小麦种质资源BJ399抗条锈病基因的分子标记定位

条锈病是影响小麦产量和品质的一种世界性病害。种质资源BJ399对小麦条锈病具有良好的苗期和成株期抗性,为明确其条锈病抗性基因,利用BJ399和高感条锈病品种铭贤169杂交,获得BJ399/铭贤169的F_1、BC_1和F_2代分离群体,并利用我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种条中34号(CYR34)进行温室苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明,BJ399对CYR34的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂命名为 YrBJ399。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xwmc296、Xgwm425和Xgwm558,且3个标记位于抗病基因的同一侧,距离目的基因最近的标记为Xwmc296,其遗传距离为9.5 cM,标记Xgwm425和Xgwm558与目的基因 YrBJ399的遗传距离分别为14.3 cM和18.0 cM,并初步将抗病基因定位于小麦染色体2AS上。根据抗病基因来源和染色体定位结果推测, YrBJ399可能是一个抗条锈病新基因。     

小麦种质WS4-8苗期抗条锈性遗传分析及分子作图

条锈病是小麦生产中的主要病害之一,研究和利用抗病种质是小麦抗条锈病育种的基础.为明确小麦体细胞无性系4-8(WS4-8)的抗条锈病基因及其遗传规律,用条锈菌生理小种CYR33对WS4-8和感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代群体进行了苗期接种鉴定和抗条锈基因遗传分析.结果表明,WS4-8对CYR33表现抗病,其抗性由1对显性基因控制.利用BSA法对构建的F2代遗传作图群体进行了SSR标记分析,标记Xgpw5281、Xcfd35和Xgwm341与抗性基因具有连锁关系,且都为共显性标记,与抗病基因之间的遗传距离分别为6.8、7.2和21.8 cM.根据作图结果,将WS4-8所携带的对CYR33的抗条锈病基因定位于小麦3DS染色体上.基于该基因的作图位置与分子标记结果,认为该基因可能是一个新的抗条锈病基因,暂命名为YrWS4-8.     

小麦新抗源Centrum抗条锈性特征及遗传分析

为了明确小麦种质Centrum的抗条锈性特征及抗性遗传规律,分别在杨凌和天水两地对其进行成株期抗条锈性评价,并以CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-7、CH42等8个条锈菌生理小种对其进行苗期抗谱分析,以CYR29和CYR32对Centrum与感病亲本Avocet S构建的BC1、F2和F3群体进行苗期抗条锈病遗传分析。结果表明,Centrum在杨凌混合小种圃和天水自然诱发圃成株期均为免疫反应,苗期对所有参试小种均表现为免疫或近免疫;抗病遗传分析表明Centrum对CYR29和CYR32的抗性分别由同一对显性基因控制。     

小麦种质P10078的成株期条锈病抗性特征及遗传规律

为明确小麦抗病种质P10078的抗条锈病特征及抗病遗传规律,利用4个小麦条锈菌小种CYR32、CYR33、V26/CM42和Sull-7对P10078进行了苗期分小种鉴定,并分别在陕西杨凌人工接种病圃和甘肃天水自然诱发病圃连续多年对P10078与感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代(F_1、F_2、F_(2∶3))进行成株期抗条锈病鉴定。结果发现,P10078苗期对CYR32、V26/CM42表现为感病(IT:7~8),对V26/CM42和Sull-7表现为抗病(IT:2),成株期对混合小种表现为高度抗病(IT:1,S:1%),表明P10078为包含全生育期抗病基因的成株期抗病品种;F_2抗感分离比为3∶1,F_(2∶3)抗感分离比为1∶2∶1,表明P10078成株期抗性由一对显性主效基因控制。P10078所含抗条锈基因为未知抗性基因。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr9的分子标记及其检测

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr9来源于小麦-小伞山羊草(Aegilops umbellulata)T6BS · 6BL-6U# 1L染色体易住,对我国叶锈菌优势生理小种THT和PHT表现高度抵抗.为了给小麦抗叶锈病育种提供依据,本研究利用从美国引进的含有Lr9基因的叶锈抗源Arthur 71与高感叶锈病普通小麦品系薛早杂交产生的F2群体及F2:3家系,研究了Lr9基因的遗传特性,通过集群分离分析方法筛选到与Lr9基因连锁的6个SSR标记(Xwmc179 、Xbarc1 46 、Xbarc198 、Xcfa2110 、Xbarc24和Xbarc178),1个EST-STS标记(BE443156)和1个ESTSSR标记(XMAG799),其中Xwmc179、Xbarc146、XMAG799和BE443156为显性的分子标记,Xbarc198、Xca2110 、Xbarc24和Xbarc178为共显性的分子标记,Lr9基因位于6BL染色体末端,与EST-STS标记BE443156共分离,与SSR标记Xbarc178的遗传距离为3.4 cM.证实STS标记J13/1+2和SCAR标记SCS5550与Lr9基因共分离,可作为Lr9基因分子标记辅助选择的重要工具,而本研究鉴定出的SSR标记可以作为重要的遗传背景选择标记.利用“滚动式加代回交转育”对Lr9基因抗源材料进行了遗传改良和分子标记检测,获得了含有Lr9基因且生育期、千粒重等性状显著改善的抗叶锈病新品系.     

