Analysis of the Type of Contract Price in Construction Projects

In the construction projects, the contract, which is the most important behavior norm, determines the rights and responsibilities of client and contractor. All engineering activities aim at implementing and carrying out the articles of the contract. However, as the key component of the contract, the type of contract price determines the distribution mode of most of the engineering risk between client and contractor. In this paper, the most popular types of contract price used in the international construction projects are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of each type and the distribution mode of the engineering risk between client and contractor are analyzed. At the end, some advice are given to the clients that they should choose the proper type of contract price and have innovation according to the characteristics of certain project and the situation of themselves.     

Web-based Contract Management System

Problems existing in traditional contract management mode are analyzed on the conditions of large-scale enterprise and regional decentralization, such as unorganized and dispersive information management, slowness or retardation of data transformation, difficulties in tracking contract information and evaluating client credit. A contract management solution based on web technology is proposed, which realizes cooperation across distributed regions, thus enables efficient and standard contract management.     

Application of the Pattern of Construction Management Contract in Large-scale Project in Shanghai

This article states systematically the fundamental conception of the mode of construction management general contract, the contract structure and the organization structure through the analysis of the construction characteristics of Shanghai large-scale projects, considering the situation of China and the characteristics of this line. It also summarizes the characteristics of the mode of construction management general contract through the example of the Pudong International Airport Construction. The mode of construction management general contract not only meets the needs of construction technique in bettering the design of construction project building, but also releases the pressure in middle and later management of construction project building and overcomes the deficiency of the long-term building period, hard-to-control investigation brought by the problem of design, purchase, construction divided from and restricted by each other existed in the traditional contract mode. It also helps the contractor to provide socialized, specialized, commoditized service for the contractor. Helps to overall arrangement, economized investment, management level improve ment can be given. So it has the superiority in super large-scale projects construction compared with the traditional construction management.     

Study on the Combined Housing Mortgage Loan Model

The combined housing mortgage loan is different from the pure housing accumulation fund loan and the commercial housing mortgage loan because of the special requests of applicant, gage, term of loan and rate. To study the combined housing mortgage loan, we established a theory model for it. Through this model, we can work out the term of loan, the repayment of capital and interest every year. Then we suggested the current mode of repayment be changed from average repayment to increased repayment by degrees according to the increase of family income. The term of loan can be lessened by this repayment mode. At last, we established a combined housing mortgage loan model containing savings contract loan. Through it, the model out the term of loan, the repayment of capital and interest every year can be worked out including the savings contract loan.     

白术对鸡离体肠管运动张力的影响

探讨白术对鸡离体空肠和盲肠运动张力的影响。采用离体器官试验法,将鸡的空肠和盲肠置于盛有生理溶液的麦氏浴皿内,然后加入不同剂量的白术水煎液,使溶液终浓度为3.75、7.50、15.00、22.50mg／ml,观察和记录离体肠管运动张力的变化。白术水煎液能促进鸡离体空肠平滑肌收缩运动,使收缩张力和舒张张力增强,收缩振幅增大,其剂量越大作用越强。但对盲肠的自律性收缩活动有显著的抑制作用,可降低肠运动张力,减小收缩幅度,加大剂量其抑制效果亦随之加强。白术能增强鸡离体空肠平滑肌运动张力,抑制盲肠的运动张力,并呈量效关系。     

Testing Research on Development of Perilous Rock in Tension-shear Fracture

In this paper a game model for the effect of corporation control on the financial contract efficiency under imperfect financial contract has been set up.With introducing the factor of control power,the factors influencing the efficiency of the financial contract are not only the efforts of investors and administrators and the welfare of the administrator but more important is the imperfectness of the financial contract,which can be used for discussion on transformation mechanism of the influence of the funding behavior.     

三权分置下农地经营权流转中的农户法律认知实证研究——以河北省张北县为例

为解决三权分置下农地经营权流转纠纷问题,运用问卷调查与实证研究法,以河北张北县为例,对364户农户在土地经营权流转前、中、后期3个阶段的法律认知进行实证研究。调查结果显示,在土地流转的行为发生前,农户对土地权利的归属以及农地流转政策存在认知盲区;流转中农户维权意识淡薄,合同内容不规范,政府监管不力;流转后农户权利救济的行为方式的选择上以非诉的方式为主。为更好地保护“三权分置”下农地经营权流转中弱势农户的正当权益不受侵犯,农地流转前应加强宣传,培育流转中介组织;流转过程中要规范合同模式,完善流转程序;流转后需健全纠纷解决机制,提升农民维权能力等对策建议。     

