Studies on water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface. 7. Fe3+ and Al3+ reduce conductance for water uptake

The effects of the chloride salts LiCl, CaCl(2), MgCl(2), AlCl(3), EuCl(3), and FeCl(3) and the iron salts FeCl(2), FeCl(3), Fe(NO(3))(3), FeSO(4), and Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) on water conductance of exocarp segments (ES) and rates of water uptake into detached sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Adriana, Early Rivers, Namare, Namosa, and Sam) were studied. ES were excised from the cheek of mature fruit and mounted in stainless steel diffusion cell; water penetration was monitored gravimetrically from donor solutions containing the above mineral salts into a PEG 6000 (osmolality = 1.14 osM, pH 4.8, 25 degrees C) receiver solution. Conductance of ES was calculated from the amount of water taken up per unit of surface area and time by dividing by the gradient in water activity across ES. LiCl, CaCl(2), MgCl(2), FeCl(2), and FeSO(4) had no significant effect on conductance, but AlCl(3), FeCl(3), Fe(NO(3))(3), and Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) significantly reduced conductance compared to water only as a donor. Also, EuCl(3) lowered conductance; however, this effect was not always significant. Effects of salts on water conductance of ES and rates of water uptake into detached fruit were closely related (R 2 = 0.97***). Upon application of an FeCl(3)-containing donor conductance decreased instantaneously. FeCl(3) concentrations of <6.6 x 10(-)(4) M had no effect on conductance, but concentrations at or above this threshold decreased conductance. FeCl(3) lowered water conductance at a receiver pH of 4.8, but not at pH < or =2.6. The effect of FeCl(3) on conductance was largest in cv. Namare and smallest in cv. Adriana. There was no significant effect of FeCl(3) on conductance for transpiration. Formation of aluminum and iron oxides and hydroxides in the exocarp as a result of a pH gradient between donor and receiver solution is discussed as the potential mechanism for Fe(3+) and Al(3+) reducing conductance for water uptake.     

Studies on water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface. 10. Evidence for polar pathways across the exocarp

Water uptake through the fruit surface is considered as an important factor in cracking of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Uptake may occur by diffusion and/or viscous flow along a polar pathway. To establish the mechanism of water uptake, the effects of viscosity and molecular weight of selected osmotica on water uptake into detached sweet cherry fruit were investigated. In addition we investigated the effect of temperature on penetration of 2-(1-naphthyl)[1-(14)C]acetic acid ([(14)C]NAA; pK(a) = 4.2) as a molecular probe in the non-dissociated (pH 2.2) and dissociated (pH 6.2) forms. Rates of water uptake were linearly related to the inverse viscosity of gum arabic solutions (range of concentrations and dynamic viscosities 10-300 g L(-1) and 1.3 x 10(-3) to 115.9 x 10(-3) Pa s, respectively). When fruit was incubated in solutions of osmotica of differing molecular weight that were isotonic to the fruit's water potential, water uptake depended on the molecular weight of the osmoticum [range 58-6000 for NaCl to poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000)]. There was no uptake from PEG 6000 solutions, but rates of water uptake increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica decreased. Apparent water potentials of sweet cherry fruit, determined by incubating fruit in concentration series of selected osmotica, increased as the molecular weight of the osmotica increased up to 1500 and remained constant between 1500 and 6000. Reflection coefficients (sigma) estimated from this relationship were closely related to hydrodynamic radii (r) of the osmotica [sigma = 1.0(+/-0.0) - [10.9(+/-0.9) x 10(-11)][r(-1) (m(-1))], R(2) = 0.97, P < 0.0001]. The permeability of the sweet cherry fruit exocarp to NAA (pK(a) = 4.2) and temperature dependence of NAA permeability (P(d)) as indexed by the energy of activation (E(a), temperature range 5-35 degrees C) were significantly higher for the non-dissociated NAA (pH 2.2, P(d) = 10.2(+/-0.8) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 67.0 +/- 1.7 kJ mol(-)(1)) than for the dissociated NAA (pH 6.2, P(d) = 1.1(+/-0.2) x 10(-8) m s(-1), E(a) = 51.8 +/- 1.9 kJ mol(-)(1)). The activation energy for penetration of the dissociated NAA was closely related to the stomatal density (R( 2) = 0.84, P < 0.0001) but less so for the non-dissociated NAA (R(2) = 0.30, P < 0.03). These data provide evidence for the presence of polar pathways through the sweet cherry fruit exocarp that allow water uptake by viscous flow. These pathways offer a potentially useful target for strategies to reduce water uptake and fruit cracking, provided that a technique is identified that selectively "plugs" these pathways.     

