乌桕油脂成分作为生物柴油原料的研究进展

生物柴油本质上是长链脂肪酸甲酯，工业上多通过酯交换反应进行生产。乌桕是广泛分布于中国的油料树种，其种子油脂含量高达40％左右，是生物柴油的优质原料。本文在介绍能源植物的种类及生物柴油生产概况的同时综述了乌桕皮油和梓油的提取工艺、用于催化乌桕油生产生物柴油的催化剂以及乌桕油及种子中脂肪酸组成等方面的研究进展。规范乌桕种质资源的标准化与分子标记辅助遗传育种、油脂代谢途径机理的揭示及转基因技术创制高含油新品种、新型纳米催化剂及新型高效固定化抗逆脂肪酶的研制对推动乌桕生物柴油的发展具有重要作用。     

猪瘟病毒生物学特性研究的一些新进展

本文综述了近年来对猪瘟病毒的生物学特性研究的一些新进展。许多研究表明 ,在抗原性、病原性、病理和遗传特性方面均显示出一致的多样性分布。在细胞培养特性方面 ,猪瘟病毒一般不能引起细胞病变 ,但研究者也培养出一种来源于猪贤的 FS L 3细胞系 ,接种猪瘟病毒后可引起细胞病变 ,对该病毒的进一步研究将非常有益     

江西典型红壤区土壤细菌基因组文库构建及功能初步分析

地球上的微生物,仅原核生物细胞总数就大约在4×1030～6×1030,包含的独立基因型在106～108种之间[1].因此,微生物所具备的分类、功能、遗传和系统发育等多样性在维持生物圈生态平衡和为人类提供资源方面起着重要的作用[2].然而长期以来由于受到研究方法和手段的限制,土壤中绝大多数微生物的功能还不清楚.环境样品的宏基因组学(metagenomics)是对环境样品中微生物群体基因组进行的分析,该方法在众多用于获得未培养微生物的生理和遗传特性的方法中,逐渐显示出强大的优势[3,4].国外已有从不同环境样品的宏基因文库中,通过功能性筛选获得新的抗生素、脂肪酶、丁质酶、膜蛋白、4-羟基丁酸脱氢酶等合成基因或相关基因,以及对群落结构组成和功能进行分析的报道[5～9].国内也逐步开始有相关研究[10,11].     

绵羊mtDNA D-环序列与微卫星DNA遗传多样性和系统发育分析

采用mtDNA D-环序列和微卫星DNA两种标记方法,对9个绵羊群体225只个体进行遗传多样性和系统发育分析。结果表明：两种方法在遗传多样性分析中得出的结论一致,即在研究的9个绵羊群体中青海藏羊的遗传多样性最丰富,而湖羊和岷县黑裘皮羊遗传多样性都较低。但在系统发育分析中,通过mtDNA D-环序列和微卫星DNA座位数据构建系统发育树,结果表现为很大的不同。由于微卫星DNA符合孟德尔遗传规律,能够反映群体间的亲缘关系,构建的系统发育树结构可靠。mtDNA是核外遗传物质,具有母系遗传的特点,在反映群体间的亲缘关系上不具优势。此外,青海细毛羊和甘肃高山细毛羊的育种实践表明它们的遗传来源相似,亲缘关系相近,这与微卫星DNA座位数据构建系统发育树反映的结果一致,因此,在群体的亲缘关系研究上,微卫星DNA数据分析的结果比mtDNA序列分析结果更可信。172个单倍型序列网络关系分析表明研究的9个绵羊群体可能有三个母系起源。     

黄土高原草地土壤种子库与草地更新

土壤种子库是指存在于表层土壤（包括凋落物）中具有生命的种子，是植被天然更新的物质基础。土壤种子库时期是植物种群生活史的一个重要阶段，有人称为潜种群阶段，它能部分的反映群落的历史和现状，对退化草地生态系统的恢复起着重要的作用。土壤种子库中的长命种子不仅具有重要的遗传学意义，而且还被认为是植物种群基因多样性的潜在提供者。所以，土壤种子库在维持种群和群落的物种多样性和遗传多样性方面具有重要的意义。在植物种群生态学研究中，土壤种子库问题一直受到广泛关注，国外近20a来，对土壤种子库的研究一直是植物种群生态学中比较活跃的领域。目前，国内外的报道多集中于森林或湿润半湿润地区土壤种子库的研究，对草地或半干旱区土壤种子库的研究报道较少。     

