乌鲁木齐市冬季养殖场畜禽舍内空气微生物含量的初步调查研究

畜禽舍环境中气载微生物气溶胶的污染程度是衡量畜禽舍空气环境卫生质量的重要指标之一。本实验的目的是通过检测畜禽舍环境空气中微生物含量的方法来衡量畜禽舍环境卫生的质量。通过对乌鲁木齐市辖区内10个养殖场冬季畜禽舍中空气微生物含量的测定,初步判定冬季畜禽舍内细菌类属并讨论不同种动物不同面积畜舍细菌含量的变化规律。结果表明:10个畜禽舍中空气微生物含量都较高;对优势菌群做了初步判定,大部分为大肠菌群;畜禽舍饲养密度越大空气中的微生物含量越多;封闭式畜舍较半封闭式畜舍空气中的微生物含量多。     

降低规模化猪场舍内污染气体的研究

集约化畜禽业的发展为人类提供了丰富的蛋白质食品,使人们的生活水平得到显著提高,而畜禽产生的大量粪尿也成为最大的污染源之一,给人们赖以生存的生活环境造成极大的压力.本项目采取有效的措施减少畜舍污染气体的排放,降低养殖业对周围空气的污染,对保护人类生存的环境,保护动物的健康,具有重要意义.     

畜禽热应激的防治措施

应激是指畜禽机体对各种刺激因素所产生的应答反应.随着现代化、规模化、集约化养殖业的迅速发展,应激因素不断增多,其中“热”是较为重要的应激因素之一.应激会引起畜禽生产性能、免疫力和产品质量下降,所以必须采取有效的防制对策. 1 合理规划畜舍结构建造畜舍必须选择地势高燥,通风良好的地方,畜舍构件应采用隔热性能良好的材料,畜舍周围最好种植树木或攀缘植物(如葡萄或丝瓜等),以利炎热季节遮荫降温.     

畜舍内环境的控制与改善

笔者走访了许多畜禽养殖户，发现部分农户在饲养畜禽过程中注重畜禽的营养供给以及防病治病等，但忽略了畜舍内环境的控制与改善。畜舍长时间封闭，会产生许多有毒有害的物质，空气混浊，气味难闻，对畜禽的生产有着不利的影响。     

微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用进展

微生物发酵饲料是目前国家提倡的高效、绿色环保型饲料,具有改善饲料品质、提高适口性、维持动物肠道健康、缓解不良应激、改善畜舍环境和畜产品品质的功能。文章主要就微生物发酵饲料的特性、发展的优势及影响微生物发酵饲料的主要因素进行综述,总结了其在畜禽生产中的研究与应用,同时分析发展中存在的一些问题,旨在为微生物发酵饲料在其他动物饲养领域更广泛的应用提供参考。     

畜舍中的有害气体对畜禽的影响及应对措施

<正>随着我国畜牧业的规模化专业化发展,畜舍中的生活环境及有害气体对畜禽的健康和生产有着巨大的影响,与外界自然环境不同,畜舍内的空气流动能力小,空气湿度大,阳光照射力低等特点,有害气体是对畜禽健康危害最严重的措施之一,同时也最容易被农户忽视,本文主要介绍了有害气体的来源、危害和减少措施。1畜舍中有害气体的主要成分畜舍中的有害气体种类众多,其中牛粪中含有94种有害气体,猪粪和鸡粪中分别含有230种和     

畜舍中最佳小气候的效果

在工业畜牧业综合场的条件下畜舍中的小气候作为对畜禽生长、发育和生产力影响的外界环境因素之一有着重要的意义。大家知道,如果畜舍中的小气候与最适宜的动物卫生参数不相符合的时候就会降低家畜有机体的抵抗力。国内外所进行的研究资料证明,如何使空气温湿度的条件保证维持在动物卫生标准范围内,是畜牧业综合场在最佳小气候方面综合措施中的一个重要环节。大家知道,要使家畜的体温保持在恒定的水平上是十分重要的,亦就是说,在家畜体内形成的热量必须要与热散发到外界环境中去的热量相符合。但必须指出,有些种类     

机械换气平养式蛋鸡舍的环境分析及改造设想

利用建筑结构“隔热”可减少畜舍内外的热传递,利用机械方式“强制换气”可以引入新鲜空气排出舍内的热、水汽和污染物质,若将二者结合起来,则就能够提高空气卫生环境水平,并能调节畜舍的温热环境,以满足集约化饲养畜禽日益增长的改善生产环境状态的要求。因此,隔热机械换气是当代养鸡业普遍采用的环境调节方法。哈尔滨属寒温带地区,究竟应当采用什么样换气模式是行政管理人员、生产现场技术人员乃至学术界普遍关注的问题,如果说我们现已修建的各种类型畜舍还有许多尚待完善之处,那么,我们很好地测试各类型畜舍的环境,摸清饲养管理技术环境管理方案对生产水平的影响,则就为完善和改造畜舍换气系统提供了基础数据,这对促进寒冷地区集约化     