Rates of foliar penetration of chelated Fe(III): role of light, stomata, species, and leaf age

Rates of foliar penetration of Fe(III) chelates of imidodisuccinic acid (IDHA), ligninsulfonic acid (Natrel), and citric acid (ammonium ferric citrate) were studied at 20 degrees C using a leaf disk method. After drying of the donor droplets, the humidity over the donor residues was maintained at 100% because Fe(III) chelates deliquesce only when humidity is higher than 90%. The wetting agent Glucopon 215 CSUP was added at a concentration of 0.2 g L(-1) to all donor solutions. With fully expanded stomatous broad bean leaves, penetration of Fe-IDHA followed first-order kinetics and rate constants of penetration were higher in light (0.073 h(-1)) than in the dark (0.042 h(-1)). Permeability of broad been leaves to CaCl2 was about 8 times higher than to Fe-IDHA. Doubling the Fe-IDHA concentration in the donor from 2.5 to 5 mmol L(-1) decreased rate constants of Fe-IDHA penetration by a factor of 2.2. Adding the silicon surfactant Break Thru S240 at 10 g L(-1) to the donor induced infiltration of open stomata and about 80% of the applied Fe-IDHA penetrated during droplet drying, while with Glucopon 215 CSUP stomatal infiltration was not observed. With broad bean leaves, penetration of Natrel and ammonium ferric citrate also followed first-order kinetics and rate constants were also higher in light than in the dark. Adaxial astomatous surfaces of fully expanded pear, apple, and grapevine leaves were practically impermeable to Fe-IDHA while stomatous abaxial leaf surfaces were permeable, but rate constants of penetration decreased with time and differed greatly among species. Astomatous surfaces of young unfurling grapevine and peach leaves were permeable to Fe-IDHA, but permeability of stomatous surfaces was much higher. The effect of light on permeability of stomatous leaf surfaces is attributed to the presence of aqueous pores in cuticles over guard cells, and it is suggested that permeability of these pores increases as stomata open. Consequences of these results for foliar applications of Fe chelates are discussed.     

Rates of cuticular penetration of chelated Fe(III): role of humidity, concentration, adjuvants, temperature, and type of chelate

Time courses of cuticular penetration of FeCl3 and Fe(III) complexes of citric acid, EDTA, EDDHA (Sequestrene 138Fe), imidodisuccinic acid (IDHA), and ligninsulfonic acid (Natrel) were studied using astomatous cuticular membranes (CMs) isolated from Populus x canescens leaves. At 100% relative humidity, the Fe(III) chelates disappeared exponentially with time from the surface of the CMs; that is, penetration was a first-order process that can be described using rate constants or half-times of penetration (t(1/2)). Half-times ranged from 20 to 30 h. At 90% humidity, penetration rates were insignificant with the exception of Natrel, for which t(1/2) amounted to 58 h. Rate constants were independent of temperature (15, 25, and 35 degrees C). Permeability decreased with increasing Fe chelate concentration (IDHA and EDTA). At 100% humidity, half-times measured with FeIDHA were 11 h (2 mmol L(-1)), 17 h (10 mmol L(-1)) and 36 h (20 mmol L(-1)), respectively. In the presence of FeEDTA, penetration of CaCl2 was slowed greatly. Half-times for penetration of CaCl2, which were 1.9 h in the absence of FeEDTA, rose to 3.12 h in the presence of an equimolar concentration of EDTA and 13.3 h when the FeEDTA concentration was doubled. Hence, Fe chelates reduced permeability of CMs to CaCl2 and to the Fe chelates themselves. It is suggested that Fe chelates reduced the size of aqueous pores. This view is supported by the fact that rate constants for calcium salts were about 5 times higher than for Fe chelates with the same molecular weights. Adding Tween 20 (5 g L(-1)) as a humectant did not increase permeability to FeIDHA at 90% humidity and below, while addition of glycine betaine did. Penetration of FeCl3 applied at 5 g L(-1) (pH 1.5) was not a first order process as rate constants decreased rapidly with time. Only 2% of the dose penetrated during the first 2 h and less than that in the subsequent 8 h. Recovery was only 70%. This was attributed to the formation of insoluble Fe hydroxide precipitates on CMs. These results explain why in the past foliar application of Fe compounds had limited success. Inorganic Fe salts are instable and phytotoxic because of low pH, while Fe chelates penetrate slowly and 100% humidity is required for significant penetration rates. Concentrations as low as reasonably possible should be used. These physical facts are expected to apply to stomatous leaf surfaces as well, but absolute rates probably depend on leaf age and plant species. High humidity in stagnant air layers may favor penetration rates across stomatous leaf surfaces when humidity in bulk air is below 100%.     

氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响

采用营养液培养试验,研究了氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响。结果表明,氮素营养过高,门椒难以座果,首次商品果实的上市时间推迟7d以上。氮素营养对甜椒前期商品果产量及产量性状的综合影响看出,中氮营养处理可获得最高的商品果产量,主要是各层位果实的高收果数,而与单果鲜重差异不明显;氮素营养过高或过低均导致商品果产量降低,因单株平均收果数降低,且单果重下降。高氮营养有利于提高后期幼果座果率。试验还发现,甜椒的结果习性在很大程度上取决于其植物学特性,氮素营养对果实发育进程的促进或延缓作用在某种程度上可能大于对结果数量的影响。中氮营养条件下,二分侧枝整枝方式对甜椒的结果数量和产量的影响符合等比数列Y=2(n-1)的理论模型。     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral nutrients by walnut tree fruits

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) tree fruit showed after the endocarp lignification a fast growing stage during which fresh and dry weights increased abruptly. From the beginning of fruit ripening and during the fast sperm growing stage, fresh weight started to decrease while dry weight continued to increase with a reduced growth rate. Dry weights increased in sperm and decreased in exocarp‐mesocarp tissues during the fast sperm growing stage. The material exit from pericarp tissues was completed in the ripe fruit. By contrast, fresh weight continued to decrease in the tissue. Patterns of nutrient accumulation per fruit increased continuously during the fruit growth period. The observed reductions of nutrient accumulations for total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the fruit individuals during the very late fruit stage after fruit ripening, and in conjunction with the pericarp tissues senescence, are supposed to represent mineral nutrient returns from the ripe fruit. Patterns of total N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn accumulations increased in the exocarp‐mesocarp tissue during the slow sperm growing stage and decreased during the fast sperm growing stage. Potassium accumulation in the tissue increased continuously up to the fruit ripening time. Calcium, Mn, and Cu increased continuously. Patterns of all nutrients in endocarp tissue increased during the slow sperm growing stage and decreased at the fast sperm growing stage. In the sperm tissues, total N, P, Mg, and Ca accumulations increased during the sperm development and slightly decreased in a late stage. The increasing trend of Ca accumulation was temporarily interrupted during the fast sperm growing stage. Iron, Mn, Cu, and Zn accumulations showed no reductions at all. Potassium accumulation was drastically restricted in the tissue with the approach of fruit ripening. Sperm tissues are extraordinary rich in mineral nutrients. Sperm total N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe accumulations represented the 98.1%, 88.2%, 59.2%, 81.5%, 72.3%, 65.6%, and 52.5% of the total nutrients accumulation in the fruit, respectively. Sperm K and Ca accumulations represented only the 13% and 11.6%, respectively. Exocarp‐mesocarp K, Ca, and Mg accumulations represented the 76%, 72% and 37.1% of the total nutrients accumulation in the fruit individual, respectively. Total N and P accumulation in the tissue were detected in very low levels 1.3% and 7%, respectively. Iron, Cu, Zn, and Mn accumulations were detected in the same tissue in ratio values of 27.5%, 22%, 5.4%, and 11%, respectively. Macro‐ and micro‐nutrient accumulations of the endocarp tissues were detected in the lower levels as compared to the other fruit tissues. The estimated values of mineral nutrient returns from the mature fruit individuals were 2.8% for total N, 13% for P, 16.5% for K, 23% for Ca, 12% for Mg, 28.5% for Fe, and 21% for Zn. Manganese and Cu showed no returns at all. The estimated nutrient returns from the sperm tissues were 60% for total N, 67% for P, 22% for K, and 50% for Mg of the total returned nutrient from the fruit individual. The estimated nutrient returns from exocarp‐mesocarp were 100% for Zn, Fe, and Ca, 50% for Mg, 78% for K, 33% for P, and 40% for total N. Calcium, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sperm and Mn and Cu accumulations in pericarp tissues showed no returns at all. A restricted nutrient diffusion from exocarp‐mesocarp and sperm tissues to the endocarp tissues is supposed to be possible. These results suggested a pericarp tissue behaviour similar to the old senescing leaves.     

