Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

A green eco-environment for sustainable development: framework and action

Following its 40-year reform and ‘Open Door’ policy, China has recently proposed a new approach to green development and rural revitalization—the idea of Agriculture Green Development (AGD), with the key feature of creating a green eco-environment. In this mini-review we introduce the definition, theory, framework and major components of a green eco-environment as a key part of the AGD. We define a green eco-environment as including four key elements or measures: (1) a green eco-environmental indicator system; (2) environmental monitoring and warning networks; (3) emission standards and environmental thresholds for key pollutants; (4) emission controls and pollution remediation technologies. We have used Quzhou County (a typical county in the center of the North China Plain) as an example to show how detailed air, water and soil monitoring networks, as well as improved farmer practices and pollution control measures (especially ammonia emission mitigation and PM_2.5 pollution reduction), can begin to create a green eco-environment in China and that AGD is possible. We conclude by stressing the need to improve the framework and practice for a green eco-environment, especially the importance of linking proposals and practices for a green eco-environment with the United Nations high priority Sustainable Development Goals.     

我国生物育种高技术产业化工程建设及其对策

我国生物育种高技术产业化工程,促进了一批农业生物技术产业化的关键技术的应用;优质高产动植物新品种的产业化,提升了农业综合生产能力;扶持了一批龙头企业;探索了"企业+基地+农户"的产业化发展模式。面对资源环境约束、消费需求提高和全球性转基因技术的严峻挑战,需从宏观层面做好生物育种高技术产业化工程的战略规划,多方筹集资金,加大政策扶持力度,提高产业聚集效应,加大种子产业的市场宏观管理,培育大规模、高水平生物育种企业,做好生物资源的保护、开发和利用,进一步完善农业生物育种产业化工程的扶持政策     

Review on drivers,trends and emerging issues of the food wastage in China

China has successfully achieved food self-sufficiency over the past 50 years, however, with large inputs and losses. To meet the challenge of feeding a growing population with limited resources, many studies have explored options for improving productivity and efficiency of the food production. However, there have been few studies into the potential of reducing food loss along the whole food production-consumption chain. Here we review the literature on food waste in China. We briefly analyze (1) the drivers that influence levels of food waste in the food chain, (2) examine trends in the volumes and types of food wasted at different stages in the food chain, (3) assess the environmental and resource consequences of food waste in the food chain, and (4) evaluate the policy and stakeholder responses to the emerging challenges. It is concluded that reducing food loss and meeting food security in China requires a coherent institutional structure that promotes the synergistic outcomes of research, policy and education. Suggested key actions include (1) improving machinery and facility for sowing, harvesting, transportation and storage, which can reduce food loss by up to 50%, and (2) improving food waste recycling management, based on coupled food production and consumption systems.     

A NEW APPROACH TO HOLISTIC NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

● Progress on nitrogen management in agriculture is overviewed in China. ● 4R principles are key to high N use efficiency and low N losses in soil-crop systems. ● A new framework of food-chain-N-management is proposed. ● China’s success in N management provides models for other countries. Since the 1980s, the widespread use of N fertilizer has not only resulted in a strong increase in agricultural productivity but also caused a number of environmental problems, induced by excess reactive N emissions. A range of approaches to improve N management for increased agricultural production together with reduced environmental impacts has been proposed. The 4R principles (right product, right amount, right time and right place) for N fertilizer application have been essential for improving crop productivity and N use efficiency while reducing N losses. For example, site-specific N management (as part of 4R practice) reduced N fertilizer use by 32% and increased yield by 5% in China. However, it has not been enough to overcome the challenge of producing more food with reduced impact on the environment and health. This paper proposes a new framework of food-chain-nitrogen-management (FCNM). This involves good N management including the recycling of organic manures, optimized crop and animal production and improved human diets, with the aim of maximizing resource use efficiency and minimizing environmental emissions. FCNM could meet future challenges for food demand, resource sustainability and environmental safety, key issues for green agricultural transformation in China and other countries.     

经济学视角下农业水资源生产率研究进展

为厘清中国农业水资源的研究现状和方向,探究农业水资源生产率概念区别、评价方法和提高路径,采用文献综述的研究方法,对已有研究进行系统性总结和梳理。结果表明:第一,农业水资源生产率的经济学含义为,在相同的技术水平和产出下,投入单位农业水资源量的经济产出,故需要控制相关变量的影响下,才能在不同个体间直接比较;第二,经济学评价方法包括全要素生产率指数法、前沿面模型法和演绎类方法等,前沿面模型法中,全要素农业水资源生产效率可以更加全面的评价农业水资源生产率;演绎类方法中,水文模型与可计算一般均衡模型结合的复合模型可以综合多学科的研究优势;第三,农业水资源生产率的直接路径包括农业水资源开发、灌溉节水技术扩散,间接路径包括市场化政策、农户节水激励和农业水资源管理组织,明确多种路径间的相互作用是制定综合管理模式的关键。因此,农业水资源生产率的经济学研究需要在综合框架下开展,包括明确研究目标、加强学科间合作、制定区域差异化提升策略等。     

