布尔山羊繁殖季节重复超排处理效果的研究

本研究共进行了2个试验。试验Ⅰ,成年布尔山羊在繁殖季节初期经超排处理,平均每只采得有效胚胎17.07枚,2个月后再行重复超排处理,虽有3只羊未能实现采卵,但其它羊只均获成功,其中B组（FSH加量）平均获有效胚胎15.46枚,明显高于A组（FSH未加量,平均每只12.93枚）。试验Ⅱ,选择了2000年超排效果较好的布尔山羊,在2001年和2002年秋季进行了第2次、第3次重复超排处理。结果表明：在生殖器官未发生粘连的情况下,第2次平均获有效胚胎15.83枚,与第1次超排结果（平均15.50枚）相近。第3次超排因两只羊生殖器官粘连未能采卵,其余10只羊平均采得有效胚胎13.40枚。     

利用胚胎冷冻法保护马头山羊地方良种的方法学研究

为了研究利用胚胎冷冻技术保护马头山羊品种的可行性,以及探讨最佳的保种方案,该研究结合品种标准和分子标记辅助选择技术,选择25只有代表性的马头山羊母羊进行超数排卵、胚胎冷冻及移植研究.结果表明,INHA基因在马头山羊有多态位点,GG型供体母羊超排后只均获胚胎数(15.75±0.42)和只均可用胚胎数(14.90±0.38)均最高(P>0.05);中等膘情、上胎产4羔以上的母羊超排效果最好(P<0.05),可用胚胎率达94%以上;P4+LHRH-A3组超排后只均获胚胎15.63枚、只均可用胚胎14.75枚,显著高于对照组(CIDR+FSH+PG)(P<0.05);公母比例1:1、间隔8h本交或人工授精后可用胚胎率达94%以上,能显著提高超排效果(P<0.05),但本交组和人工授精组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);间隔2个月进行重复超排对超排效果无显著影响(P>0.05).细管玻璃化冷冻解冻后胚胎形态正常率(84.09%)和囊胚发育率(63.51%)显著高于OPS冷冻法(P<0.05);不同解冻方法和解冻时水浴温度对胚胎质量无显著影响(P>0.05).受体羊经CIDR处理后同期发情率达85.71%,高于孕酮海绵栓处理组(78.57%),经产母羊移植妊娠率(46.67%)高于育成母羊(37.50%),但均无显著性差异(P>0.05).表明运用胚胎冷冻法保护马头山羊品种资源是可行的,并探讨了一套最优化的操作规程.     

布尔山羊异地采集胚胎与移植效果的研究

将55只饲养管理条件和超排处理方法相同的成年布尔山羊随机分成试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和对照组。各组供、受体羊的比例为1:13。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别经3和6h,在采卵前2~4h运抵采胚、移植地点,对照组在原饲养地采胚\移植。结果表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组供体羊平均每只采集有效胚12.91和13.38枚,对照组为15.30枚,但差异不显著。而膘情较好的试验Ⅰ组受胎率最高(71.29%),流产率最低(2.68%)。膘情较差的试验Ⅱ组受胎率最低(51.68%)流产率最高(9.09%);膘情居中的对照组受胎率(65.66%)和流产率(3.08%) 介于前二者之中。     

牛活体采卵及其在体外受精中的应用

利用超声波活体采卵技术(ovum pick-up, OPU)对奶牛的活体采卵技术进行了研究,探讨活体采卵频率以及用FSH处理后对卵母细胞回收的影响,并对比了活体采卵与屠宰场采卵体外受精后胚胎的发育。结果表明：每周采2次与每周采1次可获卵母细胞数差异显著;用FSH在采卵前3d处理不发情母牛和发情母牛,发现两组平均获卵数差异不显著,且回收率和优质卵母细胞率差异不显著;活体采卵和屠宰场采卵的优质卵母细胞数和囊胚率差异显著。     

补硒对萨福克羊血清激素水平和超排效果的影响

[目的]为了探讨补硒对萨福克羊血清激素水平和超排效果的影响, [方法]将舍饲条件下的24头2岁萨福克母羊随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组在超排处理前肌肉注射亚硒酸钠VE注射液4ml/只(含硒0.46mg/ml),对照组未注射;到第25天进行胚胎移植时,检查排卵情况,同时采集血样,测定血清P4、E2、FSH、LH、FT3和FT4水平。结果表明：试验组平均获有效胚胎8.7枚,比对照组高2.1枚。试验组血清P4和E2分别为8.46 ±4.54ng/ml和13.49±4.41pg/ml,显著高于对照组(P< 0.05)。血清FSH和LH分别为5.46±1.55和4.12±1.19mIU/ml,虽然高于对照组,但差异不明显。血清FT3、FT4分别为4.67±0.71和10.23±2.32 pmol/L,其中FT4显著低于对照组（P< 0.05）。 [结论]由此可见,注射亚硒酸钠VE注射液可以提高萨福克羊的排卵数和血清P4和E2水平。     