Morphological characterization of African bush mango trees (Irvingia species) in West Africa

The variation of the morphological characters of bitter and sweet African bush mango trees (Irvingia species) was investigated in the Dahomey Gap which is the West African savannah woodland area separating the Upper and the Lower Guinean rain forest blocks. African bush mangoes have been rated as the highest priority multi-purpose food trees species that need improvement research in West and Central Africa. A total of 128 trees from seven populations were characterized for their bark, fruits, mesocarp and seeds to assess the morphological differences between bitter and sweet trees and among populations. Multivariate analysis revealed that none of the variables: type of bark, mature fruit exocarp colour, fruit roughness and fresh mesocarp colour, could consistently distinguish bitter from sweet trees in the field. The analysis of the measurements of fruits, mesocarps and seeds demonstrated that bitter fruits have the heaviest seeds and this consistently distinguishes them from sweet fruits. However, the measurements of the fruit, mesocarp and seed did not have a joint effect in grouping types and populations of ABMTs. This indicates high diversity with a potential for selection existing across all phytogeographical regions investigated. The sweet trees of Couffo and those of Dassa in Benin are clearly different from all other populations. This can be attributed to traditional domestication (bringing into cultivation) and climate, respectively. The large fruits and the heavy seeds of the cultivated populations are evidence of successful on-going traditional selection of sweet trees in the Dahomey Gap.     

农艺措施对苹果幼树长期低剂量铜胁迫的影响及缓解效果分类

为探讨农艺措施对铜胁迫苹果树毒害效应的缓解效果,利用长期盆栽试验（600d）,研究了棕壤上介于我国土壤环境质量二、三级标准间的低剂量铜胁迫下,钙（CaCO3）、铁（FeSO4）、钾（K2SO4）以及半腐熟鸡粪（CM）对苹果幼树生长和果实铜积累的影响。结果表明,320mg·kg^-1的铜胁迫600d导致苹果树春梢萌动迟缓,生物量、果实数量下降,果实铜含量升高（P〈0.05）。施加CaCO3对铜胁迫苹果树的生长（新梢萌发和果实数量）有明显的缓解效果,并降低果实铜含量（P〈0.05）,降低通过食物链危害人类健康的风险。K2SO4虽能够缓解铜胁迫对总生物量的抑制作用,却导致果实数量减少,果实铜含量增高（P〈0.05）。FeSO4和CM对于植株生物量和果实数量没有明显的缓解作用（P〉0.05）,但能降低果实铜含量（P〈0.05）。综合考虑对果树生长和人类食品安全的影响,将缓解效果分为“安全的解毒”、“安全的不解毒”、“危险的解毒”和“危险的不解毒”4类。K2SO4属于“危险的解毒”,在农用棕壤上应慎用;FeSO4和CM属“安全的不解毒”;CaCO3属于“安全的解毒”,具有较好的缓解毒害和降低食品安全风险的效果。     

Reducing Ammonia Losses by Adding FeCl3 During Composting of Sewage Sludge

The release of ammonia nitrogen during composting of sewage sludge mixed with a lignocellulosic bulking agent leads to a reduction in the agronomic value of the final compost and to harmful effects on the environment. We propose adding a cheap salt FeCl3 which can be used without special precaution to reduce ammonia losses by decreasing pH conditions. An in-vessel co-composting experiment was conducted in a large reactor (100 L) in which FeCl3 was added to sludge mixed with a bulking agent (pine shavings and sawdust) and compared with a control mixture without FeCl3. Temperature, oxygen consumption and pH were monitored throughout the composting of both mixtures. The final balance of organic matter, organic and inorganic nitrogen permitted to conclude that the addition of FeCl3 reduced nitrogen loss (by a factor of 2.4 in relation to the control) and increased mineralisation of the organic nitrogen by 1.6.     

