二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

二化螟盘绒茧蜂是二化螟的优势寄生蜂,通过对其雌雄成虫触角进行扫描电镜观察,并与前人的研究结果进行比较。结果发现,在华中地区田间采集的越冬代以及室内继代饲养的二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角上至少发现7种类型的感器,分别为毛形、板形、腔锥形、锥形、刺形、柱形及Bohm氏鬃毛,其中腔锥形感器首次在二化螟盘绒茧蜂上被发现。触角感器的种类及分布在雌雄蜂之间无明显差异,但板状感器的数量及其长度在雌雄之间存在显著差异,这可能决定了雌雄蜂在寄主定位和搜寻配偶过程中对不同气味化合物的感知能力。     

广州地区美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂种类及植物提取物对寄生蜂的影响

研究了广州地区美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌的种类及发生动态,以及华南毛蕨、苦瓜、飞机草等植物提取物对寄生蜂的影响。研究结果表明,广州地区美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂有姬小蜂科、茧蜂科11种。主要寄生蜂为姬小蜂科种类,其中底比斯釉姬小蜂Chry socharis p entheus(W a lker)为寄生美洲斑潜蝇的优势寄生蜂,其次是丽灿姬小蜂Chry sonotomy ia f orm osa(W estw ood)和冈崎灿姬小蜂Ch.okazak ii(K am ijo)。研究了植物提取物对底比斯釉姬小蜂的羽化率和寄生率的影响,结果表明,植物提取物对寄生蜂是相对安全的,已商品化的印楝素乳油制剂对其也同样是安全的。     

广西不同地区小菜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用浸叶法在室内测定了广西5个菜区的小菜蛾种群对13种杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,这5个小菜蛾种群对印楝素和氟虫腈的敏感性最高,LC50值在0.08～0.26 mg/L之间;对苏云金杆菌、多杀菌素、溴虫腈、阿维菌素和定虫隆也具有较高的敏感性,LC50值在0.30～16.39 mg/L之间;而对辛硫磷、杀虫双、毒死蜱和敌敌畏的敏感性较低,LC50值在319.74～8 133.98 mg/L之间;对灭多威和杀螟丹的敏感性极低,已无法建立这两种杀虫剂对南宁安吉和石埠种群的毒力回归方程.不同地区小菜蛾种群对苏云金杆菌和毒死蜱的敏感性差异最大,超过6倍;其次为灭多威、杀虫双和定虫隆,种群敏感性差异达4～6倍;而不同种群对辛硫磷和溴虫腈的敏感性几乎没有差异.     

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落结构分析

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落物种有70种(类)，隶属7目26科。主要有青翅隐翅虫(Paederus fuseipes)，长足虻(Dolichopodidae)、小菜蛾绒茧蜂(Cotesta plutellae)、八斑鞘蛛(Coleoserma octumaculalum)、食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)、浅斑近微蛛(Eperigone fredeorum)和肖蛸(Tetragnatha)。蜘蛛的种类和数量皆为无公害和常规栽培两类菜地天敌之最。群落的多样性和均匀度偏低，优势种突出。文中揭示了两类菜地天敌群落的相似性及其结构特点和时间动态。认为占两类菜地节肢动物群落物种的53．44％和占个体数量的24．96％的菜地害虫天敌资源，是值得进一步研究和保护利用的自然生物控制因素。     

不同寄主来源螟卵啮小蜂的寄生性能和越冬习性考查

螟卵啮小蜂(Tetrasiichus schoenobii Ferr.)是三化螟卵的主要寄生蜂,在南方稻区有时此蜂的寄生率很高,且由于此蜂的一头幼虫,一生能咬食多个螟卵,因此有此蜂寄生的三化螟卵块,往往全部卵粒无一能孵化蚁螟,对控制三化螟害的效果比其他螟卵寄生蜂强。但经几年来的调查试验,发现广西螟卵啮小蜂的寄主种类较多,有水稻三化螟     

