稻田CH4和N2O排放对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究进展

大气CO_2浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO_2浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO_2浓度升高影响CH_4和N_2O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

稻鸭共作对不同栽培环境稻季CH4和N2O排放的影响

稻田是大气温室气体甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源, 稻田温室气体减排一直是生态农业研究的热点。目前, 采用水稻品种选择利用、水分控制管理、肥料运筹管理、耕作制度调整以及种养结合模式等方法来减少稻田温室气体排放有较好实践效应, 但不同稻田栽培环境(露地、网室)基础上的稻鸭共作对麦秸全量还田的稻田温室气体排放特征及相关土壤理化特性关联性的影响尚为少见。本研究采用裂区设计, 在两种栽培环境条件下, 以无鸭子放养的常规稻作和麦秸不还田为对照, 在等养分条件下分析麦秸全量还田与稻鸭共作模式对稻田土壤氧化还原电位、CH₄排放量、产CH₄潜力及CH₄氧化能力、N₂O排放量及N₂O排放高峰期土壤反硝化酶活性、全球增温潜势、水稻产量的影响, 为稻田可持续生产和温室气体减排提供参考。结果表明, 麦秆还田增加了稻田产CH₄潜力、提高了CH₄排放量, 降低了稻田土壤反硝化酶活性、土壤氧化还原电位和N₂O排放量, 整体上导致全球增温潜势上升96.89%~123.02%; 稻鸭共作模式, 由于鸭子的不间断活动提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低了稻田产CH₄潜力, 增强了稻田CH₄氧化能力, 从而降低稻田CH₄排放量, N₂O排放量虽有提高, 整体上稻鸭共作模式的全球增温潜势较无鸭常规稻田下降8.72%~14.18%; 网室栽培模式显著提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低稻田产CH₄潜力、CH₄氧化能力和土壤反硝化酶活性, 减少了稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量, 全球增温潜势降低6.35%~13.14%。本试验条件下, 稻田土壤的CH₄氧化能力是产CH₄潜力的2.21~3.81倍; 相同环境条件下, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田均能增加水稻实际产量, 网室栽培的所有处理较相应的露地栽培减少了水稻实际产量1.19%~5.48%。本试验表明, 稻鸭共作和网室栽培可减缓全球增温潜势, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田能够增加水稻实际产量。     

基于冬种不同作物的水旱轮作模式对水稻产量及稻田CH_4、N_2O排放的影响

为探究冬种不同作物、水旱轮作措施对稻田丰产及温室气体减排的影响,本研究设置5种种植模式,即紫云英-早稻-晚稻(CRR)、紫云英-早稻-甘薯‖晚大豆(CRI)、油菜-早稻-晚稻(RRR)、油菜-早稻-甘薯‖晚大豆(RRI)、马铃薯-早稻-晚稻(PRR),采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH_4、N_2O的全年排放通量,研究基于冬季不同作物的不同水旱轮作模式对水稻产量、全球增温潜势(GWP)及温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明,冬种不同作物均能提高早稻的产量,但对晚稻产量基本无影响,其中紫云英对早稻产量增效最好,CRI处理分别较其他处理高1.73%、12.08%、7.48%、10.95%;水旱轮作处理较双季稻处理可以获得更高的产量,RRI处理晚稻产量较其他4个处理分别高22.54%、5.37%、29.83%、27.24%。冬种不同作物对CH_4、N_2O排放无显著影响(P>0.05),水旱轮作显著增加了N_2O排放,显著降低了CH_4排放(P<0.05)。5种种植模式中,RRI处理的GWP最低,且显著低于CRR、RRR、PRR处理(P<0.05),分别低25.54%、29.76%、20.78%。RRI处理的GHGI最低,较其他处理分别显著低32.51%、18.18%、30.77%、20.59%(P<0.05)。综上,RRI处理在增加作物产量、减少稻田温室气体排放方面表现最好。本研究结果为长江中游双季稻区稻田丰产及温室气体减排提供了理论依据。     