干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响

降雨和灌溉引起的干湿交替显著影响土壤速效养分的转化和迁移。为了探究干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响,采用室内模拟干湿交替试验,设置轻度(DW1,复水至60%WHC)、中度(DW2,复水至45%WHC)、重度(DW3,复水至30%WHC)3种干湿交替程度,并以恒湿处理(CM,恒定60%WHC)为对照,探究试验前后土壤pH、水溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷及速效钾的变化。结果表明:DW1土壤pH比其他各组低0.25~0.45,其余各组间差异不显著;培养后CM组DOC下降20.01%,DW组下降37.04%~41.36%,不同程度干湿交替处理间差异不显著。土壤铵态氮含量在培养后下降18.19%~42.02%,各处理间表现为DW3>DW2>DW1;土壤硝态氮含量较培养前急剧增长,表现为DW1>DW2>DW3,DW2的铵态氮和硝态氮含量与CM组基本一致。土壤速效钾和速效磷培养前后变化不大,但DW2速效磷含量较其他各处理减少2.93~4.00 mg/kg,而DW3的速效钾含量较其他各处理减少3.69~14.72 mg/kg。干湿交替显著降低土壤DOC和铵态氮含量,增加土壤硝态氮含量,对土壤pH、速效磷、速效钾影响不大。干湿交替程度的增强能提高土壤pH,促进铵态氮的产生,抑制硝态氮和速效钾的生成,但对DOC和速效磷影响不大。     

pH change, carbon and nitrogen mineralization in paddy soils as affected by Chinese milk vetch addition and soil water regime

Purpose

The aim of the research was to explore the effect of Chinese milk vetch (CM vetch) addition and different water management practices on soil pH change, C and N mineralization in acid paddy soils.

Materials and methods

Psammaquent and Plinthudult paddy soils amended with Chinese milk vetch at a rate of 12 g?kg^?1 soil were incubated at 25 °C under three different water treatments (45 % field capacity, CW; alternating 1-week wetting and 2-week drying cycles, drying rewetting (DRW) and waterlogging (WL). Soil pH, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), CO₂ escaped, microbial biomass carbon, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrate (NO₃ ^?) during the incubation period were dynamically determined.

Results and discussion

The addition of CM vetch increased soil microbial biomass concentrations in all treatments. The CM vetch addition also enhanced dissolved organic N concentrations in all treatments. The NO₃–N concentrations were lower than NH₄–N concentrations in DRW and WL. The pH increase after CM vetch addition was 0.2 units greater during WL than DRW, and greater in the low pH Plinthudult (4.59) than higher pH Paleudalfs (6.11) soil. Nitrogen mineralization was higher in the DRW than WL treatment, and frequent DRW cycles favored N mineralization in the Plinthudult soil.

Conclusions

The addition of CM vetch increased soil pH, both under waterlogging and alternating wet–dry conditions. Waterlogging decreased C mineralization in both soils amended with CM vetch. Nitrogen mineralization increased in the soils subjected to DRW, which was associated with the higher DON concentrations in DRW than in WL in the acid soil. Frequent drying–wetting cycles increase N mineralization in acid paddy soils.     

Influence of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus on Competition for Phosphorus Between Sweet Orange and a Leguminous Herb

Grass or herb intercropping with trees is widely practiced as an orchard-floor management strategy, but nutrient competition from grass species can inhibit the growth of intercropped fruit trees. Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme can alleviate such competition and thus promote the growth of intercropped fruit trees by increasing soil nutrient exploitation. In the first experiment, intercropping was established in rhizoboxes containing sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and the leguminous herb Stylosanthes gracilis inoculated with the AM fungus. Mycorrhizal inoculation did not appear to decrease competition, but increased the biomass of the herb much more than that of sweet orange. Inoculation had little effect on phosphorus (P) content of sweet orange, but significantly increased that of the legume roots. The AM fungal contribution to P uptake of the herb was twice that of sweet orange. Lateral roots of the herb tended to branch horizontally, with a large proportion entering the soil volume occupied by sweet orange; AM inoculation enhanced this effect. In Experiment 2, growth of the plants in monoculture revealed that the mycorrhizal dependency of the legume was much higher than that of sweet orange. It is suggested that mycorrhizal dependency can have a large influence on the role of the AM fungus in mediating competition in an intercropping system, and that fruit trees with high mycorrhizal dependency, together with a grass or herb with low mycorrhizal dependency, may be the optimum intercrop combination in orchards.     

