对导入Suwan1玉米种质选育自交系的评价

试验选用地方常用系甸骨11A、红玉米、长3、Mo17、黄早四导入Suwan1种质选育的自交系5份,分别与选定测验种杂交。通过改良系与未改良系、改良杂交种与未改杂交种的比较,结果表明改良系生育期延后,穗行数增加、百粒重下降、单株产量提高,增产幅度在3.9%～43.5%。改良系与选定测验种的杂种优势表现:甸骨11A改良系与红玉米、红玉米改良系与甸骨11A、长3改良系与海014的产量对照优势显著高于相邻对照;红玉米改良系与C500、Mo17改良系与B73和444的产量对照优势为正,长3改良系与龙抗11,黄早四改良系与Mo17和8112的产量对照优势为负,但与相邻对照差异均不显著;甸骨11A改良系与早大黄的产量对照优势为负并差异显著,其杂交种丝黑穗发病率25.3%。     

丹玉旅系改良的创新思路

丹玉旅系是我国玉米育种界公认的五大优良自交系之一,为扩增玉米种质资源,培育高产优质杂交种做了巨大贡献。许多育种者对丹玉旅系进行了大量的改良、扩增与创新,选育出旅9、旅9宽、E28、丹340等31个优良自交系,在生产上大面积应用。丹玉旅系改良的成功思路是从变异中选择,旅系间相互改良,旅系与黄改系改良,旅系与综合种的改良。为进一步改良旅系的抗病性、抗倒性、配合力等,探讨新的创新思路:用外杂选亚群自交系改良旅系,用Reid群自交系改良旅系,以提高玉米育种效率和杂种优势利用水平。     

水稻三系不育系优质高产繁殖技术

三系杂交水稻种子生产过程中,不育系种子质量是影响杂交水稻种子质量的关键因素之一。总结近几年三系不育系繁殖工作的经验,从基地选择、播种、移栽、去杂、收获等环节层层控制,确保不育系种子质量和产量,为三系杂交水稻种子生产提供高质量亲本种子作支撑。     

7份白肋烟雄性不育系与同型可育系性状比较

以7份白肋烟雄性不育系与对应的同型可育系为供试材料,比较不育系与同型可育系的综合性状。结果表明,MSVA1053、MSVA1061、MSVA528、MSVA1050、MS鄂白010、MS鄂白001和MS建选3号等7份不育系遗传性状稳定,特征特性及综合性状与同型可育系一致,己转育成为各对应品种的雄性不育的同型系。     

小麦-中间偃麦草衍生系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

对阿勃缺体与小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体中2经杂交、回交选育的两个衍生系(衍生系Ⅰ和衍生系Ⅱ)研究表明,两个衍生系在形态学和细胞学上已经基本稳定,细胞学鉴定结果均为2n=44=22″。两个衍生系与阿勃二体杂交F1花粉母细胞染色体构型以及基因组原位杂交结果表明,衍生系Ⅰ为小麦-中间偃麦草异代换-附加系,衍生系Ⅱ为小麦-中间偃麦草异附加系。     

28份玉米单倍体诱导系的诱导率表现及聚类分析

以28份外引及自育单倍体诱导系为父本、粤甜28为母本,经诱导率测定及聚类分析,对诱导系改良效果进行评价。结果表明,所有外引及自育诱导系诱导率均高于原始诱导系Stock6,变幅在0.43%~3.57%,(高诱1号×EDI)×EDI?-2、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_3-5、Y04-3912、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_2F_2-19及高诱1号等5份诱导系诱导率低于1%,其余22份诱导系诱导率均高于1%,且显著或极显著高于原始诱导系Stock6。聚类分析发现,在相似系数0.58处可将28份诱导系划分为3大类,第Ⅰ大类包含25份诱导系,包含2个亚群,其中,第一亚群含20份诱导系,第二亚群含5份诱导系;第Ⅱ类包含Stock6、新选系S1-4等2份诱导系;第Ⅲ类中仅含诱导系Y04-3912。综合来看,对原始诱导系Stock6的诱导率改良较为成功,改良系与原始诱导系Stock6间存在较大的遗传差异,改良系遗传基础仍较狭窄,需进一步拓宽诱导系种质基础。     

同核异质温敏核不育水稻光合特性的细胞质效应

以来源于不同地域的8个水稻品种为细胞质供体,以温敏核不育系株1S、准S作为细胞核供体,分别连续回交12次,得到株1S和准S 2套核背景的同核异质温敏核不育系,比较了新质源不育系与其对照不育系的光合特性。结果表明,在株1S同核异质不育系中,以日本晴为细胞质源的不育系株1-5S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P均显著大于对照株1S,而以V20A为细胞质源的不育系株1-3S则显著小于对照株1S;在准S同核异质不育系中,以茶陵野生稻为细胞质源的不育系准-8S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P均显著大于对照准S,而以Lemont为细胞质源的不育系准-7S的Pn、Fv'/Fm'、Phi PS2和q P及以V20A为细胞质源的不育系准-3S的Pn则显著小于对照准S。V20A细胞质对不育系的光合效率有负效应,茶陵野生稻细胞质和日本晴细胞质在特定的质核互作中有明显的正效应。     

基于SSR标记的中籼型两系杂交水稻亲本遗传差异分析

利用48对SSR引物对50份中籼型两系杂交水稻骨干亲本或改良系进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,基于SSR分子标记的遗传聚类结果与供试材料的系谱关系高度一致,不育系和恢复系明显聚类为2个群组(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),2个群组内的平均遗传距离差异不明显。湖南隆平高科种业科学研究院有限公司选育的多数不育系材料聚合为不育系群组下的一个单独亚组(Ⅰ-4),且在4个不育系亚组中具有最大的组内平均遗传距离。华占衍生系和广东常规稻独立于9311衍生系或近缘系,且已明显分化为2个亚组(Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3)。华占衍生系或近缘系组存在一定程度的同质化问题,为进一步拓展此群组与湖南隆平高科种业科学研究院有限公司不育系群组之间的遗传距离,提高群组间的杂种优势水平,需继续引入华南优质、高抗、广适种质进行改良。     

高异交率两系不育系荃211S的选育及应用

荃211S系安徽荃银高科种业股份有限公司以抗倒性强、异交率高的两系不育系1892S为母本,米质优的两系不育系03S为父本进行杂交,后经8代自交育成的新的两系不育系,具有不育起点温度低、米质优、异交率高的优点,2012年8月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定。介绍了荃211S的选育过程、特征特性和配组表现。     

高配合力优质籼型两系不育系504S的选育与应用

504S系安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所以籼型两系不育系1892S为母本,以自育三系保持系65B（丰8B/早籼M057）为父本,经5年8代选择育成的优质籼型温敏核不育系。该不育系具有株型紧凑、叶色深绿、分蘖力强、不育起点温度低、异交结实率较高、配合力强等特性,2013年8月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。利用504S所配制的两系杂交籼稻新组合两优5078和两优5077具有优质、高产、抗逆的特点,分别于2019年和2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.