植物新品种保护与品种审定的意义和异同

随着知识产权愈来愈受到社会各界的关注，植物新品种保护工作也显得尤为重要。该文着重介绍了植物新品种保护的发展概况、意义及其与品种审定的异同，使读者对植物新品种保护工作有所了解。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

乙烯的生物合成与信号及其对种子萌发和休眠的调控

种子萌发是一种关键的生态和农业性状,由调控种子休眠状态和萌发潜势的内在和外部信息所决定,在植物随后的生长发育和产量中起着极其重要的作用。休眠是指种子在合适的条件下暂时不能萌发。乙烯是一种简单的具有多种功能的气体植物激素,在分子、细胞和整体植物水平调节植物的代谢。在适宜和逆境条件下,乙烯通过与其他信号分子的相互作用影响植物的行为。本文主要综述乙烯的生物合成与信号、乙烯在种子萌发和休眠释放中的作用以及乙烯与植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素的相互作用;并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题,试图为解释乙烯调控种子萌发与休眠的分子机制提供新的研究思想。     

向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

水稻高产节水灌溉技术及其生理生态效应

水稻是我国最大的粮食作物,也是农业上第一用水大户。随着人口的增长、城镇和工业的发展、人民生活水平的提高和全球气候的变化,一方面需要不断增加单位面积产量和产品质量以满足人口增长和人民生活水平日益提高的需求,另一方面需要应对水资源日益短缺的严重问题。因此,研究水稻高产优质节水灌溉技术,对于保障我国粮食安全、提高人们的生活质量和节约水资源,均有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了水稻高产节水灌溉技术,分析了这些技术的生理生态效应,对当前和今后一段时间内水稻节水灌溉的研究提出了建议。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

设施果蔬栽培的小气候及其调控

果蔬栽培设施内的光照、温度、水分和气体等环境因子,是各种果蔬作物赖以生存的基本条件。设施内小气候具有其自身特点。研究分析发现,设施内的光照强度较弱,光照分布不均匀,由南向北光照强度逐渐减弱;气温地温均高于外界;相对湿度一般比露地高;另外,设施内CO2浓度低。针对设施内独特的小气候提出了相应的调控措施。     

中国与肯尼亚农业科技交流合作研究及启示

从1963年至今,中国与肯尼亚农业科技交流合作经历了从单向无偿援助向互利合作方式的转变,并通过政府高层往来、中非农业合作论坛、农业投资及研讨会、互派专家和留学生、高校与科研机构支持等途径,以农业科技合作示范与种质资源利用、中国农业高新科技在肯尼亚推广应用、短期技术研修与培训班开设、学历农业人才培养等内容方式,在中国优良农作物引种推广、栽培管理技术体系输出、科学合作研究、农业科技人才培养、生物多样性保护、扩大农产品市场等方面取得了不少成就,但仍然面临前期调研不够、途径内容不多、成效比较有限、投资不足等挑战以及语言、文化和历史等问题,需要从制定长期规划、建立高层次协调机制、加强基础调查研究、拓展途径与内容、加大投资力度、完善财税政支持体系、继续重视人才培养、坚持绿色合作与可持续发展等方面综合应对。     

青霉素和氨苄青霉素对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生理生化的影响

以一定浓度的青霉素和氨苄青霉素水溶液对小麦进行浸种处理，能明显提高小麦种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、发芽指数和胚乳中淀粉酶的活力，并能使苗期叶片中叶绿素含量及幼苗的高度增加。青霉素以40IU／L效果最好，氨苄青霉素则是在800mg／L浓度时作用最佳。     

驴肉蛋白质氨基酸组成特点及与其他畜禽肉的分析比较

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定驴肉的氨基酸组成,比较分析了驴肉与其他畜禽肉蛋白质的营养价值与氨基酸组成特点。结果表明,驴肉蛋白质含量高,必需氨基酸丰富,其氨基酸总量为驴肉总量的23.5%,其中赖氨酸为9.0%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例高达39.4%。驴肉蛋白质的营养价值和必需氨基酸,尤其赖氨酸明显高于羊肉、猪肉、牛肉和鸡肉,能为人类提供丰富的优质动物性蛋白资源。     

果蔬气调贮藏保鲜技术及设备

详细介绍了气调贮藏对果蔬延缓新陈代谢,保持新鲜度,延长贮藏期和销售货架期的功能,并对气调库库体结构进行了分析说明;同时,又对气调系统各个子系统功能进行了详实介绍.     

Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat

Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F₂ populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy Conservation and Energy Using and Recycling Energy

With science and technology developing, the need of energy increases in our lives and industries. Normal energy is lacking in our country, and the average is half of the average of the world. The conflicting between supplying and needing is apparent. So it seems that the energy may be gone. It is necessary that development of recycling energy is considered. The new energy and recycling energy will be the main energy in the future.     

Research and development intensive clusters and regional competitiveness

Modern cluster theory provides reasons for positive external effects that accrue from the interaction of spatially proximate firms operating in common and related fields of economic activity. In this paper, we examine the impact of R&D-intensive clusters as a key factor of regional competitiveness on productivity growth. In relying on a hybrid approach of cluster identification, we examine effects of cluster specialization and diversity for a panel of German NUTS-3 regions in 2003–2019. After controlling for regional characteristics and unobserved heterogeneity, a robust cluster strength effect (i.e., specialization) on productivity growth is found within the context of conditional convergence across German regions. With regard to the underlying mechanisms, we find that the presence of multiple R&D-intensive clusters in specific technological fields is most strongly linked to higher levels of regional productivity growth. We also find that advantages from cluster specialization are strongest in key industrial sector such as automobile production, machinery, chemical and pharmaceutical products. Overall, our estimates particularly highlight the working of Marshallian externalities in productivity dynamics, while Jacobs-type spillovers tend to be partially realized. These findings indicate that some but not all cluster-based regional development strategies are promising policy tools to foster regional growth processes.     

区域水土保持水土流失预测分析及实例研究

水利部对各类开发区提出推行区域水土保持评估的背景下,分析水土流失量预测方法及技术要点。以庆安开发区为例,分析东北黑土区水土流失量预测及土石方平衡估算,可以为同类区域水土保持评估水土流失量计算提供借鉴及参考。通过计算分析,得到2条结论:（1）在考虑最不利条件下,预测区域内土壤流失量结果中工业用地新增土壤流失量最大;（2）对于规划建设及在建区域,可以采用区域内已完成水土保持方案的已建项目为典型项目,类比推算区域土石方挖填量的方法。     

免耕直播对一季晚稻田土壤特性和杂交水稻生长及产量形成的影响

为了探明免耕直播对杂交水稻的生育规律和稻田土壤理化性状的影响,于2003—2004年在长沙以两优培九为材料,进行了免耕直播、翻耕直播2种栽培方式的田间比较试验研究。结果表明,与翻耕直播稻田相比,免耕直播稻田0~5 cm土层容重降低3.55%,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度和毛管持水量分别增加4.80%、1.59%、39.85%和7.04     

冀、鲁、豫三省粮食生产的态势、优势、问题与对策

从冀、鲁、豫三省2004年农业总体概况出发,研究了冀、鲁、豫三省从1980—2004年间粮食生产态势、粮食生产的综合比较优势,剖析了三个省粮食生产中存在的主要问题,并提出积极的解决对策。     

鲜切果蔬中的微生物及其控制

微生物数量往往被作为衡量鲜切果蔬产品货架期的一个重要指标,针对鲜切果蔬中微生物的感染途径,对感染鲜切产品常见微生物的类型及生产贮藏中控制微生物的措施进行概述.     

大白菜施肥技巧与主要病虫害防治

1施肥技巧 大白菜施肥原则是：整地重施有机肥，苗后分次巧追肥。追肥要掌握“少量多次、前少后多、分期供给”。肥后及时浇水，以达到肥水均匀，充分发挥肥效。