猪背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性变化及品种与营养影响特点

选用荣昌（RC）猪和杜×长×大（DLY）杂交猪为试验动物,采用相对定量RTPCR测定10～120kg体质量时背最长肌中I、2a、2x和2b4种MyHC的基因表达,以探讨猪背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性变化,并分析品种及营养对它的影响特点。结果表明：（1）10～20始,2个品种的背最长肌肌纤维类型的百分组成发生显著改变,MyHCI和2x型纤维比例显著降低,而2b型纤维比例显著提高;（2）20～120kg,背最长肌肌纤维的变化规律因品种和纤维类型而异,除MyHC2b外,2个品种的MyHCI、2a和2x型肌纤维的发育规律存在一定差异;（3）背最长肌肌纤维类型的百分组成在10～50kg阶段未见品种间显著差异,但在80kg,RC猪的MyHC2b型纤维比例显著低于DLY猪,而2a型纤维比例则正好相反;（4）饲粮营养水平对2个品种猪背最长肌肌纤维类型的百分组成均无显著影响。以上结果提示,2个品种的背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性规律及组成存在差异,且纤维组成差异主要表现在80kg,RC猪的MyHC2b型纤维比例显著低于DLY猪,可能与其优良肉质相关。     

猪背最长肌肌纤维类型的发育性变化及其品种和性别特点

4种肌球蛋白重链的异构体(MyHC Ⅰ、MyHC2a、MyHC2x、MyHC2b)分别特征性地对应4种不同类型的肌纤维(Ⅰ、2a、2x和2b)。选用生长速度快，但内质较差的瘦肉型猪大白猪和生长速度慢，但内质较好的肥胖型猪二花脸作为实验动物，采用相对定量RT-PCR方法，测定了背最长肌中Ⅰ、2a、2x和2b4种MyHC mRNA基因的表达，以探讨二花脸猪和大白猪背最长肌中Ⅰ、2a、2x和2b4种肌纤维类型比例的发育性变化，并分析了其品种和性别特点。结果表明：(1)3日龄MyHcⅠ型和2a型肌纤维的比例较高，2b型几乎没有分化；(2)从3日龄到20日龄，肌纤维组成发生了急剧的变化，MyHCⅠ型和2a型表达下调，比例下降，2b型肌纤维显著上升(P＜0．05)，且品种间无显著差异；(3)90日龄以后，二花脸公猪背最长肌中MyHCⅠ型和2a型的比例均显著高于大白猪，同时，大白猪背最长肌中酵解型肌纤维2b的比例增加迅速，显著地高于二花脸(P＜0.05)；(4)性别间比较，MyHCⅠ型纤维的比例无显著差异，90日龄和180日龄，二花脸母猪的MyHC2b的比例显著高于二花脸公猪(P＜0.05)。以上结果提示，大白猪和二花脸猪背最长肌肌纤维类型的差异主要表现在90日龄后，大白猪Ⅰ型纤维比例的显著下降和2b型纤维比例的显著增加与其肌肉的快速沉积有关；而二花脸猪背最长肌较高比例的MyHcⅠ型和2a型纤维与其优良的内质相关。     

民猪和大白猪不同肌球蛋白重链表达差异

为揭示民猪与大白猪肌纤维类型组成差异,试验应用Real-time PCR法检测了民猪和大白猪背最长肌中肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)Ⅰ、Ⅱa、Ⅱx、Ⅱb 4种亚型mRNA表达差异。结果表明:同日龄民猪和大白猪、同体重民猪和大白猪相比,民猪Ⅰ、Ⅱa、Ⅱx型MyHC mRNA相对表达量显著高于大白猪(P0.05),而Ⅱb型MyHC mRNA相对表达量显著低于大白猪(P0.05)。说明民猪肌肉中氧化型和中间型肌纤维含量高于大白猪,而酵解型肌纤维含量低于大白猪。     