Soil Nutrients Balance in Sweet Orange Intercropped with Some Arable Crops

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Cv. Agege) was intercropped between 1996 and 1999 on an alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf), at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the best compatible crops that would provide stable environmental conditions for sweet orange growth and yield. The companion crops were maize (M) (Zea mays L. DMR-LSR-W) in the early planting season, followed by cowpea (CP) (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp cv. Ife-brown) in the late planting season of each year, cassava (CA) (Manihot esculenta, Crantz cv. TMS30572), and pineapple (P) (Ananas comosus,cv. Smooth cayenne). For comparison, there were sole plots of sweet orange (SCT), maize (SM), cowpea (SCP), Cassava (SCA), and pineapple (SP) to serve as controls. The treatments were assigned to plots using a randomized complete block design (RCB). The growth of sweet orange intercropped with cassava was not as good as that of sole orange or orange intercropped with maize/cowpea (CT + M/CP) and pineapple (CT + P). Sweet orange in pure stands and CT + M/CP produced flowers 24 months after transplanting, with 75% and 87% of trees producing flowers and fruits, respectively. Forty-two months after transplanting sweet orange, SCT, CT + M/CP, and CT + CA had 1.63, 1.45, and 0.05 citrus fruit t/ha, respectively. Sweet orange intercropped with pineapple did not produce fruits. The effects of the crop mixtures on the soil showed that pH decreased by 2.17, which was a 5.2% decrease for all the cropping systems after three years of continuous cropping. There was a build up of nitrogen (N) and organic carbon in the soil for all the intercrops after the third year of the study. The cropping mixture of CT + M/CP and SCT had the highest N value of 0.70 g N/kg soil as compared to 0.30 g N/kg pre-planting. Zinc (Zn) a major nutrient of citrus, decreased from 3.16 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg under SCT and SP cropping systems. Sweet orange leaf analysis for N in all the treatments showed that leaf N was higher than the 2.5–2.7% optimum level, except for citrus intercropped with cassava, which had a leaf N concentration of 2.36%. Sweet orange intercropped with maize/cowpea had the highest phosphorus (P) level of 0.17%, followed by SCT, while sweet orange intercropped with cassava or pineapple had the lowest P values. Potassium (K) was in the adequate range in the sweet orange leaves for all the cropping systems, but the Zn content was below the satisfactory range of 20–50 ppm. The nutrient dynamics were results of the interaction among cropping systems, soil depth, and cropping cycle. Maize intercropped in the early planting season followed by cowpea in the late season was the most compatible crop with sweet orange in terms of fruit yield.     

进料浓度对玉米秸秆与牛粪全混式厌氧发酵特征影响研究

目前,中国大多数沼气工程均采用农作物秸秆与畜禽粪便为主要原料,但对于实际沼气工程的工艺控制,尤其是对于沼气工程进料混配及发酵浓度等控制工艺仍缺少参考和支撑。该研究采用玉米秸秆与牛粪原料,在中温条件下,利用纯牛粪、纯秸秆以及秸秆与牛粪干物质比(S:CM)=1:1、1:3、3:1条件的混合原料,按照不同干物质浓度(total solid,TS)=3%、6%、8%,梯次启动CSTR反应器,系统探讨物料配比与发酵浓度对反应器产气量、甲烷体积分数、pH值、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reductionpotential,ORP)、挥发酸(volatilefattyacids,VFAs)含量等运行特征的影响。结果表明,正常运行时,纯秸秆与纯牛粪条件下厌氧发酵产气效果显著低于混合原料,且所有条件下反应器的产气量基本都随着发酵浓度升高而升高。在发酵浓度为8%条件下,S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率在运行130和150 d后分别达到峰值0.78和0.76 L/(L·d)。随着反应器的持续运行,170 d后各反应器的产气率与pH值降低,而VFAs与ORP升高。S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率降低至0.6 L/(L·d),pH值降低至6.5左右。这主要是由于恒定的搅拌功率条件下,随着反应器内TS升高,搅拌转速降低,进而在反应器内产生搅拌死区与浮渣等问题,导致反应器内局部酸化,造成系统整体失稳。在启动期间,所有5个条件下反应器内ORP呈缓慢上升趋势。运行172 d后,S:CM=1:1条件下ORP迅速增加至高于–300 mV。总体而言,厌氧系统中VFA浓度随着进料中秸秆比例增加而增加,且丙酸积累发生并变得更加严重。这也在一定程度上表明,与采用秸秆与粪便混合原料厌氧发酵相比,采用纯秸秆原料厌氧发酵生产沼气厌氧反应器的运行稳定性较差。     