水资源公共政策：概念与体系

水资源公共政策是水资源研究的新领域。在对水资源公共政策含义界定的基础上,阐述了我国水资源公共政策的内容与形式、结构与功能、构成要素与运行系统。     

安徽省环保产业公共服务平台建设研究

笔者介绍了安徽省环保产业现状,并从产业发展不均衡,科技创新实力不足,环保产业公共服务体系不完善等方面概括了安徽省环保产业发展存在的问题。结合中关村创新平台和宜兴环保产业园等案例,分析了安徽省内外环保产业公共服务平台建设情况。认为安徽省环保产业公共服务平台建设的主要目标是建立共享机制,优化资源配置,提升竞争能力,在此基础上总结了安徽省环保产业公共服务平台建设的主要内容,强调增强环保产业科技创新保障能力,提高产学研一体化实力,提高环保领域创业效率,拓宽中小企业营销网络。最后从组织与管理、资金与政策、人才与宣传方面提出了相关保障措施。     

Genomics and agriculture. Collaborations in rice

Advances in rice genomics will contribute to gene discovery and rice productivity, but many of the products with high potential for alleviating poverty and improving human nutrition may not be those that attract private investment. Although most genetic resources and biological expertise for functional genomics are in the public, many proprietary technologies are owned by the private sector. A public resource platform is needed for the application of genomic technology to accelerate gene discovery. We present a model and general principles in collaboration that can serve the poor and encourage innovation by both the public and private sectors.     

海西公共文化服务体系建设探析——以福建省为例

目前福建的公共文化服务体系建设成绩斐然,但在服务效益、运行机制、资源配置、政策法规等方面仍存在不足。本文提出应进一步理清海峡西岸文化发展的总体思路,即合理配置公共文化资源,加快公共文化机构改革,丰富公共文化服务内涵,完善公共文化发展政策等以逐步完善公共文化服务体系。     

民族地区公共卫生人才资源开发的困境与对策分析———以四川省甘孜州为例简

民族地区公共卫生事业在促进社会和谐发展、实现发展成果全民共享等方面具有重要意义.在实践中,人才资源的缺失已成为民族地区公共卫生事业发展的主要障碍.该研究从经济与自然条件、观念、政策、管理与服务这几个方面分析了民族地区卫生人才资源开发的困境,提出了加大卫生投入、加快观念转变、加强政策研究、创新管理体制等公共卫生人力资源开发的对策建议.     

和谐社会视野下公共利益的调适与平衡——农村公共产品供给中的资源困境剖析

该文通过对我国当前农村公共产品供给面临的资源困境的现状解读,指出农村公共产品供给面临的资源困境与公共利益是相悖的。面对这种相悖的状况,城乡公共产品供给的协调发展,公共利益的调适与平衡,怎样才能实现?该文以公共政策分配为工具,结合公共政策制定——公共政策执行——公共政策监控——公共政策评估——公共政策终结这一完整的公共政策过程,分析如何在这一完整的运作流程中实现公共产品的有效供给,促成城乡公共产品资源配置间互动的平衡,以达到实现公共利益的调适与平衡,促进和谐社会发展的目的。     

城市带动农村发展中的财政政策选择

财政政策在促进城市带动农村的发展中具有必要性,我国已具备了城市带动农村发展的能力与条件,可通过就业、公共产品、社会保障和资源流向诱导等路径发挥城市带动农村发展的作用。提出建立财政促进城乡统筹就业的长效机制,建立覆盖城乡的公共财政体制,健全农村社会保障体系,建立城市资源积极服务于农业农村发展的长效机制,加快城市带动农村发展的步伐的政策建议。     

共享经济视角下公共图书馆信息资源社会共享建设的策略

信息资源共享是公共图书馆研究中的一个重点课题,对其信息资源社会共享的建设策略展开探讨十分必要。文章分析了公共图书馆信息资源社会共享建设存在的问题,并对共享经济视角下公共图书馆信息资源社会共享建设的策略进行了介绍。     