基于DNDC模型模拟江汉平原稻田不同种植模式条件下温室气体排放

稻田被认为是温室气体CH_4和N_2O的主要排放源之一。湖北省江汉平原地区水稻常年种植面积约8×105 hm2,占湖北省水稻种植面积的40%左右。研究江汉平原地区稻田温室气体排放特征,对于评估区域稻田温室气体排放以及稻田温室气体减排具有重要意义。目前,DNDC模型已被广泛应用于模拟和估算田间尺度的温室气体排放,DNDC模型与地理信息系统(Arc GIS)结合,可进行区域尺度的温室气体排放模拟与估算。本研究以湖北省典型稻作区江汉平原为研究区域,运用DNDC模型模拟和估算江汉平原稻田区域尺度的温室气体排放。设置大田定点观测试验,监测中稻-小麦(RW)、中稻-油菜(RR)、中稻-冬闲(RF)3种种植模式下稻田温室气体CH_4和N_2O的周年排放特征。通过田间观测值与DNDC模拟值的比较进行模型验证,并利用获取DNDC模型所需的气象、土壤、作物及田间管理等区域数据,模拟江汉平原稻田不同种植模式下温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放量。田间试验表明,江汉平原稻田RW、RR和RF模型的CH_4排放通量为-2.80~39.78 mg·m-2·h-1、-1.74~42.51 mg·m-2·h-1和-1.57~55.64 mg·m-2·h-1,N_2O周年排放通量范围分别为0~1.90 mg·m-2·h-1、0~1.76mg·m-2·h-1和0~1.49 mg·m-2·h-1;CH_4排放量RW和RR模式显著高于RF模式,N_2O排放量为RF显著低于RW和RR模式。模型验证结果表明,不同种植模式温室气体排放实测值与模拟值比较的决定系数(R2)为0.85~0.98,相对误差绝对值(RAE)为8.29%~16.42%。根据DNDC模型模拟和估算的结果,江汉平原区域稻田CH_4周年的排放量为0.292 9 Tg C,N_2O周年的排放量为0.009 2 Tg N,不同种植模式稻田CH_4排放量表现为RWRRRF,N_2O排放量表现为RWRFRR,增温潜势(GWP)表现为RWRRRF。不同地区稻田CH_4排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县天门市仙桃市洪湖市松滋市汉川市潜江市石首市荆州市江陵县赤壁市嘉鱼县,N_2O排放量表现为监利县荆门市公安县洪湖市仙桃市天门市汉川市潜江市松滋市荆州市江陵县赤壁市石首市嘉鱼县。本研究结果表明DNDC模型能较好地应用于模拟江汉平原稻田温室气体排放,RR和RF模式相比RW模式可有效减少温室气体CH_4和N_2O的排放。     

稻虾共作对秸秆还田后稻田温室气体排放的影响

稻虾共作模式是稻田种养复合模式的重要组成部分,其主要特点是稻草全量还田、非稻季持续淹水和周年养殖克氏原螯虾。目前对稻虾共作模式稻田温室气体排放的影响尚不清楚。本研究以江汉平原冬泡无稻草还田为对照,设置冬泡+稻草还田和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理,探讨稻草还田及稻虾共作对稻田系统CH_4、N_2O和CO_2排放的影响,为准确评估稻田温室气体排放提供数据支撑和理论支持。结果表明,在大田监测期间,冬泡+稻草还田处理CH_4累积排放量比冬泡无稻草还田处理显著增加(P0.05),2015年和2016年增幅分别为27.23%和60.08%;冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理CH_4累积排放量比冬泡+稻草还田显著降低(P0.05),2015年和2016年降幅分别为29.02%和41.19%。冬泡+稻草还田处理CO_2累积排放比冬泡无稻草还田处理显著提高;与冬泡无稻草还田处理相比较,冬泡+稻草还田处理和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾处理对N_2O累积排放无显著影响。从温室效应角度看,冬泡+稻草还田处理温室效应比冬泡无稻草还田处理大幅度增加,而冬泡+稻草还田基础上进行养虾则可大幅度降低CH_4排放,从而降低因秸秆还田带来的温室效应增强。所有处理水稻产量无显著差异,与冬泡+稻草还田处理相比,冬泡+稻草还田+养虾可显著降低温室气体排放强度。和冬泡无稻草还田处理相比,冬泡+稻草还田和冬泡+稻草还田+养虾对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、乙酸和NH_4~+-N并无显著影响。冬泡+稻草还田+养虾可极显著提高单位面积收益。     