翻埋与覆盖林木枝条改善宁夏沙化土壤性质

土地沙漠化一直是影响宁夏生态建设和农业生产的主要问题之一。为探讨林木枝条对沙化土壤的改良效果,以当地农田防护林所产生的林木枝条为原料,在2011年10月至2013年10月期间研究了土壤翻埋杨树粉碎枝条(chips incorporation,CI)、覆盖杨树粉碎枝条(chips mulch,CM)、翻埋杨树粉碎枝条+覆盖未粉碎的柳树枝条(chips incorporation plus branches mulch,CI+BM)和不做任何处理的对照(control,CK)对宁夏沙化土壤理化性状和生物学特性的影响。结果表明,CI和CI+BM与CK相比,2012年和2013年均增加了土壤总孔隙度、田间持水率、有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量(P0.05),提高了土壤呼吸强度、微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和酶活性(脲酶、过氧化氢酶)(P0.05),降低了土壤密度(P0.05);2013年CI和CI+BM进一步增加了土壤全氮、全磷和水解氮含量(P0.05),但同时也增加了土壤全盐含量(P0.05)。CM与CK相比,2012年和2013年均显著增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量(P0.05),提高了土壤呼吸强度和酶活性(P0.05);2013年CM处理的土壤p H值、全氮和水解氮含量亦显著增加(P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,沙化土壤性质的改善与土壤中有机碳含量的增加密切相关,处理间土壤有机碳含量CI+BMCICMCK,表征土壤质量的综合指数表现出同样的趋势:2012年分别为0.907、0.678、0.259和0.105,2013年分别为0.926、0.828、0.258和0.136。该研究为当地及中国北方干旱半干旱地区沙地生态治理及农业生产提供了可借鉴的案例,同时也为促进林木废弃物的资源化利用提供理论基础。     

Aluminum diffusion in Oxisols as influenced by soil water matric potential,ph, lime,gypsum, potassium chloride,and calcium phosphate

Abstract

Plant root exposure to soil aluminum (Al) depends on the soil solution Al concentration and transport to the root by diffusion. Changes in Al diffusive flux for two Oxisols was measured under laboratory conditions as a function of pH, water matric potential, and applications of gypsum, potassium chloride, and calcium phosphate. Double‐faced cation exchange resin sheets served as sinks for Al transported during 10‐day incubations through chambers containing 314 cm³ of soil. Across a range of soil pH values from 4.5 to 5.5, maximum diffusive flux of Al occurred at pH values of 4.7–4.8 in both soils and corresponded to increases of 2.2–3.0% relative to the unlimed treatment. Between pH values of 4.7–4.8 and 5.4, diffusive flux of Al decreased by 38 and 46% in the two Oxisols. Diffusive flux of Al decreased by 16–20% for the two Oxisols as soil water potentials decreased from ‐10 to ‐200 kPa. Magnitude of the reductions in diffusive flux of Al with decreasing soil water potential were less than those reported for diffusive flux of phosphorus (P) in prior investigations. Diffusive flux of Al increased by as much as 4‐fold with additions of CaSO₄ and KCl, which increased the soil solution Al concentration. Additions of 400 mg P dm^‐3 of soil had no effect on Al diffusion in either Oxisol.     

长期不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系产量稳定性研究

  【目的】  研究不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系中两种作物产量的稳定性，以优化作物养分管理。  【方法】  化肥定位试验和化肥配施有机肥定位试验在闽东南典型赤红壤旱地分别连续进行了15和13年，种植制度均为花生–甘薯轮作。化肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及在推荐施肥基础上不施氮、磷、钾的处理，以不施肥为对照；化肥有机肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及以商品有机肥、猪粪和稻草替代1/3推荐施氮量处理，以不施肥为对照。根据历年花生和甘薯产量，计算了产量的可持续性指数和变异系数，构建一元灰色线性模型，计算了不同施肥模式的长期趋势产量。  【结果】  长期化肥定位试验中，推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯产量均值显著高于其它5个处理；在长期有机无机肥配合试验中，3个有机无机肥配施处理的产量均高于推荐施肥处理。花生和甘薯化肥推荐施肥的产量可持续指数 (SYI) 分别为0.729 ± 0.019和0.501 ± 0.028，化肥配施猪粪花生的SYI为0.689 ± 0.013，显著高于推荐施肥和化肥配施稻草处理，与配施商品有机肥处理差异不显著；化肥配施稻草甘薯的SYI为0.514 ± 0.029，显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理，与化肥配施猪粪处理的差异不显著。一元灰色线性模型显示，推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯趋势产量均值分别为3780和19408 kg/hm2，均显著高于其他化肥处理。化肥配施猪粪的花生趋势产量均值为3492 kg/hm2，在95%置信区间，显著高于推荐施肥和其余两个有机无机肥配施处理；化肥配施稻草处理甘薯的趋势产量均值为17567 kg/hm2，显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理，与化肥配施猪粪处理没有显著差异。产量可持续性指数较变异系数可更加有效地区分不同处理之间的产量波动差异，与产量的绝对高低没有关系。  【结论】  化肥推荐施肥有利于提高赤红壤旱地轮作体系中花生和甘薯的产量；猪粪或商品有机肥替代1/3的化肥氮均可提高花生产量的稳定性和增产潜力，而稻草或猪粪替代1/3的化肥氮对甘薯产量及其稳定性最为有利。     