猪肌肉肌纤维类型组成的影响因素研究进展

成年哺乳动物骨骼肌肌纤维类型根据肌球蛋白重链（MyHC）基因的多态性表达可分为MyHCⅠ、Ⅱa、Ⅱx和Ⅱb 4种类型。肌纤维类型在内因与外因共同作用下会发生转化，进而改变肌纤维类型组成。肌纤维类型组成与肌肉品质有着密切关系。肌纤维类型组成不同，宰后肌肉感官品质不同，感官品质进一步决定肌肉的风味及口感。猪是重要产肉经济动物，深入了解影响猪肌肉肌纤维类型组成的因素有助于人们对猪肌肉品质进行有效调控。文章综述了遗传、生长阶段、环境温度、营养、添加剂等因素对猪肌肉肌纤维类型组成的影响。     

CFL2基因低表达对骨骼肌肌纤维相关基因的表达影响

为了研究CFL2基因与骨骼肌纤维相关基因之间的关系,本试验运用已筛选的CFL2低表达细胞株,利用实时定量和Western blot技术检测CFL2基因低表达对肌纤维组成成分MLC、α-actin与肌纤维类型MyHCslow、MyHC2b、MyHC2a、MyHC2x表达的影响。结果表明,低表达CFL2后,肌纤维组成成分MLC和α-actin的表达均显著上调(P0.05)。MyHC2x、MyHC2b、MyHC2a、MyHCslow的表达均显著下调(P0.05)。说明CFL2可能起到通过调节MyHC类型转换来达到调节红白肌肉比例的效果,进而直接影响猪肉品质。     

阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼骨骼肌纤维类型的比较研究

为了探索阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼骨骼肌纤维类型差异,随机选取6,8,10齿龄的健康阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼,每个品种、每个齿龄各6峰,共36峰,分别采集臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二头肌组织,采用组织切片ATP酶染色法对阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼骨骼肌纤维类型及组织学性状进行比较研究,用LAS 4. 0软件分析图片,采用SAS软件进行方差分析。结果表明:6,8,10齿龄阿拉善戈壁驼MyHCⅠ型、MyHCⅡa型、My HCⅡb型肌纤维含量与阿拉善沙漠驼相比差异显著或极显著(P0. 05或P0. 01)。阿拉善戈壁驼MyHCⅠ型、MyHCⅡa型、MyHCⅡb型肌纤维直径与横截面积均显著或极显著小于阿拉善沙漠驼(P0. 05或P0. 01),而单肌纤维密度、肌纤维平均密度、肌纤维总密度显著或极显著大于阿拉善沙漠驼(P0. 05或P0. 01)。说明阿拉善戈壁驼产肉量大于阿拉善沙漠驼,与肌纤维类型、含量、直径和密度差异有关,其中MyHCⅡb型肌纤维对产肉量的影响最大,其肌纤维直径最小,单肌纤维密度最大;在阿拉善沙漠驼中,MyHCⅡb型肌纤维直径最大,而单肌纤维密度最小。     

饲粮添加琥珀酸对滩羊肉品质及肌纤维类型的影响北大核心CSCD

为探究饲粮添加琥珀酸对滩羊肉品质及肌纤维类型的影响,选择年龄(5月龄)和体重[(33.00±0.69)kg]相近的健康滩羊公羔36只,随机分为4组,每组9只,单栏饲养。在干物质基础上,4组滩羊饲粮琥珀酸添加水平分别为:0(对照组)、0.5%(试验Ⅰ组)、1.0%(试验Ⅱ组)和2.0%(试验Ⅲ组)。饲喂期为70 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期60 d。饲养试验结束后对每组屠宰5只滩羊,取背最长肌检测。结果显示:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的蒸煮损失和脂肪亮度(L)值显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3个试验组的Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型和Ⅱb型肌纤维直径以及Ⅰ型和Ⅱa型肌纤维横截面积均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),Ⅰ型肌纤维密度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅱa型肌纤维比例极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。3个试验组4种类型的肌球蛋白重链(MyHCs)基因MyHCⅠ、MyHCⅡa、MyHCⅡb和MyHCⅡx的mRNA相对表达量均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。综上可知,饲粮添加琥珀酸可以降低滩羊背最长肌肌纤维中MyHCs基因的表达,调节肌纤维类型的转化,并通过调节肌纤维组织学特性影响肉品质。     

九龙牦牛肌纤维类型标记基因的初步研究

为了确定九龙牦牛肌纤维类型的组成,试验根据普通牛肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)基因序列设计引物,以成年九龙牦牛背最长肌总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR的方法扩增九龙牦牛MyHCl、MyHC2a、MyHC2x、MyHC2b的部分基因序列,并与普通牛进行同源性比较.结果表明:成功获得九龙牦牛MyHCl、MyHC2a、MyHC2x...     

