大花蕙兰品种的染色体数目分析

 对引进的33个大花蕙兰品种进行了染色体分析及倍性鉴定。结果表明, 大花蕙兰栽培种中有二倍体、三倍体、四倍体, 也有非整倍体, 以三倍体品种居多, 占45.5% , 四倍体品种占30.3% , 二倍体品种占21.2% , 非整倍体品种占3%。通过同一杂交组合的染色体数目比较和具亲缘关系的品种间染色体数目比较, 发现在大花蕙兰杂交育种中, 会出现“二倍体×二倍体=四倍体”的现象。     

三倍体葡萄品种花粉形态及其坐果率的研究

对2个三倍体葡萄姊妹系品种无核早红和红标无核及其亲本巨峰(四倍体)和郑州早红(二倍体)的单花平均雄蕊数、花粉大小和形态、花粉萌发率及三倍体品种不同授粉处理的坐果率进行了观察。结果表明,花粉大小、花粉整齐度因葡萄品种的倍性不同而呈显著相关性,从花粉形态也可以看出因倍性不同而有差异,不同授粉处理对三倍体品种的坐果率有不同程度的影响,但都显著高于自花坐果率。     

枇杷气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目与倍性相关性研究

以16个枇杷品种的二倍体和自然多倍体为试材,研究气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目和气孔密度与倍性的相关性。结果表明:气孔密度与倍性相关性不显著;二倍体、三倍体和四倍体气孔叶绿体数平均值分别为14.22、17.98和17.46,多倍体气孔叶绿体数比二倍体有明显增多,差异均达极显著水平,而多倍体之间差异不显著;品种间叶绿体数有明显差异,但各品种叶绿体数分布有近似规律;以16为界来判定倍性,叶绿体数少于16的为二倍体,大于或等于16的为多倍体,对二倍体和多倍体判定的准确率分别达92.8%和94.2%。气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数对于多倍体枇杷细胞生物学特性研究具有重要的理论价值,可作为判定枇杷倍性的参考。     

柑桔同源及异源四倍体花粉育性研究

对８个柑桔同源四倍体及通过原生质体融合得到的２个异源四倍体的花粉育性和花粉粒大小进行了测定。结果显示，同源四倍体柑桔花粉育性平均为３６％，约为二倍体（６２％）的６０％。‘伏今夏’甜橙由于是异质结合的染色体易位突变体，其同源四倍体花粉育性比二倍体（２３％）高出５０％。权（Ｐｏｎｃｉｒｕｓｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ）与甜橙（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）属间以及来檬（Ｃ．ａｕｒａｎｔｉｆｏｌｉａ）与甜橙种间四倍体体细胞杂种花粉育性介于其双亲之间，花粉育性分别为各自高值亲本的９９％和７５％。同源及异源四倍体花粉粒体积平均为二倍体的２倍或双亲之和。本结果说明，柑桔体细胞杂种可作为杂交亲本进一步被利用。     

苹果二倍体和三倍体几个生理指标的比较

进行了不同倍性苹果品种叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b比值及叶片可溶性蛋白含量比较 ,结果表明 :1)倍性对苹果叶绿素总量影响不大 ,但对叶绿素a/b比值影响相当显著 ;2 )同一栽培条件下 ,倍性对叶片可溶性蛋白含量的影响较大 ,三倍体叶片可溶性蛋白含量总高于二倍体 ,但栽培条件不同 ,苹果叶片可溶性蛋白含量差异也相当显著     

中国芋的染色体数目研究

作者对我国主要芋的品种的染色体数目进行了观察,结果表明:1.在所观察的90个品种中,30个品种为二倍体(2n=28),60个品种为三倍体(2n=42)。2.在所观察的品种中,魁芋类为二倍体;魁子兼用类、多子芋类以及多头芋类均为三倍体。3.多倍性对芋的地理分布与垂直分布均有影响。我国南部各省为二倍体与三倍体芋的分布区,而我国中部及华北地区则为三倍体芋的分布区。三倍体芋的比例亦随着海拔高度而增加。     

甜樱桃花朵出粉量花粉粒大小及形状的研究

对甜樱桃９个品种（系）研究表明，花朵鲜重多在１ｇ以上，花朵出药量为１０１３：１，花药出粉量为４５：１，花粉轴径平均值为４０４２．９μｍ，呈近圆乃至圆形，但不同品种（系）间，其花朵鲜重、出粉量、花粉粒大小及形状等均有明显差异。     

不同倍性西瓜种壳解剖结构的比较

采用石蜡切片技术,比较了8组同基因型不同倍性西瓜的二倍体、三倍体与四倍体之间种壳解剖结构的差异。研究结果表明,不同倍性之间种壳的解剖结构存在一定的差异,三倍体与四倍体西瓜的种壳平均厚度及各细胞层的平均厚度大于二倍体西瓜的平均厚度;三倍体和四倍体种壳的皮下组织层由小细胞和大细胞组成,而在二倍体中小细胞数目较少;55℃浸种12h处理后,不同倍性西瓜的种壳厚度及各细胞层的平均厚度均变大,栅栏组织柱状排列。     

三倍体苹果品种的特点及栽植注意事项

三倍体苹果品种的特点及栽植注意事项三倍体苹果品种如北斗、乔纳金、北海道９号等在枝、叶、花、果实等方面较一般二倍体品种有比较明显的特点，如（１）巨大性。三倍体品种细胞和细胞核较大，所以枝条粗壮，叶片肥大，花、果实也大。（２）可孕性低。三倍体品种的性细胞...     

不同倍性西瓜果实不同糖含量比较

试验采用8组高代自交二倍体品种西瓜,相应人工诱导的同源四倍体及二倍体和四倍体杂交的同源三倍体为材料,分析不同倍性西瓜总糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量的差异。结果表明,不同倍性西瓜果实成熟时期总糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量存在差异,总糖和果糖含量有同样趋势,为四倍体〉三倍体〉二倍体;葡萄糖含量为四倍体〉二倍体〉三倍体;蔗糖含量为三倍体〉四倍体〉二倍体。     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.