长期施肥下黑土玉米田土壤温室气体的排放特征

研究不同施肥措施下东北黑土区玉米农田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的排放量及其增温潜势,将为制定农业温室气体减排措施提供理论依据。本研究以国家(公主岭)黑土长期定位试验为平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对不同施肥措施下玉米农田土壤温室气体排放通量进行了监测,并分析了不同施肥处理间玉米田的综合温室效应差异。结果表明:各施肥处理土壤温室气体CO_2和N_2O的排放高峰均出现在玉米拔节期。农家肥和化肥配施(M_2NPK)处理土壤CO_2、N_2O排放通量和CH_4吸收量均显著高于施化肥处理(P0.05);施用化肥处理土壤CO_2、N_2O排放通量高于不施肥处理;撂荒区土壤CO_2排放通量最高,而土壤N_2O排放通量显著低于施肥处理;等施氮量条件下,化肥(NPK)处理土壤N_2O排放通量明显高于秸秆还田(SNPK)处理,而土壤CH4净吸收量结果则截然相反。从土壤综合温室效应和温室气体强度可分析出,与不施肥(CK)比较,偏施化肥N和NPK处理的综合温室效应(GWP)分别增加了142%和32%,SNPK综合温室效应降低了38%;尤其是有机无机配施(M_2NPK)处理的综合温室效应为负值,为净碳汇。平衡施肥NPK和有机无机肥配施(SNPK和M_2NPK)温室气体排放强度(GHGI)较弱,显著低于不施肥(CK)和偏施化肥(N)处理,其中M2NPK为-222 kg CO_2-eq·t~(-1)。因此,为同步实现较高的玉米产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,有机无机肥配施是东北黑土区较为理想的土壤培肥方式。     

不同施氮水平下水稻田温室气体排放影响研究

氮肥施用量是影响农业生产过程中温室气体排放的重要因素。为探究合适的施氮量以保障水稻产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少温室气体排放,本研究在试验田设置6个施氮水平(0、75、150、225、300、375kg N·hm~(-2)),收集种植过程中主要农业温室气体甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O),计算排放总量、全球变暖潜能(GWP)及其与施氮水平和环境条件之间的相关性。结果表明,225 kg N·hm~(-2)的施氮水平下,水稻在保持较高产量的同时,相较于其他处理单位粮食产量下排放更少的GWP,每千克水稻产量排放GWP值为0.31 kg CO_2-eq(二氧化碳当量);N_2O排放总量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,CH_4排放总量随施氮量增加而减少,CH_4和N_2O排放高峰期分别集中在种植前期和中后期。本研究结果为杭州地区水稻种植合理施肥量提供了理论依据。     

冬季施用鸡粪和生物炭对南方稻田土壤CO2与CH4排放的影响

生物炭的利用近年来是农田土壤固碳减排研究中的热点。本研究通过在冬季稻田养鸡,结合生物炭添加,采用箱式法结合温室气体分析仪定量测定冬季稻田和双季稻期间土壤CO_2和CH_4排放通量,分别估算冬季稻田和双季稻期间土壤CO_2和CH_4排放总量,评估生物炭和鸡粪添加对土壤碳排放的影响。结果表明,鸡粪还田处理显著提高了土壤CO_2的排放,冬季稻田和水稻生育期排放量分别达9 935.39 kg·hm~(-2)和27 756.34kg·hm~(-2),比对照增加58.7倍(P0.01)和56%(P0.05);生物炭添加处理冬季稻田和水稻生育期CO_2累积排放量比对照高12.3倍(P0.01)和41%(P0.05)。鸡粪还田处理下冬季稻田和水稻生育期稻田的CH_4排放量均显著高于其他处理;而生物碳添加对冬季稻田CH_4排放无显著影响,但显著降低了水稻生育期稻田的CH_4排放。鸡粪还田配施生物炭处理也显著提高了稻田土壤CO_2的排放。冬季稻田时,鸡粪还田配施生物炭土壤CO_2累积排放量显著高于鸡粪还田处理;而水稻生育期时,鸡粪还田配施生物炭处理下土壤CO_2累积排放量显著低于鸡粪还田处理。鸡粪还田下添加生物碳可以降低因鸡粪还田引起的CH_4排放增加的效应。总之,鸡粪原位还田显著增加了冬季稻田和水稻生育期稻田的CO_2和CH_4排放;无论是冬季稻田还是水稻生育期,生物炭的添加都降低了土壤CH_4的排放,且生物炭添加后期有抑制土壤CO_2排放的作用。因此,从更长的时间尺度来看,生物炭施入土壤有利于土壤固碳减排。     