特色农业产业化发展中农户的企业特征

特色农业产业化中实现农业增长方式和经营方式根本转变的关键是协调各个利益相关主体,其中最为重要的是农户地位的界定。本文基于契约理论分析特色农业产业化,界定农户具有有限理性、不确定性、资产专用性的特征,通过完善农户的特征找到解决特色农业产业化发展模式中普遍存在的契约约束脆弱性和协调困难的有效方法。     

农民专业合作社的发展及其在农业科技推广中的作用—以龙游县献军种粮专业合作社为例

农民专业合作社是在农村家庭承包经营基础上,对统分结合、双层经营的农村经营体制的进一步丰富和完善。龙游县献军种粮专业合作社是以“合作社＋农户”为运作模式的衢州市首家农民种粮专业合作社,在农村产业结构调整、农业增产增效和加快农业科技成果的推广中发挥了重要的作用。     

Contracts of risk sharing of the enterprise, the employee and the dealer

The output of the enterprise changes with the change of natural states, therefore it brings relatively great risk to enterprise. The enterprise hopes to reduce the same kind of risk through more contracts than one kind of contract of risk sharing. This paper presents a new method to disperse the same kind of risk in two kinds of ways. Basing on principal-agent theory, through the optimum contract of risk sharing, the Pareto-optimum solving is solved-the optimum contract of risk sharing. The employee shares some risks through the optimum contract of risk sharing between the enterprise and the employee-when the output is high, the employee's income increases; when the output is low, the income decreases. In order to reduce the risk of the enterprise further, the dealer also shares the risk. To maximize the utility of the enterprise, the Pareto optimum solving is given-another optimum contract of risk. The dealer offers following contract of risk sharing to the enterprise-when the output is high, the dealer receives the repayment; when the output is low, the enterprise is compensated. The enterprise, the employee and the dealer share the risk together, thus the risk of the enterprise is reduced to relatively great degree.     

Study on the Effect of Construction Contract

In dealing with the construction contract, to establish a contract is a result of judgment of facts, to be valid is a result of judgment of law and to come into force includes both above two. There is some close relation between subcontracting construction partly and general contracting, contract subcontracting, joint contract, but is different from subcontracting construction wholly in nature. The reasons, causing construction contract to be null and void, are various. In dealing with invalid ones, the clients should be claimed to undertake some responsibilities according to different conditions. These responsibilities involve relevant administrative responsibility in addition to civil responsibility such as reimbursement, compensation at a discount, restitution of damages and taking over the property.     

石灰岩贫困山区农户土地利用转型影响因素研究

石灰岩山区因土地利用存在可用面积少和可利用方式有限等诸多问题,容易导致农村贫困问题产生,研究石灰岩贫困山区影响农户土地利用转型的因素,探讨与现代农业发展相适应的土地利用模式有助于缓解石灰岩贫困山区的贫困问题。本文基于广西壮族自治区环江毛南族自治县洛阳镇的问卷调查数据,运用二值选择Logit模型从农户土地利用结构、土地利用权属和土地利用方式三个方面着手,系统分析现阶段影响农户土地利用转型的因素。研究结果表明：政府的土地承包政策依然是影响农户土地利用转型的主要因素;而农户自身的家庭类型、个人特征、资源禀赋、经济因素则分别通过农户不同方面的土地利用转型需求影响农户的土地利用行为。当地政府应以农村土地“三权分置”政策为基本原则,根据石灰岩山区的特殊背景,从差异化修正完善农村土地承包政策、健全农村土地流转市场等方面合理引导农户土地利用行为,提高土地利用效率,实现土地资源的可持续利用。     

A New Pricing Contract of EPC General Contract： The Application of Target Contract

Due to very large scale of general contract projects, the scope of projects is always uncertain when the contractor bids and the difference between the planned and actual volumes of projects is very large. If a lump sum contract is used to establish the price, contractors thus must take high risks. The contract price is always high, and both owners and contractors show unwillingness to optimize technology under lump sum contract conditions. Owners are inclined to extend the norm and scope of projects. Such situations may result in additional costs. As a new pricing contract, a target contract fits the situation when project scope is not fully defined or the forecasting risks are high. Such a contract can bring both sides enthusiasm for technology optimization and substantially reduces project cost. Therefore, a target contract is suitable for EPC general contract pricing.     

