湖北省李品种果实品质分析与综合评价

以湖北省内栽培的30个李品种为试材,对李果实的主要外观、内在等综合品质性状进行了评价,研究了李果实品质特点,结果表明：李果实大小、果皮和果肉色泽等外观性状及花青素、可溶性糖、类黄酮等营养成分都具有极其丰富的多样性。通过品质分析与综合评价,筛选出风味玫瑰、澳洲红、樱桃李、神农李、随县胭脂李和味帝等6个果实品质优异的品种,为湖北省李产业发展和优质品种开发提供了参考。     

江安李产销现状及对策

江安李原产四川省江安县赶场山,栽培历史悠久,是我国六大优良李品种之一,尤以江安大白李品质最佳,曾作为皇室贡品。近年来,江安县大力发展以大白李为主的地方特色水果,优化品种结构,强化科技管护,江安李产业得到了快速发展,尤其是产量大幅增加。在分析江安李产销现状、存在问题的基础上,提出了促进江安李顺畅销售、提高产业经济效益、推动产业健康持续发展的对策。     

秭归空心李

秭归空心李是在秭归县杨林桥镇发掘的地方优良李品种。在选育地,秭归空心李3月中下旬萌芽,盛花期4月中旬,果实成熟期8月上中旬,落叶期在11月上中旬。树体生长期2 30天左右,果实发育期12 0天左右。果实扁圆形、整齐,果顶平或微尖,缝合线浅。果皮绿色,果粉厚呈白色,最大果重6 2g ,平均单果重4 0 g。果实可食率95 5 % ,含可溶性固形物11 5 % ,可溶性总糖7 76 % ,酸1% ,品质上等。1985年起在全县15个地方李品种中筛选出品质较好、产量较高的青皮空心李(俗名)。在秭归县的杨林桥镇、梅家河乡、水田坝乡、周坪乡、两河口镇采用根蘖苗、嫁接苗、扦…     

13个李品种在阜平县引种表现

2021年保定市阜平县引进国峰2号、国峰7号、国峰17号、大红袍、吉胜、03297等李优新品种13个,经过3年的观察,13个李品种对阜平县气候条件和土壤条件适应,没有特殊的病虫害发生,通过对果实特性、果实品质和适应性调查,筛选出适宜阜平栽培发展的李品种6个。     

10个鲜食葡萄品种在贵州贵阳地区引种初报

为了筛选出适宜贵阳地区栽培的葡萄品种,并进行规模化推广栽培,笔者从金华市农业科学研究院引入10个优质葡萄品种进行栽培试验,对各品种的物候期、主要经济性状及抗逆性进行调查分析。结果表明：10个供试品种中,两个晚熟品种表现突出,分别是‘甬优1号’和‘巨玫瑰’,其中‘甬优1号’具有产量较高,品质较好,抗逆性较强,口感甜,并带有草莓香味的特点;‘巨玫瑰’具有品质较好,抗逆性较强,口感浓甜,并带有玫瑰香味的特点,这两个品种在贵阳地区表现出较强的适用性,适宜在贵阳地区进行设施栽培。     

核桃新品种“得荣1号”

正"得荣1号"是四川省甘孜藏族自治州得荣县地方实生核桃优株,经过多个地区区域试验及生产试栽,果实品质、丰产性、抗病性皆表现较好,于2014年4月通过四川省林木品种审定委员会认定并命名,良种编号为川R-SV-JR-005-2013。目前该品种已在邻近的泸定县、康定市、乡城县和得荣县等地栽培。     

云南地方鸡种质资源现状与分子研究进展

云南多样化的地理气候条件,形成了丰富的地方鸡种资源,有13个鸡种被列入《中国畜禽遗传资源志》,品质和数量均居全国之首。这些独特地方鸡种是改良培育鸡品种不可缺少的原始遗传素材和宝贵的基因储存。但由于种种原因,云南多种地方鸡种群体数量下降或面临消失,种质资源亟待维系,优良性状开发极大受限。在查阅大量相关研究报道的基础上,综述了云南省种质资源现状与分子研究进展,以期为地方核心种质资源的保护提供科学依据,为选育、复壮和扩群培育出更具独特风味的云南地方特有资源品种提供理论指导。     

8个南方李品种果实营养品质分析与评价

本文旨在分析南方主栽李品种果实主要营养成分含量特征,建立李果实品质综合评价方法,为李资源开发利用和品种改良提供科学依据。本研究测定了8个李品种基本的品质性状（重量、大小、硬度和可溶性固形物）和果实营养品质总酚、花青苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖和有机酸组分。结果表明,8个李品种的果实重量、大小、硬度、可溶性固形物、总酚、花青苷和类黄酮含量存在显著差异。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖是成熟李主要的可溶性糖。李主要有机酸是苹果酸,其次为柠檬酸和异柠檬酸,其它有机酸包括草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和富马酸,不同品种间总有机酸含量的变化趋势与苹果酸含量的变化趋势一致。对8个李品种果实的19个主要营养指标进行主成分分析,第一主成分PCI和第二主成分PC2分别包含了原来信息的32.07 %和24.93 %,结果表明,果皮的色泽、果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量是评价李果实品质的重要指标。8个品种中芙蓉李的总酚、花青苷、可溶性糖含量最高,有机酸含量最低,可作为进一步选育优质李新品种的亲本材料。     

不同树形和授粉方式及品种对‘早红李’座果率的影响

【目的】】针对‘早红李’座果率低的问题,研究不同树形和人工授粉对其座果率及品质的影响,为提升‘早红李’的产量和品质提供一定的理论依据和技术支持。【方法】本试验以 5 年生‘早红李’为材料,研究不同的树形对果实的影响,并采用不同的品种和授粉方式,分析对其座果率的影响。【结果】（1）避雨栽培下果实的可溶性固形物高于露天栽培;（2）树形为开心型和篱壁型的‘早红李’单果重、纵横径高于自然型;（3）授粉品种和授粉方法对‘早红李’座果率的影响明显,表现为大红李﹥吉胜﹥大石早生,电动喷粉﹥人工点授﹥液体授粉。【结论】‘早红李’在避雨下栽培且树形为开心型有利于提高果实产量和品质;大红李是较理想的父本,而电动喷粉是最理想的授粉方式。     

广西·桂林春季水果生产呈现新特色

正本刊讯桂林市地处中亚热带大陆性季风区,气候一年四季分明,适宜栽培的桃李种类、品种目前主要有:需冷量较低的水蜜桃、早熟类桃、油桃,大水李,李,布朗李等。桂林市地产水蜜桃、早桃、樱桃、油桃、李、布朗李、猪血李和大水李品质优良且成熟期较早,具有很强的市场竞争力。每年2月中下旬至3月上中旬是桂林市桃李开花期。2016年春,桂林市桃李生产新气象有:一     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.