季节对放牧条件下安格斯和海福特肉牛超数排卵的影响

采用放置CIDR和FSH-PG注射法,于2004年5至6月和8至9月间对进口的安格斯和海福特肉牛进行超数排卵研究,并对安格斯和海福特肉牛随机分组。通过对超排有效率、平均采胚数、平均可用胚数、胚胎可利用率和A、B级胚胎在可用胚胎中的比率进行统计,结果为草原放牧条件下,5至6月间安格斯肉牛平均采胚数为10.78枚,平均可用胚数为5.75枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为4.52枚,海福特肉牛的平均采胚数为12.18枚,平均可用胚数为7.86枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为6.5枚。在8至9月间安格斯肉牛平均采胚数为12.55枚,平均可用胚数为8.14枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为6.62枚,海福特肉牛平均采胚数为10.25枚,平均可用胚数为5.75枚,其中平均A级胚胎数为4.32枚。研究证实海福特肉牛的适宜超排季节为5至6月份,安格斯肉牛适宜超排季节为8至9月份。     

南阳牛超数排卵研究

采用FSH共超排南阳牛60头次,共采卵258枚（头均4.87±3.69）,其中可用胚153枚（头均2.89±2.58）,育成牛超排反应有效率高于经产牛（86.2% ︰71.0%）,经产牛采卵数多于育成牛（头均5.22±4.53 ︰头均4.5±2.58）,可用胚数也多于育成牛(头均3.07±3.06 ︰头均2.69±2.02),FSH的适宜剂量经产牛为340mg/头,育成牛为300mg/头。季节对南阳牛超排没有明显影响。     

影响西门塔尔牛超数排卵效果的因素研究

为探讨影响西门塔尔牛超数排卵效果的因素,提高供体母牛利用率,加速胚胎移植技术产业化。以头均回收胚数和头均可用胚数为主要技术指标,在湖北和内蒙古乌拉盖进行超排试验,比较经产牛与青年牛、中科院产与加拿大产FSH两种不同超排方案及不同季节等因素对超排效果的影响。结果表明：（1）在农区,青年母牛的头均回收胚数和头均可用胚数分别为9.8、7.5枚,经产母牛分别为7.5、4.2枚,青年母牛显著高于经产母牛(P<0.05);在牧区,青年母牛头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为10.3、8.4枚,经产母牛分别为8.0、5.5枚,青年母牛显著高于经产母牛 (P<0.05)。（2）在农区,使用中科院产FSH的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.0、4.8枚,使用加拿大产FSH分别为9.0、5.9枚,中科院产FSH与加拿大产FSH之间差异不显著(P>0.05);在牧区,使用中科院产FSH头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.8、5.5枚,使用加拿大产FSH分别为9.5、6.5枚,中科院产FSH与加拿大产FSH之间差异亦不显著(P>0.05)。（3）在牧区,方案A(FSH+PG)的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为7.5、4.8枚,方案B(CIDR+E2+P4+FSH+PG)分别为10.5、8.0枚,方案B显著高于方案A (P<0.05);在农区,方案A的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为7.0、4.2枚,方案B分别为9.6、7.1枚,方案B亦显著高于方案A (P<0.05)。（4）在牧区,夏季的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为9.6、7.5枚,春季分别为6.0、3.5枚,夏季显著高于春季(P<0.05);在农区,春季的头均回收胚数和可用胚数分别为8.2、5.4枚,秋季分别为9.0、6.7枚,春季与秋季之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论：（1）青年母牛可作为供体牛的首选;（2）中科院产FSH能获得好的超排效果,且价格便宜,应为超排首选;（3）CIDR+E2+P4+FSH+PG法的超排效果优于FSH+PG法,前者为首选超排方案;（4）牧区应在夏季超排,农区应在春季和秋季超排。     

重复超排技术在纯种和牛核心群建立中的应用

为了快速扩繁纯种和牛核心群,以最大限度发挥其繁殖潜力。试验以南北方3个典型地区的纯种和牛为试验对象,采用CIDR+FSH+PG方法进行超数排卵,探索合理的重复超排次数及此技术在不同地域环境下的应用状况。高强度重复超排试验表明：初次超排获得的可用胚胎数最理想,随着超排次数的增加,可用胚胎数量有所降低,但是差异不显著(P＞0.05);地域间不同超排间隔的超排数据比较,不同地区超排效果差异不显著(7.38±4.27)、(7.88±5.95)、(7.45±5.24)(P>0.05)。在良好的饲养管理前提下,高强度重复超排以1个月为超排间隔,超排3~4次为宜;纯种和牛的适应能力较强,超排间隔在1-2个月,超排3次的常规超排方案可以应用于南北方地区和牛核心群的建立。     

波尔山羊胚胎克隆的研究

以波尔山羊早期胚胎卵裂球作为核供体进行核移植,比较受体卵母细胞来源以及不同发育阶段胚胎的卵裂球对核移植重构胚的融合率的影响,研究Vero细胞对重构胚体外发育的影响,检测重构胚发育成为个体的能力。结果表明:以体内成熟和体外成熟卵母细胞做核移植受体,重组卵的融合率分别为85.7%和88.7%,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05);以来源于8,16,32细胞阶段的卵裂球做核供体,重组卵的融合率分别为91.6%,86%,89.2%,三者之间差异不显著(P>0.05);融合后的重构胚与Vero细胞单层共培养,卵裂率65.5%和桑椹胚率32.7%均高于单纯TCM199培养的53.1%和10.6%(P<0.05);移植18枚融合后的重构胚于2只受体山羊输卵管,结果未获得妊娠;移植经体内培养得到的3枚桑椹胚于受体山羊子宫内,获得妊娠1只,总体的妊娠率为33%(1/3),怀孕的受体羊维持妊娠到期,产下1只母羔,初生重3.45 kg,一周岁时体重达到42.5 kg。通过自然交配产下一对波尔山羊羔。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.