On the Formation of Civil Engineering Contract

It is the major way to form a civil engineering contract by means of bidding and tendering passing through the following steps as: tendering, bidding, bid opening, evaluation, acceptance and contract signing. The legal nature of the bid is an invitation to offer. The bid has certain legal binding which is different from the ordinary invitation to offer. The legal nature of the tendering is an order, which is sent to the inviter by the bidder. The letter of acceptance takes effect when it is issued and meanwhile the civil engineering contract is formed.     

中国农业政策环境影响初步分析

国家农业政策是国家总体经济政策的重要组成部分,是政府为了实现一定的农业、经济和社会发展目的。对影响农业发展的重要环节所采取的一系列具有宏观调控作用的政策措施的总称。国家农业政策的实施,可能会对中国的环境及其保护事业造成巨大的压力和影响。通过对中国农业政策背景、政策目标、政策利益相关者、政策手段等进行分析总结,指出中国农业政策通过改变农户生产结构、生产方式和生产技术等对农业环境产生影响。目前对农业环境影响较大的农业政策有粮食安全政策、土地政策、提高农民非农收入的政策、结构调整政策和农业环境政策。通过对这些政策对农业环境的影响分析,提出了要提高对农业环境问题的重视程度、实施农业政策与环境政策一体化,深化农地使用制度改革、明确界定土地所有权主体、稳定土地承包关系,制定激励政策减轻农业面源污染,建立健全农业环境污染监管机制,重视生态建设,发展生态农业等政策调整建议。     

New Engineering Contract and Traditional Engineering Contracts

This paper analyzes the key principles on which the international traditional contracts and new engineering contract have been drafted as well as the contractual relations among the parties involved in the execution of the project. This paper concluded that the new engineering contract prepared by the Institute of Civil Engineers has shown its unique features in the principles and new management techniques and is able to stimulate good project management.     

农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则研究

建立统一的农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则是开展农村土地承包信息化建设的基础性工作。从农村土地承包经营权的主体、客体和内容出发,将发包方、承包方、承包地块、承包合同、农村土地承包经营权证和农村土地承包经营权证登记簿作为编码对象;基于农村土地承包经营权各要素之间的相互关系,将承包地块和承包方纳入到发包方下进行统一编码,承包合同、经营权证和登记簿编码一致,并且与承包方编码关联;以行政区划编码为基础,提出了各编码要素的代码结构、编码方法和赋码规则。研究对提高农业行政主管部门办事效率和促进农村土地承包信息化建设具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。     

关于转移承包土地社保功能、创新土地流转机制的研究

在农民社会保障制度尚不健全的现实下,农村土地承包经营权事实上承担着承包户的社保功能,承包户对社会保障的顾虑是影响农村土地流转的关键因素。破解农村土地流转不畅的瓶颈,应当在农村土地所有权、经营权和承包权三权分置,坚持农村土地集体所有权,稳定农户承包权,放活土地经营权,引导土地经营权有序流转的基础上,通过组建农村地产银行,把土地经营权折价入股银行,使农村土地承包经营权社保功能的实物形态转换成货币形态,股份保本分红,收益与农民的其他社保收入一并划入承包户的社保专门账户,从而改变承包户依靠土地养老和养家的模式。同时,还应进一步完善土地、金融、社保等相关政策法规,为实现土地承包经营权社保功能转移提供明确的法律依据,促进农村土地承包经营权的长期健康有序流转。     

EPC contract dispute alert and case analysis

When the EPC contract dispute occurs, complex relationship is usually involved, contract claim amount is large, and the consequence of hindering a contract is serious. Therefore, in order to prevent, warn and track disputes, based on some information with strong signs showing disputes, this study establishes a case based reasoning and rule based reasoning (CBR+RBR) model with qualitative and quantitative integration by synthetically using reasoning theory, rough set theory, the entropy method and Euclidean distance retrieval method to prevent and warn possible disputes and realize real-time tracking. By collecting related cases and establishing case databases, we use the CBR+RBR model to analyze various factors may cause EPC contract disputes, and through case analysis to validate that the model can warn EPC contract disputes.     

Dynamic Arrangement of Corporate Property Rights and the Equilibrium Analysis of Corporate Surplus Allocation

According to Coase and Alchian's definition ,the corporation is a contract consisting of variety essential factors.The essential factors of the firm can be separated into human capital and non-human capical. The owner of the factors will be confronted with rearrangement of the property rights when forming a contract. At the same time, the firm is a special contract which different from other short-term contract. Therefore, its property rights arrangement is dynamic and its surplus distribution is dynamic ,too. By analyzing the arrangement process of the property rights and surplus, the paper draws a conclusion about distribution equilibrium.