普通小麦品种科成麦2号抗条锈病基因鉴定及分子作图

普通小麦品种科成麦2号（咸阳大穗/E10//多花1号/3/贵农20/4/绵阳26）,对我国目前流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32和水源11-4表现免疫或近免疫,而科成麦2号的近等基因系CD1438对条中32和水源11-4高感。为了给小麦抗条锈病育种提供参考依据,对科成麦2号/CD1438杂交组合的F1材料以及F2、F3群体进行了抗病性鉴定与遗传分析,结果表明,科成麦2号对条中32的抗性受细胞核内的显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrKC2。利用集群分离分析法（BSA）和简单重复序列（SSR）分子标记分析,发现了7个与YrKC2连锁的SSR标记并构建连锁标记遗传图谱,其中Xcfd65/Xgwm11紧邻YrKC2,遗传距离为1.7 cM;Xgwm18、Xbarc187/Xwmc406、Xwmc419、Xwmc216依次排列,与YrKC2的遗传距离分别为2.5、3.3、6.0、9.2 cM。根据SSR分子标记的遗传图谱,将YrKC2定位在小麦的1B染色体短臂上。通过系谱分析和分子标记分析,推测YrKC2可能来源于小麦品种贵农20。基因等位性鉴定表明,YrKC2可能与Yr26、Yr24和YrCH42互为等位基因。     

小麦抗条锈病基因 Yr69连锁标记在育种中的应用评价

由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp.tritici Eriks.,Pst)引起的小麦条锈病是严重威胁小麦生产的重大病害之一。为促进抗条锈病基因 Yr69在小麦育种中的应用,利用8个与 Yr69连锁的分子标记对推广品种长4738与 Yr69的载体品系CH7086构建的F_2群体为材料进行检测,利用小麦条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、CYR34混合小种(1∶1∶1)接种F_(2:3)家系进行抗病性鉴定,并评价 Yr69连锁标记在育种中应用的有效性。结果表明,4个共显性标记Xgwm636、Xgwm210、Xwmc382和X2AS33对 Yr69具有较好的检测效果,其检测准确率随着分子标记与目标基因遗传距离的减小而提高。其中,X2AS33的检测准确率高达96.7%,是分子辅助育种中检测 Yr69的较理想连锁标记。     

小麦新抗源抗锈性评价和SSR位点遗传多样性

为了解小麦条锈病新抗源兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355的抗病性及遗传基础,对其苗期和成株期分别进行抗条锈性鉴定,并以小麦全基因组SSR标记为工具分析了新抗源与四个感病材料(Avocet S、铭贤169、790-149-34、中国春)间的遗传多样性。结果表明,兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355对当前条锈病流行小种具有全生育期或成株期抗性; 在975个SSR多态性位点共有3 390个等位性变异,每个位点平均等位变异3.48;全基因组和A、B、D基因组范围聚类结果基本一致,8个材料可分成三类,其中品冬34遗传背景与其他材料差异较大;随机抽取部分标记进行标记数量累加聚类,标记数量愈多,聚类结果愈稳定可靠。     

西藏青稞和小麦品种的条锈病抗性鉴定

为明确西藏青稞、小麦品种的条锈病抗性水平,以合理利用抗病品种防控条锈病,采用常规接种法,利用当前西藏大麦条锈菌的流行菌系PSH1和PSH2、小麦条锈菌的流行小种CYR33和CYR32,分别对供试的15个青稞、26个小麦品种在温室进行苗期、成株期抗条锈病鉴定,并分析其抗性水平与抗性类型。结果发现,15个供试青稞品种中,仅喜马拉21号对大麦条锈菌菌系PSH1、PSH2兼具苗期和成株期抗性,15个均对小麦条锈菌小种CYR33、CYR32表现抗病。26个供试小麦品种中,19个对小麦条锈菌小种CYR33和CYR32兼具苗期抗性和成株期抗性,所有供试小麦对大麦条锈菌菌系PSH1、PSH2均表现抗病。     

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3抗条锈（条中30、31）性状的遗传分析

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30(CYR30)和条中31(CYR31)免疫-高抗。为明确SWAHEN3抗条锈性状的遗传规律，将SWAHEN3与高感硬粒小麦品种Kappli杂交，获得杂种F     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.