肌球蛋白重链基因与肉品质的关系

肌纤维是构成肌肉的基本单位,肌纤维的特性直接影响猪肉品质.猪的肌纤维根据肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)的多态性可分为1、2a、2b和2x 4种类型,在代谢上分别与慢速氧化型、快速氧化型、快速酵解型和中间类型相对应.肌纤维的生成在分子水平上受到肌细胞生成素基因的精确调控,肌纤维的类型在生长过程中不断发生转化,并受遗传、生长、性别和营养等多因素的影响.     

肌球蛋白重链MyHC基因与肉品质的关系

肌纤维是构成肌肉的基本单位，肌纤维的特性直接影响猪肉品质。猪的肌纤维根据肌球蛋白重链（MyHC）的多态性可分为1、2a、2b和2x4种类型，在代谢上分别与慢速氧化型、快速氧化型、快速酵解型和中间类型相对应。肌纤维的生成在分子水平上受到肌细胞生成素基因的精确调控，肌纤维的类型在生长过程中不断发生转化，并受遗传、生长、性别和营养等多因素影响。     

肌纤维类型转化的分子信号通路及其营养调控进展

骨骼肌由不同类型的肌纤维组成,根据肌纤维肌球蛋白重链的不同,将肌纤维分为Ⅰ、Ⅱa、Ⅱx和Ⅱb型。骨骼肌中肌纤维类型的组成可影响屠宰后肉质,而肌纤维类型的转化则受体内多种信号通路和调控因子的调节以及饲粮营养因素的调控。本文对肌纤维转化的分子信号通路及其营养调控进行初步总结,为今后研究通过营养策略调控肉品质提供参考。     

Histopathological characterization of the skeletal myopathy in rasH2 mice carrying human prototype c-Ha-ras gene

A skeletal myopathy is found in approximately 100% of rasH2 mice. To confirm detailed features of the rasH2 skeletal myopathy, the biceps femoris, diaphragm, triceps brachii, gastrocnemial (types I and II fiber-mixed muscles) and soleus muscle (type I fiber-dominant muscle) obtained from male rasH2 and non-transgenic littermates aged 10-13 and 34 weeks were examined. Variations in the muscle fiber size, early-scattered degeneration/necrosis and regeneration of muscle fibers were detected in 10-13-week-old rasH2 mice. The severity of the above muscular lesions was more prominent in older rasH2 mice. These lesions were noted in the type II myofiber dominant muscles (biceps femoris, triceps brachii and gastrocnemial). NADH-TR stain clearly demonstrated a disorganized intermyofibrillar network and necrotic change in muscle fibers. No specific morphological changes, like rod structure or tubular aggregation seen in some types of myopathy, were noted in Gomori trichrome and NADH-TR stains in the rasH2 mouse like in many types of muscular dystrophy. Electronmicroscopically, occasional muscle fiber degeneration/regeneration, invaded phagocytic cells, indistinct Z-band suggesting excessive contraction and dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were observed. In summary, the skeletal myopathy occurring in rasH2 mice is consistent with muscular dystrophy characterized morphologically by progressive degeneration and regeneration of myofibers. The myopathy is confined to the type II myofiber predominant muscles and is not associated with any pathognomonic lesions. These characteristics will provide us with a useful model for research in muscular dystrophy of diverse myofibers.     