北方稻田和茭白田二化螟越冬幼虫生物学特性的比较

在冬初(11月中旬)和冬后(3月上旬)调查了北方稻田和茭白田二化螟越冬幼虫的生物学特性.二化螟越冬幼虫龄期均在4龄以上,茭白田冬初6龄幼虫的比例比稻田高17.5%;冬后稻田和茭白田高龄幼虫比例均高于冬初.冬初和冬后稻田二化螟雌雄比分别为1:2.0和1:1.7,茭白田分别为1:1.4和1:1.2.冬初幼虫历期高于冬后,同一时期不同寄主田之间无显著差异,但冬初茭白田幼虫历期比稻田长14.0%;稻田幼虫体重和蛹重均显著低于茭白田.冬初采集越冬幼虫的死亡率在65%以上,茭白田幼虫的主要致死因子为真菌,其致死率在90%以上;稻田幼虫的主要致死因子是寄生蜂和细菌,其致死率分别在50%和25%以上,其中二化螟绒茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂是优势寄生蜂.     

除虫菊素与苦参碱混配对小菜蛾的减量增效作用

为了降低农药使用量,提高植物源农药防治效果,以小菜蛾为靶标害虫,选用除虫菊素和苦参碱两种植物源农药,按不同比例进行复配,通过室内毒力测定,筛选最佳复配比例。结果显示：除虫菊素和苦参碱复配比例为4∶6 （体积比）时,毒效比率为1.36,共毒系数为207.84。田间药效试验结果：最佳配比（4∶6）稀释200倍液时,防效可达到93.67%。除虫菊素与苦参碱复配,对小菜蛾的毒力有显著增效作用,具有开发为复配剂的潜力。     

短期高温预处理与氟虫腈对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的联合作用

研究了短期高温预处理与氟虫腈对小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella （Linnaeus）]3龄幼虫的联合作用。结果表明, 短期高温对氟虫腈毒力的影响随高温水平及持续时间不同而不同。30 ℃预处理2 h或4 h对试虫有一定保护作用, 能够降低其后的氟虫腈毒力, 但8 h对试虫保护作用较弱且不稳定;35 ℃预处理2 h或4 h, 对试虫保护作用较强, 能够降低氟虫腈毒力, 但持续时间为8 h, 则会提高氟虫腈的毒力;40 ℃预处理2 h, 对试虫保护作用较弱且不稳定, 持续4 h便只表现为不利作用。协同毒力指数可应用于Hormesis效应评价。 研究了短期高温预处理与氟虫腈对小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella （Linnaeus）]3龄幼虫的联合作用。结果表明, 短期高温对氟虫腈毒力的影响随高温水平及持续时间不同而不同。30 ℃预处理2 h或4 h对试虫有一定保护作用, 能够降低其后的氟虫腈毒力, 但8 h对试虫保护作用较弱且不稳定;35 ℃预处理2 h或4 h, 对试虫保护作用较强, 能够降低氟虫腈毒力, 但持续时间为8 h, 则会提高氟虫腈的毒力;40 ℃预处理2 h, 对试虫保护作用较弱且不稳定, 持续4 h便只表现为不利作用。协同毒力指数可应用于Hormesis效应评价。     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液.     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉（Paecilomyces fumosoroseus）分生孢子在小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力。结果表明：小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟。在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主。此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%。本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液。     

Synthesis and antityrosinase activities of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates

In insects, tyrosinase plays important roles in normal developmental processes, such as cuticular tanning, scleration, wound healing, production of opsonins, encapsulation and nodule formation for defense against foreign pathogens. Thus, tyrosinase may be regarded as a potential candidate for novel bioinsecticide development. A family of alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (C?-C?), new tyrosinsase inhibitors, were synthesized. Their inhibitory effects on the activity of tyrosinase have been investigated. The results showed all of them could inhibit the activity of tyrosianse effectively. The order of potency was nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C?DB) > octyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C?DB) > heptyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(C?DB) > hexyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (C?DB). The kinetic analysis of these four compounds on tyrosinase was taken to expound their inhibitory mechanism. The research of the control of insects in agriculture was taken as C?DB for example. C?DB could inhibit the development and molting of Plutella xylostella effectively. To clarify its insecticidal mechanism, we researched the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella treated with C?DB by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed C?DB could inhibit the expression of tyrosinase in the P. xylostella as expected.     