营养导向型的中国食物安全新愿景及政策建议

经过40年显著的经济增长和发展,中国当前的目标是保持经济中高速增长,在提高可持续性和公平的基础上,更好地连接经济与市场,让市场决定最优的生产水平,农业在这一过程中将发挥重要作用。在健康中国2030、国民营养计划（2017—2030）以及乡村振兴战略等中长期战略推动下,政府及学术界对营养问题的关注持续提升,农业与营养的联系逐步增强,但“农业-食物安全-营养”的有机融合与衔接还尚未形成。在中国经济转型过程中,农业和食品行业将发挥至关重要的作用,由中国食物安全战略决定的国民食物营养与健康状况不仅影响中国的国民身体素质,还将在一定程度上影响中国能否顺利转变发展方式、能否成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”。因此,新的发展阶段,中国需要新的食物安全战略提升国民营养水平,并采取系列政策措施加强农业与食物安全和营养的联系。论文基于国际经验的食物安全战略发展思路,梳理中国食物安全面临的新旧挑战,提出食物安全新愿景以及相应政策建议,为营养导向型农业发展的顶层设计提供决策支持。中国食物安全面临的挑战诸多,与食物安全与营养高度相关的挑战主要表现为：耕地资源不足与退化、水资源紧缺与污染、气候变化与极端天气影响等自然资源和环境压力,农业生产补贴提高带来的财政支出压力,膳食能量摄入不足、微量元素缺乏以及膳食能量和营养摄入过剩的营养不良“三重负担”,食品安全问题以及食物损失与浪费问题。因此中国在经济从注重数量增长转向侧重质量增长的深化过程中,将更加重视结构调整和制度及技术创新,这意味着农业需要生产高价值、营养和安全的食物,更高效地使用水、土地和能源,保护环境和促进平等,因而需要中国食物安全战略顶层设计上的系列转变。据此,本文提出了营养导向型的中国食物安全的新愿景,即将营养指标作为中国食物安全战略的发展目标,到2025年消除饥饿和营养不足,并有效降低食品安全风险和超重率以及肥胖率。为此需要以关键领域的重大改革为基础,改进营养治理、通过市场信号传递营养导向、推动营养目标的农业生产、建立更安全的食品价值链、以政策创新促进可持续的营养饮食、加强营养教育并开展循证发展支持营养导向的食物安全新战略的实施。     

我国主要农作物绿色全要素生产率分析

在农业环境资源禀赋刚性约束下应更注重农业的绿色发展.假设农业污染排放系数是一个动态变化的参数,基于动态测算农业面源污染非期望产出,运用SBM超效率模型和DEA-Malmquist生产率指数测算主要农作物的绿色全要素生产率.研究发现:①粳稻和大豆的环境技术效率大于1,而玉米、小麦和棉花的环境技术效率小于1;②棉花、粳稻和...     

养猪业环境外部性内部化的治理对策研究——以死猪漂浮事件为例

上海黄浦江上的死猪漂浮事件,引发公众对公共饮水安全与养猪业环境污染事件的广泛关注。本文基于死猪漂浮事件,运用环境外部性理论,从经济、政策、生态意识和养殖管理等方面,分析了死猪漂浮事件环境外部性形成的原因,以及环境外部性具有公共性、转移性、分散性、随机性等基本特征;并从经济、政策、技术和生态文化建设视角,提出了环境外部性内部化的对策措施。     

New Vision and Policy Recommendations for Nutrition-Oriented Food Security in China

After four-decade significant economic growth and development, China sets a series of goals aiming at sustainable medium to high speed economic growth,reasonable equity, and better market oriented economy. In this pursue, agriculture will take a crucial role. Under the Health China 2030, National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030) and Rural Vitalization Strategy, more attention has been paid on nutrition both in policy and research field, meanwhile the linkage between agriculture and nutrition is enhancing, but the integration of Agriculture-Food Security-Nutrition system is not yet completed. During the economic transformation, agriculture and food industry will play a key role, especially when considering the nutrition and health status will impact the national physical fitness and therefore influence the economic transformation approach. It may also impact whether China can move out of the Middle Income Trap to some extent. In the new development era, China needs a new food security development strategy to improve the national nutrition status and sets of policies to strengthen the integration of agriculture and nutrition. This paper reviewed the major challenges about China’s food security and put forward a new vision based on international experiences, which aimed at providing recommendations for designing China’s food security strategy. The key food security challenges include natural and environmental pressure, such as insufficiency and degradation of land resources, shortage and pollution of water resources, climate change and extreme disaster, fiscal pressure caused by increasing agriculture subsidy, Triple Burden of malnutrition, food safety issues and food loss and waste. It requires institutional and technical innovations for the transformation of agriculture development which means that more value added, nutritious and healthy food should be produced, the productivity and efficiency of water, land and energy should be improved, and environmentally friendly social inclusive development should be considered. All of those call for a transformation of China’s food security strategy. This paper put forwards a new vision for China’s food security: China should set nutrition-oriented food security strategy with nutrition indicators as key targeted goals, aim to eliminate hunger and undernutrition by 2025 while effectively reducing overweight/ obesity and food safety risks. Therefore policy innovations are recommended including: Improve nutrition governance, Market motivated and nutrition oriented agriculture support system, Promote Nutrition-based Food Production, Establish efficient, safe, and inclusive food value chains, Policy innovation for sustainable nutritious diet and nutrition education, and Evidence based research to support policy making.     

水景资源区环境质量评价研究——以黄果树景区为例

区域环境质量的优劣是由多种因素共同作用的结果,但其中总存在某些关键性因素或限制性因素,对环境质量的演化发展起重要作用。水景资源区环境质量的发展演化,无不与水这一关键性因素有关。该研究以黄果树景区为例,分析了水景资源区环境质量的限制性因素,提出了环境质量评价的基本方法。