Cold exposure increases slow‐type myosin heavy chain 1 (MyHC1) composition of soleus muscle in rats

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cold exposure on rat skeletal muscle fiber type, according to myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform and metabolism‐related factors. Male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were housed individually at 4 ± 2°C as a cold‐exposed group or at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) as a control group for 4 weeks. We found that cold exposure significantly increased the slow‐type MyHC1 content in the soleus muscle (a typical slow‐type fiber), while the intermediate‐type MyHC2A content was significantly decreased. In contrast to soleus, MyHC composition of extensor digitorum longus (EDL, a typical fast‐type fiber) and gastrocnemius (a mix of slow‐type and fast‐type fibers) muscle did not change from cold exposure. Cold exposure increased mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in both the soleus and EDL. Cold exposure also increased mRNA expression of myoglobin, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in the soleus. Upregulation of UCP3 and PGC1α proteins were observed with Western blotting in the gastrocnemius. Thus, cold exposure increased metabolism‐related factors in all muscle types that were tested, but MyHC isoforms changed only in the soleus.     

皖南花猪骨骼肌AdpR和MyHCmRNA表达的发育性变化

摘要：为探讨皖南花猪骨骼肌组织中脂联素受体（AdpRl、AdpR2）和不同类型肌球蛋白重链（MyHC）mRNA的发育性变化及性别差异,选择0（出生当天）、30、45、90、180日龄的皖南花猪公母各5头,以B～Actin为内标,采用△△Ct相对定量实时荧光PCR方法对背最长肌和半腱肌中AdpRl、AdpR2、MyHCI、MyHC2a、MyHC2b和My-HC2xmRNA进行定量分析。结果显示,背最长肌和半腱肌AdpRl、AdpR2、MyHCl、MyHC2a、MyHC2b和My—HC2XmRNA的表达都有显著或极显著的发育变化规律（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。总体上AdpRl、AdpR2、My—HC2a、MyHC2b和MyHC2XmRNA在背最长肌显著或极显著高于半腱肌（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;MyHClmRNA在背最长肌极显著低于半腱肌（P〈0．01）。半腱肌MyHClmRNA在母猪显著大于公猪（P〈0．05）,而MyHC2amRNA在母猪显著小于公猪（P〈0．05）。背最长肌和半腱肌AdpR2mRNA的表达分别与MyHCl正相关（P〈0．05）,半腱肌AdpRlmRNA的表达与MyHC2x正相关（P〈0．05）。结果表明,皖南花猪骨骼肌组织中AdpR和MyHC的基因表达有特定的发育模式和组织特异性,且有一定性别差异。     

Histopathological and aquaporin7 mRNA expression analyzes in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of obese db/db mice

The aim of this study is to examine 1) muscle fiber type composition, 2) myofiber diameter, and 3) aquaporin (AQP) 7 and AQP 9 mRNA expressions by quantitative PCR in muscles of obese db/db mice. The myofiber type composition of skeletal muscle was not statistically significantly different between db/db mice and control mice; while the average myofiber diameter ratio showed a decrease in db/db mice. The expression of AQP7 but not AQP9 mRNA in the skeletal and cardiac muscles was significantly upregulated in db/db mice. Thus this study revealed quantitatively that type 2 myofiber atrophy was shown in the skeletal muscles of db/db mice. AQP7 mRNA expression was upregulated in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of db/db mice.     

Adipogenic potential of satellite cells from distinct skeletal muscle origins in the rat

The possible relationship between myofiber type composition and adipose tissue development in skeletal muscle in vivo has been suggested. Recent evidence indicated that satellite cells are multipotent cells that can undergo not only myogenic, but also adipogenic differentiation. In the present study, rat satellite cells were isolated from soleus, back, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior and quadriceps muscles, and their adipogenic potentials were compared by culturing them under adipogenic conditions in vitro. Cells from soleus muscle exhibited the highest adipogenic potential as judged from Oil Red-staining and immunocytochemical C/EBPalpha-staining. The adipogenic potential of satellite cells was positively correlated with type I myofiber distribution in the corresponding muscle of origin. These results demonstrated that the adipogenic potential of satellite cells differs according to the muscle of origin and suggested that its possible correlation to type I myofiber distribution may account for preferential adipose tissue development in slow oxidative muscles.