种子萌发过程中呼吸代谢对环境变化的响应

呼吸作用是种子萌发过程中储藏物质分解、代谢不可或缺的途径和能量供给的主要来源,其变化直接影响种子的活力, 进而影响萌发后种子的生长.为系统了解种子萌发过程中, 呼吸代谢对外界环境变化所作出的响应及外界环境变化通过改变呼吸代谢影响种子萌发的内部机理, 本文从干旱、高温、低温、盐渍、紫外辐射增强、重金属与有机污染物及农药污染等环境因子的角度, 概述了近年来国内外相关研究成果, 内容涉及种子萌发时的抗氰呼吸、酶系统、膜系统、激素、内源物质的动员、萌发指数、遗传防护等内容, 总结了种子萌发时呼吸代谢对环境变化的响应机理、外界环境变化影响呼吸作用的途径和结果以及呼吸作用变化对种子萌发的影响, 并提出该领域研究的主流和发展方向, 以及应加强研究的5个方面内容.     

GENETIC ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF LIPOXYGENASE ISOENZYME Loxl OF RICE EMBRYO

为研究水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Loxl的遗传规律及分子机制,以Loxl缺失突变体1297分别与Loxl活性正常的9311、日本晴杂交,构建2个F2群体,对2个F2群体种子的种胚Loxl进行定量测定和遗传学分析,结果表明低Loxl是受l对单基因控制的隐性性状。以1297与日本晴组配的F2分离群体300个单株为定位群体,将水稻种胚低Loxl基因定位于水稻第3染色体的RM4512和RM282之间,距两侧标记的遗传距离分别为13．0cM和9．1cM,为进一步的分子标记辅助育种和图位克隆打下了基础。通过人工加速老化对种子进行了耐储性评价,表明水稻种胚Loxl与种子储藏特性关系密切。     

水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Lox1基因的遗传分析及定位

为研究水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Lox1的遗传规律及分子机制,以Lox1缺失突变体1297分别与Lox1活性正常的9311、日本晴杂交,构建2个F2群体,对2个F2群体种子的种胚Lox1进行定量测定和遗传学分析,结果表明低Lox1是受1对单基因控制的隐性性状。以1297与日本晴组配的F2分离群体300个单株为定位群体,将水稻种胚低Lox1基因定位于水稻第3染色体的RM4512和RM282之间,距两侧标记的遗传距离分别为13.0cM和9.1cM,为进一步的分子标记辅助育种和图位克隆打下了基础。通过人工加速老化对种子进行了耐储性评价,表明水稻种胚Lox1与种子储藏特性关系密切。     

基于高通量测序的两种植被恢复类型根际土壤细菌多样性研究

为研究库布齐沙地生态恢复过程中不同植被恢复类型土壤微生物细菌群落结构、多样性的变化特征,以流动沙地为对照,运用高通量测序技术,对自然恢复的油蒿群落、人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落根际和非根际土壤细菌多样性进行了研究,并分析了土壤理化性质对其分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型对细菌多样性产生了正效应,细菌群落丰度、多样性和均匀度明显增加。其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落土壤细菌丰度高于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落;(2)变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门为研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,其中变形菌门在各样地丰度比例最高,变形菌的4个亚群变化趋势一致,α-变形菌相对含量在油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落根际土壤中明显增加,尤其是自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤中α-变形菌得到了很好的恢复;(3)土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量和土壤含水量是影响土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性的主要土壤因子,典型相关分析表明土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、速效氮含量对于研究区土壤细菌群落遗传多样性的变化起着重要作用。     

紫色土硅酸盐细菌的遗传多样性研究

硅酸盐细菌是土壤中一类能分解硅酸盐类矿物，破坏其晶格结构，使矿物钾转化成有效钾释放出来供植物生长的细菌。它不仅能溶磷解钾，亦有固氮的作用。目前的种类主要有，环状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus circulans）、胶质芽孢杆菌（B．rmtcilaginosus）和土壤芽孢杆菌（B．edaphicus）三个种的菌株。由于硅酸盐细菌的独特作用，已广泛应用于采矿、冶金、微生物肥料、饲料工业上。我国在硅酸盐细菌的生物学功能方面已进行了大量的工作，尤其是在硅酸盐细菌作为生物肥料方面，但是对硅酸盐细菌的分类地位和遗传多样性研究较少。贺积强等研究表明，紫色土硅酸盐细菌的理化性质和解磷解钾特性存在差异，本研究应用RAPD、TP-PCR和16S rRNA PCR-RFLP进一步分析了这些硅酸盐细菌的遗传多样性及系统发育地位，以期弄清其遗传背景。     

SULFUR AND BORON-MAGNESIUM-ZINC COMPOUND FERTILIZER CONTRIBUTE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.