音乐对动物福利水平的影响

论文简述了音乐对动物的作用机理,并从生长性能、行为表达、生理指标等方面综述了音乐对动物福利水平的影响,以期为福利养殖中应用音乐缓解畜禽应激提供理论依据。     

猪场环境控制的思路与新方法

1环境控制的目的与重要性1.1环境控制的目的随着集约化养殖的发展,猪群密度的加大,畜舍潮湿,空气污浊,粉尘的漂浮,为许多病原微生物的传播提供了便利。生物安全措施和环境控制措施已经不再是一个可有可无的选择,而应该是在养殖场中被强制长期实施以确保畜群不受传染性病原威胁的重要措施。猪场环境控制的目的是消除影响动物健康生长的环境因子,减少应激,为动物生长创造良好的环境。     

Housing and climatic conditions for early weaned piglets

The recent results of research carried out on housing and climatic conditions for early weaned piglets are reviewed in the present paper.Piglets weaned at 3–4 weeks of age are, in most cases, raised on a totally wired floor in weaning houses. The optimum area per animal and the number of piglets per pen depend on their age and weight at entry and leaving of the weaning house, respectively. The “all-in-all-out” management system is shown to improve the growth performance of piglets.The effects of some physical components of the thermal environment (air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity) on the growth, energy and nitrogen metabolism of the piglet were analysed. An interaction between the air temperature and the feeding level, on the one hand, and the air temperature and the management system (type of floor, piglets raised individually or in groups) on the other, was found. However, no definite conclusions can be drawn about the optimum environmental conditions for early weaned piglets.     

Epidemiology and quality assurance: applications at farm level

Animal production is relevant with respect to farm income and the position of the sector in the market, but also with respect to the quality and safety of products of animal origin, related to public health. Animal production is part of a chain of food production. Therefore, producers have to take consumer expectations and demands in the domains of animal health, welfare and environment into account. A different attitude for production has to be adopted; this attitude can be visualized in good farming practice, GFP, codes. Farmers who focused on quality in its broadest sense need a system supporting them in their management and control of quality risks. Generally speaking, there are three systems for that purpose: GFP, ISO and HACCP. When the hypothesis followed relates to animal health being a feature of quality, or else welfare and environmental issues, then animal health care can be executed following quality control principles. The HACCP concept is well suited for quality control at farm level, involving risk identification and risk management. The on-farm monitoring and surveillance system of critical control points in the animal production process is the most important tool in this procedure. Principles for HACCP application as well as certification fitness of HACCP are elaborated upon. They are illustrated by using salmonellosis in meat-pig farms as objective for an HACCP approach. It is further discussed that, in addition to animal health and quality, animal welfare and environmental issues could also be covered by an HACCP-like system in an integrated manner. Ultimately, the HACCP modules could end up in an overall ISO certification.     

Effect of nutritive level on carcass traits and meat quality of IHDH foals

The present work describes the effect of nutritive level on horse carcass traits and on meat quality. Eighteen male Italian Heavy Draught Horse (IHDH) breed foals were employed in the study. Soon after foaling they were randomly subdivided into three groups according to three nutritive level classes: 150%, 180% and 200% of maintenance requirements. Live weight, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage of each animal were recorded. After slaughtering, meat samples were collected from Longissimus dorsi muscle. The right half carcass of each animal was then divided into cuts. Each one was subdivided into lean, fat and bones. Live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage were not affected by nutritive level (P > 0.05). Horses fed with the lower nutritive level showed a higher incidence of lean and a lower incidence of fat (P < 0.01). Moreover, fatty acid profile was not affected by nutritive level (P > 0.05). Probably the tendency of IHDH foals to concentrate adipogenesis in the subcutaneous district could explain the lack of influence of nutritive level on meat quality parameters and its influence on carcass and cut composition, which tend to be richer in fat.     

The effect of dietary vitamin E level on selenium status in rats

The effect of varying levels of dietary vitamin E on selenium status was determined using 40 Wistar rats with similar initial body weight. The rats were equally divided into four groups and fed the following dietary treatments (mg vitamin E/kg DM): 18 (control; C‐diet), 0 (0E‐diet), 9 (0.5E‐diet) and 36 (2E‐diet) for either 4‐week (Phase 1) or 8‐week (Phase 2) period. At the end of experiment, animals were slaughtered to measure vitamin E and selenium levels in the brain, liver, spleen, kidney, muscles and blood tissues. Dietary vitamin E levels did not affect feed and water intake and body weight. But whole‐blood selenium concentration in rats fed 0E‐diet was higher than in rats fed 2E‐diet after 4 weeks. Selenium level in muscle, spleen and brain was also higher (p < 0.05) in rats fed the 0E‐diet than in rats fed C‐diet after 4 weeks of feeding. On the other hand, selenium level in the muscle was lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed 0.5E‐diet than in those fed 0E‐diet after 4 weeks of feeding, but not after 8 weeks of feeding. Increasing dietary vitamin E level directly influenced selenium content of the spleen and brain after 8 weeks of feeding 2E‐diet. Moreover, the twofold increase in vitamin E intake resulted in a tendency to reduce whole‐blood selenium level and total selenium in the liver and kidney after 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that the increasing dietary vitamin E level resulted in a tendency to reduce Se contents in some vital organs of the body such as the liver and kidney, suggesting their close compensatory interrelationship. Therefore, dietary vitamin E level directly influenced selenium metabolism in the animal body.     