RESPONSE OF ‘BURLAT’ SWEET CHERRY TREES TO POSTHARVEST SPRAYS OF NITROGEN,BORON AND ZINC

The aim of the study was to examine effects of postharvest sprays of nitrogen (N), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) on reproductive response of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees, fruit quality and plant nutrition. The experiment was conducted during 2007–2009 in central Poland on mature ‘Burlat’ sweet cherry trees/F12, grown on a coarse-textured soil with low level of organic matter, and optimal soil reaction. Soil status of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Zn and copper (Cu) was optimal, whereas B – low. Sweet cherry trees were sprayed with boric acid-B, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Zn, and urea-N at 30–40 d prior to initiation of leaf fall according to following schema: i) spray of N at a rate of 23 kg ha^?1; ii) spray of B and Zn at a dose of 1.1 kg ha^?1 and 0.5 kg ha^?1, respectively; and iii) spray of N, B and Zn at the same rates as in the above spray combinations. The trees sprayed with water served as the control. The results showed that fall spray treatments had no influence on cold damage of flower buds, plant N status and soluble solids concentration in fruit. Postharvest spray of N and combined spray of N, B and Zn injured leaves in the fall but did not cause defoliation. Sprays of B and Zn with or without N increased status of Zn and B in fall leaves, and B in flowers and midsummer leaves. Those sprays also improved fruit set and yield. In one out of two years of the study, fall sprays of N with or without B and Zn decreased mean fruit weight. The above results indicate that only leaf-applied B in the fall improved reproductive response of sweet cherry trees. It is concluded that under conditions of B shortage in a soil and/or plant tissues, postharvest B sprays can be recommended in sweet cherry orchards to improve reproductive growth of the trees.     

土垄内嵌基质栽培方式对日光温室春甜椒的降温增产效应

本文提出土垄内嵌基质的栽培方式以缓解日光温室春甜椒生长季遭受的高温影响。通过设置土垄栽培（S处理）、土垄嵌PE槽基质栽培（P处理）、土垄嵌铁丝网槽基质栽培（W处理）3种处理,以单纯PE槽基质栽培（CK）为对照,在春甜椒果实成熟采摘期（5-6月）每日气温较高时段（12：00-16：00）观测各处理根区环境温度,在甜椒不同生育时期观测各处理植株的生长指标及产量并进行比较。结果表明：S、P和W处理的根区温度分别比CK低1.50、2.17和1.47℃,说明P和W处理能够有效缓冲高温时甜椒根区环境温度的升高,且P处理的温度缓冲效果略优于W处理。S、P和W处理甜椒的株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量和地上干鲜重均显著高于CK,能显著促进甜椒生长发育,其中W处理对甜椒生长的促进作用最明显。基质栽培根系鲜重较大,但CK根区高温减少了甜椒地上部和根系干物质积累。此外,第一次采摘时土垄栽培的结实数显著低于其它3个处理,说明基质栽培相对土壤栽培能促进甜椒开花坐果,缩短生育期。W处理结实数、单果重、单株产量、果实大小及单产均显著高于其它处理,其产量为3.78kg·m^-2,分别比S、P和CK处理提高80.9%、31.3%和51.8%。总之,土垄嵌铁丝网槽基质栽培能够在有效增强根区温度缓冲能力的前提下,明显提高甜椒产量,在日光温室高温环境生产中具有重要的应用价值。