Jatropha curcas L., a native tree to Mexico and Central America, is cultivated in many counties of China as a source for biodiesel. The effects of different fertilizers on the growth of Jatropha curcas L. were studied under soil conditions of low nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) in soil. Compared with 16N-16P-16K compound fertilizer, both sulfur (S) and a B-management (Mg)-zinc (Zn) compound fertilizer both increased the oil concentration of the seed, and promoted the reproductive growth. Only the fertilizer S increased the seed yield and the Acid value of the oil, while the B-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer declined the Acid value of the oil and induced the differentiation of female flowers. Boron-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer induced a smaller increase in the oil concentration of Jatropha curcas seed than fertilizer S and the largest increase in growth rate of trees. Moreover, Jatropha curcas showed a higher requirement of S for the reproductive phase than for its vegetative growth. Jatropha curcas may belong to the species with restricted B mobility, and B fertilizer should be sprayed as a foliar fertilizer. However, further research on the S nutrition of Jatropha curcas is required.     

不同气象条件对小油桐品质的影响

品质是评价一个物种是否引种成功的重要指标。对小油桐品质的评价可以从小油桐含油率、种子油特性和柴油主要指标来进行。本文收集不同地点、不同时间的气象数据以及小油桐品质的相关数据,通过统计对比分析,研究不同气象条件对小油桐品质的影响。研究结果表明:小油桐品质对温度和日照的反应较为明显。小油桐较耐旱,喜好炎热的生境,光照充足,种子含油率高。热量温度条件是影响小油桐地理分布的最主要的气候生态环境因子,同时也是影响小油桐种子含油率高低的关键条件,最终影响到小油桐的品质。     

生物能源植物小桐子功能基因及基因组研究进展

为缓解能源需求与原油价格不断上涨以及有限的化石燃料储备之间的矛盾,人们得寻找更加生态、可持续再生的替代能源。利用能源植物生产生物柴油与生物酒精类燃料已成为发展的方向。其中,大戟科的小桐子以其强抗逆性、高含油量等特点而受到了广泛的关注。本文综述了能源植物小桐子油脂含量与质量、生物代谢以及抗逆性等方面的相关功能基因、细胞学染色体核型、核基因组以及叶绿体基因组的研究进展,以期为能源植物小桐子的遗传改良提供参考。     

First report of the characterization of the threatened plant species Amaranthus pumilus (Seabeach amaranth)

This paper reports the first ever investigation of the chemical components/composition of the seeds of Amaranthus pumilus (a threatened amaranth species) and compares the results to those of the more commonly cultivated Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Plainsman). This study clearly revealed that much genetic diversity exists between these species, indicating that potential breeding possibilities for the improvement of more commonly cultivated amaranth lines do exist. A. pumilus offers a much larger and more desirable seed size and weight (2-3-fold higher), permitting greater biomass production, in addition to lower levels (half) of free carbohydrate for improved value/performance in diabetic-type diets. In addition to the higher edible oil content found in A. pumilus, its lower saturated/unsaturated ratio (one of the lowest thus far measured) makes it potentially a better source of nutritional oil. In addition to the 2-fold-higher quantity of vitamin E found in A. pumilus, the higher levels of squalene also found may one day serve as a renewable crop source of this compound and may diminish the world's dependence upon marine animals. Considering the imminent danger posed to the survival of the seabeach amaranth in its native environment, it is hoped this study will raise public awareness of the importance of this species and thereby protect it from reaching extinction.     

The importance of Guizotia abyssinica (niger) for sustainable food security in Ethiopia

Niger (noug; Guizotia abyssinica) is an economically important edible oilseed crop. This review sought to demonstrate the significance of niger for sustainable food security in Ethiopia, where it is produced exclusively by smallholders. In addition to its edible oil, niger seed is an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and fiber that significantly contribute to the human diet. The crop has a wide genetic basis that is reflected in the form of a high variation in desirable traits, including seed yield, seed oil content, seed oil quality and photoperiod sensitivity. However, the wealth of niger genetic diversity has so far remained largely unexploited and research efforts have not yet yielded satisfactory results in the form of new and superior cultivars. The recent molecular and nutritional quality studies coupled with pre-breeding work have opened up new opportunities for the improvement of niger. A high yielding niger cultivars with oil content of up to 60 % and/or oleic acid content of up to 70 % can easily be bred based on Ethiopian niger gene pool through the combined use of novel genomic tools, traditional breeding and farmer-participatory approaches. The improvement of niger will have a significant contribution towards Ethiopia’s food security and sustainable development in general and self-sufficiency in edible oil in particular. Overall, an investment in the niger improvement programs will likely be of benefit far beyond Ethiopia’s borders and could potentially lead to the expansion of the crop outside the regions where it is currently grown.     