臭氧对空气消毒效果试验观察

臭氧是一种高效环保的空气消毒剂,为了探讨臭氧消毒应用于畜牧业空气消毒的可行性,进行臭氧对空气消毒效果试验。结果表明,在相对湿度60%～70%,消毒60 min,臭氧消毒的杀菌率可达到99.84%,说明臭氧是畜舍空气消毒较为理想的新型空气消毒剂,值得推广应用。     

新疆阿克苏地区初冬时节肉牛舍环境空气质量的测定与评价

[目的]为了解新疆阿克苏地区初冬时节肉牛舍的环境空气质量情况,对肉牛舍的环境空气质量进行了评价。[方法]对阿克苏地区具有代表性的肉牛养殖场的1栋牛舍中的CO2、NH3、CH4和H2S4种主要有害气体以及空气中的PMl0、TSP进行现场测定,并对牛舍的环境空气质量进行分析评价。[结果]测定结果显示,肉牛舍的环境空气质量指标中CO：平均浓度为404mg/m3;NH3平均浓度为4.0mg/m3;CH4和H2S平均浓度〈0mg/m3;PMl0平均浓度为0.04mg／m3;TSP平均浓度为1.222mg/m3;C02、NH3、CH4、H2S、PMl0、TSP最高浓度和日平均浓度均低于：畜禽舍的环境空气质量标准。[结论]该肉牛舍的空气质量属于清洁级别,符合肉牛养殖环境标准。     

Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine.

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating air quality with swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms in southern Sweden. Correlation of housing air environment to swine diseases and productivity (data collected over the preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent swine health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and pleuritis. In farrowing and nursery operations, the most prevalent problem was neonatal pig mortality. Several air contaminants (dust, ammonia carbon dioxide, and microbes) were found to be correlated with these swine health problems. Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated on the basis of dose-response correlation to swine health or human health problems. Recommended maximal concentrations of contaminant were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3; ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin, 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming units/m3; and carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but not with dust concentrations. High animal density was related to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations. Animal density measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the highest correlation to animal health and air contaminants.     

高级别动物生物安全实验室气密性的探讨

高级别动物生物安全实验室气密性是保证实验室空气洁净度、室内实验人员和室外环境安全的重要手段。我国现行规范对高级别动物生物实验室各区域气密性有严格的规定。从实验室装修、围护结构设备安装以及气密性检测方面对实验室气密性进行了讨论,以期为我国高级别动物生物安全实验室的建设提供参考。     

Phenotypic and genotypic anti-microbial resistance profiles of campylobacters from untreated feedlot cattle and their environment

Anti-microbial resistance is an emerging public health issue. Farmed animals may act as reservoirs and potential sources of anti-microbial resistant Campylobacters. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-microbial resistance profile of cattle and environmental Campylobacter isolates from normal untreated feedlot cattle, the role of the gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation in ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the involvement of the tripartite CmeABC efflux system for multi-resistant C. jejuni isolates. The phenotypic anti-microbial resistance testing was carried out on 500 Campylobacter isolates (445 cattle isolates and 55 environmental isolates). In general, there was a higher level of anti-microbial resistance for the environmental isolates compared with the animal isolates, 45% of the animal isolates were resistant to one or more of the seven anti-microbials compared with 84% of the environmental isolates. The combined cattle and environmental Campylobacters had 34 (6.8%) isolates resistant to three or more of the seven anti-microbials tested on all isolates and 11 (2.2%) isolates were resistant to the seven anti-microbials. There was a substantial level of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacters in both animal (8.5%) and environmental (21.8%) isolates. The gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation was only present in five of 22 ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates investigated. No multi-drug-resistant associated mutation was detected in the CmeB or the CmeR regions investigated. In conclusion, our study observed a substantial level of Campylobacter anti-microbial resistance, highlighting the need for an active anti-microbial surveillance program for food animals in Ireland and the importance of the chosen sampling point can have on the findings of such a program.     

Occurrence of MRSA in air and housing environment of pig barns

A high prevalence of MRSA among farm animals, especially pigs, has been observed for some time. However, knowledge on transmission routes of MRSA in livestock production is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of MRSA in pig house air as well as in samples from pigs and their housing environment in 27 MRSA positive pig barns of different sizes and production types. In 85.2% of all barns MRSA was detected in the animal house air. Impingement turned out to be a more sensitive sampling technique than filtration. Other environmental samples such as boot swabs or faeces showed prevalences of MRSA from 55.6% to 85.2% at sample level. The level of MRSA was 88.3% for pooled and 82.1% for single nasal swabs, in skin swabs the one was 87.7%, the others was 78.7%. Spa typing of isolates from air and nasal swabs showed predominantly spa types t011 and t034. MRSA prevalences in pigs as well as in various environmental samples were significantly higher in fattening farms than in breeding farms. This study provides good reference that there could be an airborne transmission of MRSA within pig herds indicating a potential contamination of the environment of barns.