimum use. Such information is normally presented as a productivity or efficiency function; that is, a regression equation that best represents the data. Most studies establish that piece size is the dominant predictor that impacts overall productivity. A common concept known as the “piece-size law” is that productivity increases at a decreasing rate with increasing piece size. What is not well understood is the upper limit to this piece-size law. That is, as the trees get “too” large, we can expect the machine to start to struggle, resulting in a decrease in productivity. Four different data sets—two based in New Zealand and two in Italy—are presented that clearly show an “optimum” piece size for maximum productivity. On average, productivity tended to decrease gradually, not drop off suddenly beyond the optimum. Using more complex statistical functions, it was possible to correctly correlate piece size to productivity.     

祥云水目山自然保护区生态环境健康等级变化研究

以祥云水目山州级自然保护区及其外围2000 m缓冲区为研究对象,依据2005、2014、2019年Google Earth历史影像及相关调查数据,采用LDI评价方法,分析水目山生态环境健康状况在时间和空间上的变化特征。结果显示,研究区域土地利用类型中林地占63%以上,保护区林地占97%以上,是以林地为主、农地为辅的山地农林复合生态环境。受农业生产、居住环境建设、公共基础建设、旅游业发展等人类活动的影响,研究区域景观破碎度及多样性指数在时空尺度上存在不同程度及不同趋势的变化。2019年研究区域的LDI综合指数为3.04,生态环境健康等级为“一般”;保护区的LDI综合指数在该时间段为1.91,生态环境健康等级处于“健康”等级,随时间的推移,有向“一般”等级发展的趋势。     

确立林业新定位建设森林生态市

通过分析我市森林经营思想的演变及我市现代林业的特点与基本属性 ,强调林业重新定位及其必要性。提出了建设森林生态市的总体目标、指标体系、战略布局及主要措施     

分类经营是热带林业可持续发展的重要途径

本文提出了“分类经营是热带林业可持续发展的重要途径”这一论断,并通过中国林业发展的“分类经营”理论,及在这一理论指导下实施的ＩＴＴＯ中国海南热带林业发展示范项目的中期实验结果,给予了实证分析。文章指出,热带森林的保护与利用,是一个包括技术、经济、社会,甚至政治、文化、伦理的因素在内的综合性问题,必须用“系统论”的观点从更大的背景下考虑解决。而以往的教训是局限于林业、局限于技术。     

波兰的森林认证

根据实际考察情况,介绍了波兰森林认证概况,分析了森林认证的动力,总结了该国成功的经验,对我国开展森林认证工作具有一定的参考价值。