蛋白饵剂对橘小实蝇辐照不育雄虫的引诱作用

以橘小实蝇为研究对象,研究蛋白饵剂对不同日龄、不同释放密度不育雄虫的引诱作用,以及施用蛋白饵剂后不同时间、添加多杀菌素对不育雄虫的引诱效果。结果表明,蛋白饵剂对不育雄虫的引诱率明显低于同日龄正常雄虫,5日龄时最高,分别为36.24%和48.93%,且随着日龄的增加,引诱率会不同程度下降。不育雄虫释放密度对引诱率无显著影响,0.25～1.00头/m2的释放密度下引诱率为33%～58%。不论是挂瓶法引诱,还是混入0.02%多杀菌素后点喷,蛋白饵剂对不育雄虫的引诱效果均随蛋白饵剂施用天数的增加而逐渐下降,挂瓶法前2d引诱的不育雄虫数量占总引诱数量的65%,添加多杀菌素法该比例则达到80%,5d后这2种方法不再有引诱效果。残留的多杀菌素对不育雄虫无触杀作用。     

Elevated atmospheric CO(2) affects the chemical quality of brassica plants and the growth rate of the specialist, Plutella xylostella, but not the generalist, Spodoptera littoralis

Cabbage, Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cv. Lennox and Rinda), and oilseed rape, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (cv. Valo and Tuli), plants were grown under ambient CO(2) (360 ppm) or elevated CO(2) (720 ppm) at 23/18 degrees C and under a photoperiod of 22/2 h light (250 micromol m(-)(2) s(-)(1))/dark regime for up to 5 weeks. Afterward, the performance of the crucifer specialist Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the generalist Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on those plants was studied. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) of P. xylostella larvae, feeding on both cultivars of oilseed rape or on the Lennox cultivar of cabbage leaves grown at an elevated CO(2) concentration, was significantly reduced as compared to ambient CO(2). A negative larval growth rate at elevated CO(2) was observed for P. xylostella on both oilseed rape cultivars, but the growth rate was reduced but positive on cabbage. Conversely, the RGR of S. littoralis on either plant species was not affected by CO(2) treatment but was lower on cabbage cv. Rinda than on cv. Lennox. The mortality of the larvae was not affected by CO(2) treatment either. At the same time, elevated CO(2) significantly decreased the concentrations of leaf phytochemical constituents in oilseed rape, i.e., total phenolics and total nitrogen, but not in cabbage. The effect of elevated CO(2) on the leaf glucosinolate concentrations of both plant species was marginal. In addition, the observed significant changes in individual glucosinolate concentrations of oilseed rape leaves were not consistent among cultivars. However, our results demonstrate for the first time quite strong effects of CO(2) enrichment on the larval performance of P. xylostella, which is an important pest of Brassica plants around the world. Further studies are still required to increase our understanding of why elevated CO(2) differently affects the performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores on Brassica plants.     

LC/DAD/ESI/MS method for the determination of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and spinosad in olives and olive oil after field treatment

The behavior in the field and the transfer from olives to olive oil during the technological process of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and spinosad were studied. The extraction method used was effective in extracting the analytes of interest, and no interfering peaks were detected in the chromatogram. The residue levels found in olives after treatment were 0.14, 0.04, and 0.30 mg/kg for imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and spinosad, respectively, far below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set for these insecticides in EU. At the preharvest interval (PHI), no residue was detected for imidacloprid and thiacloprid, while spinosad showed a residue level of 0.04 mg/kg. The study of the effect of the technological process on pesticide transfer in olive oil showed that these insecticides tend to remain in the olive cake. The LC/DAD/ESI/MS method showed good performance with adequate recoveries ranging from 80 to 119% and good method limits of quantitation (LOQs) and of determination (LODs). No matrix effect was detected.     