Social and environmental influences on tartary buckwheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum tataricum</Emphasis> Gaertn.) varietal diversity in Yunnan,China

Effective conservation strategies aimed to protect crop genetic resources require multiple sources of information. We used a combination of AFLP genotyping and farmer surveys to understand the extent, distribution and management of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) diversity in its center of origin in Yunnan Province, China. We found genetic evidence of gene flow in tartary buckwheat throughout the study area, with small but statistically significant regional and village-level components. We also found genetic differentiation by seed color. Although most farmers reported exchanging seed in localized kinship networks, our results imply homogenizing gene flow is occurring. Yi ethnic farmers tend to plant more buckwheat than non-Yi farmers, and we found that in some communities, Yi farmers serve as seed sources for farmers of other ethnicities. Different tartary buckwheat varieties did not have different end uses; rather farmers maintained varietal diversity in order to protect crop yield and quality. Individual farmers’ seed exchange practices reflect their ideas about components of seed quality, as well as priorities in protecting buckwheat yield. From the standpoint of genetic resources conservation, the presence of a culturally rich farmer exchange network and hierarchical structuring of tartary buckwheat genetic diversity demonstrates the importance of maintaining an interlinked community of tartary buckwheat farmers in Yunnan.     

Genetic diversity in oil and vegetable mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">juncea</Emphasis>) landraces revealed by SRAP markers

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important crop in both ancient and modern world. It has a broad resource of genetic diversity that is used primarily as oilseed but as vegetables, condiment and medicines also. Its superior tolerance to adverse environments, e.g., drought, high temperature and low fertility suggests its better adaptability in future possible harsh environments. Chinese vegetable mustard displays a wide spectrum of morphotypes. A collection of 95 accessions of B. juncea representing oil and vegetable mustards from China, France, India, Pakistan, and Japan were assessed to determine diversity at the molecular level using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Eight SRAP primer combinations identified a total of 326 scorable fragments of which 161 were polymorphic (49.39%). The percentage of polymorphism for each primer combination varied from 21.88 to 66.67%. Both Shannon-Weaver and Simpson genetic diversity index indicated that the level of genetic diversity within vegetable mustard is much higher than within oil mustard, and also winter oil mustards are genetically more diverse than spring oil mustards. Based on the Cluster and Principal Coordinates analysis, which were conducted on the similarity matrix of SRAP marker data, vegetable, spring oil and winter oil mustard were clearly divided into three distinct groups and among these three groups, spring and winter oil mustard are geneticlly closer than vegetable mustard. This suggests that bilateral gene exchange between oil and vegetable gene pools in the breeding program will effectively elevate the genetic potential in developing higher yields, more disease resistance, better quality and better adapted lines.     

Exploring the population genetics of genebank and historical landrace varieties

Landrace accessions have long been recognized as an important source of genetic diversity for crop species, and landraces are stored in genebanks across the world as genetic resources for future crop development. Landraces are also an important part of the human cultural heritage and as such they have been used for genetic studies to make inferences about historical agriculture. However, surprisingly little is known about the within-accession diversity of landrace crops of different species. In order to evaluate the diversity of Swedish landraces we used microsatellite markers to genotype accessions of four species (barley, pea, oats and rye), both extant genebank material and 114-year-old seed samples of similar geographic origin and type. We found consistently high levels of within-population genetic diversity in the historical material, but varying and often lower diversity levels in the genebank accessions. We also make tentative conclusions about how representative the genebank material is to what was originally cultivated in its reported area of origin and suggest that the true identity of the genebank accessions is unclear and that historical seed collections should be a more appropriate material for the study of historical agriculture.     

植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响及其生态学意义

化感现象作为植物之间的一种相互作用方式,在农林业生产中广泛存在。合理利用植物之间的化感作用,对于生产实践具有重要的指导意义。研究表明,化感物质可促进或抑制不同物种种子的萌发过程,这对于植物的生长发育、植物群落的组成与分布以及生态系统的平衡有着重要影响。本文从化感物质对种子萌发的影响与其生态学意义两个方面进行了综述。一方面,在阐述化感作用影响种子萌发的基础上,进一步总结了化感物质抑制植物种子萌发的生理生化机制。包括:化感物质通过抑制胚根和胚轴的伸长,破坏亚细胞结构,干扰植物激素及活性氧的合成与代谢,造成细胞损伤,从而阻碍种子萌发;抑制种子中储存物质的代谢,阻碍种子萌发过程中的物质以及能量转换,导致种子萌发受阻等。另一方面,本文从化感作用在抑制农田杂草及影响生态系统稳定性两个方面,阐述了化感物质调控种子萌发的生态学意义。讨论了农作物的化感抑草作用,农林业生产中的化感自毒作用以及化感作用造成的生物入侵等,以期为农林业生产提供借鉴。最后,根据目前研究进展,对本领域未来研究方向进行了展望和讨论。