雷公藤非生物碱对小菜蛾的生物活性研究

试验研究雷公藤非生物碱对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)的生物活性结果表明,雷公藤非生物碱对小菜蛾具有较强的拒食、毒杀以及生长发育抑制作用。雷公藤非生物碱对2龄小菜蛾幼虫的选择性与非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为34.89mg/L和42.33mg/L;毒杀中浓度(LC50)为49.86mg/L;100mg/L的雷公藤非生物碱对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育抑制率达90%以上;但雷公藤非生物碱的杀卵作用不显著,以400mg/L雷公藤非生物碱处理小菜蛾卵后,其孵化率和孵化后幼虫存活率仍分别达53.48%和46%。     

温度胁迫下罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）机体免疫力的变化及其对海豚链球菌易感性的影响

为了揭示温度这一重要环境因子与罗非鱼免疫力及对海豚链球菌的易感性之间的关系,分别进行了不同温度下罗非鱼感染海豚链球菌的死亡率试验和不同温度对罗非鱼非特异免疫相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;溶菌酶;碱性磷酸酶,AKP以及补体C3）活性影响的试验。试验结果表明,罗非鱼感染海豚链球菌的死亡率与水温的变化呈现明显的正相关;特别是在高温条件下,罗非鱼免疫力受到了明显的抑制,具体表现为SOD活性呈现先诱导后抑制的趋势,AKP活性在12h较28℃时显著上升（P〈0．05）,血清溶菌酶活性则受到抑制作用,而补体C3活性在12h和24h与对照组相比显著升高了10．99％和13．40％（P〈0．05）。试验结果显示高温能够引起罗非鱼免疫力低下,使鱼体对病原菌易感性增强,致使罗非鱼因感染海豚链球菌造成的死亡率显著升高,为研究罗非鱼海豚链球菌病爆发的环境机制提供了相关资料。     

Residues of spinosad in meat, milk, and eggs

Spinosad is an insect control agent that is derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium and has a high level of activity against insects that infest a variety of crops. Dairy and poultry feeding studies were conducted to determine the magnitude of spinosad residues in animal products that would result from the consumption of typical feed commodities containing residues of spinosad. Dairy cows were dosed for 28 days with spinosad at rates equivalent to 0, 1, 3, and 10 microg/g in the diet. Chicken hens were dosed for 42 days with spinosad at rates equivalent to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 5 microg/g in the diet. Milk, eggs, and tissue samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and/or immunoassay methods. Spinosad residues occurred in all of the sample types but were lowest in eggs, skim milk, and lean meat and were highest in the fat.     

Preparation of high-purity fructo-oligosaccharides by Aspergillus japonicus beta-fructofuranosidase and successive cultivation with yeast

The short-chain FOSs with high purity were prepared using a two-step strategy: Aspergillus japonicus extracellular beta-fructofuranosidase-catalyzed synthesis of FOSs followed by cultivation with Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The higher FOSs content was obtained after 8 h under the catalysis of beta-fructofuranosidase at pH 5.5 and 55 degrees C. Successive P. pastoris cultivation exhausts almost all monosugars in 12 h at 30 degrees C, which increases the purity of FOSs, and also recovers beta-fructofuranosidase activity by ceasing the inhibition of glucose from catalysis of the enzyme, yielding more FOSs. Finally, the FOSs purity was increased from 56.55 to 84.45% (26.47% 1-kestose and 57.98% nystose).     

Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in healthy human volunteers

The intake of polyphenols has been demonstrated to have health-promoting and disease-preventive effects. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), which is rich in several polyphenols, has been used for centuries in ancient cultures for its medicinal purposes. The potential health benefits of pomegranate polyphenols have been demonstrated in numerous in vitro studies and in vivo experiments. This study investigated the absorption and antioxidant effects of a standardized extract from pomegranate in healthy human volunteers after the acute consumption of 800 mg of extract. Results indicate that ellagic acid (EA) from the extract is bioavailable, with an observed C(max) of 33 ng/mL at t(max) of 1 h. The plasma metabolites urolithin A, urolithin B, hydroxyl-urolithin A, urolithin A-glucuronide, and dimethyl ellagic acid-glucuronide were identified by HPLC-MS. The antioxidant capacity measured with the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was increased with a maximum effect of 32% after 0.5 h, whereas the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was not affected. The inflammation marker interleukin-6 (IL-6) was not significantly affected after 4 h after the consumption of the extract. Overall, this study demonstrated the absorbability of EA from a pomegranate extract high in ellagitannin content and its ex vivo antioxidant effects.