农业生态系统和温室效应

<正> 本文讨论对流层中CH_4和N_2O浓度如何增长,对温室效应以及对臭氧层破坏的影响。农业生态系统是这两种气体的排放源,讨论中也涉及到产生这些气体的机制,以及向大气中的排放量和减少排放量的技术。一、大气中CH_4和N_2O浓度变化及其对温室效应的作用     

水肥管理对鄱阳湖流域稻田温室气体排放的影响

为探明水肥管理模式对稻田温室气体(CH_4,CO_2和N_2O)的影响规律,以鄱阳湖流域赣抚平原灌区稻田为研究对象,考虑间歇灌溉(W1)和淹灌(W0)2种灌溉模式,不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1,135 kg/hm~2)和常规施氮(N2,180 kg/hm~2)3种施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定气体排放量,结合产量计算温室气体排放强度。结果表明:稻田CH_4和CO_2排放通量全天内表现为单峰模式,CH_4日排放峰值在14:00—15:00,CO_2排放峰值提前约1～2 h,而N_2O排放通量全天内则表现为上午、傍晚和深夜的三峰模式。08:00—11:00内3种气体校正系数和综合值均比较接近1,是进行田间观测的最佳时段。稻田CH_4排放通量在生育前期迅速增长达到峰值,中后期相对平缓并伴有1～2个小峰值。间歇灌溉CH_4排放通量较少。不同水肥处理下CO_2排放的峰值出现次数一致,主要在分蘖前期、乳熟期和黄熟期。2种灌溉模式的CO_2排放规律一致,但间歇灌溉下CO_2排放量更多。稻田N_2O的排放整体水平呈现较低状态,各处理的N_2O排放峰值出现在抽穗开花期末。稻田温室气体排放引起的增温潜势受灌溉模式的影响极显著。与W0相比,W1在N0、N1、N2水平下分别降低增温潜势36.1%、33.9%和23.2%(P0.05)。地温和气温是重要的环境影响因子,CH_4和CO_2对地温的敏感性高于气温,9月典型日的温度敏感系数更高。W1N1处理的温室气体排放强度最低,从减排增产角度为鄱阳湖流域推荐的稻田水肥管理模式。     

Effect of the long-term application of organic matter on soil carbon accumulation and GHG emissions from a rice paddy field in a cool-temperate region,Japan. -I. Comparison of rice straw and rice straw compost -

ABSTRACT

The influence of the long-term combination of rice straw removal and rice straw compost application on methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and soil carbon accumulation in rice paddy fields was clarified. In each of the initial and continuous application fields (3 and 39?51 years, respectively), three plots with different applications of organic matter were established, namely, rice straw application (RS), rice straw compost application (SC) and no application (NA) plots, and soil carbon storage (0?15 cm), rice grain yield and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured for three years. The soil carbon sequestration rate by the organic matter application was higher in the SC plot than in the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields, and it was lower in the continuous application field than in the initial application field. The rice grain yield in the SC plot was significantly higher than those in the other plots in both the initial and continuous application fields. Cumulative CH₄ emissions followed the order of the NA plot < the SC plot < the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields. The effect of the organic matter application on the N₂O emissions was not clear. In both the initial and continuous application fields, the increase in CH₄ emission by the rice straw application exceeded the soil carbon sequestration rate, and the change in the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance calculated by the difference between them was a positive, indicating a net increase in the GHG emissions. However, the change in the GHG balance by the rice straw compost application showed negative (mitigating GHG emissions) for the initial application field, whereas it showed positive for the continuous application field. Although the mitigation effect on the GHG emissions by the combination of the rice straw removal and rice straw compost application was reduced by 21% after 39 years long-term application, it is suggested that the combination treatment is a sustainable management that can mitigate GHG emissions and improve crop productivity.     

Characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields in South Korea under climate change scenario RCP-8.5 using the DNDC model

Understanding the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission from rice paddy fields is essential to come up with appropriate countermeasure in response to global warming.However,GHG emissions from paddy fields in South Korea are not well characterized.The objectives of this study were to estimate the carbon dioxide(CO₂)and methane(CH₄)emissions from rice paddy fields in South Korea,under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5(RCP-8.5)climate change scenario using the DNDC(i.e.,DeNitrification-DeComposition)model at 1-km²resolution.The performance of the model was verified with field data collected using a closed chamber,which supports the application of the model to South Korea.Both the model predictions and field measurements showed that most(>95%)GHG emissions occur in the cropping period,between April and October.As a baseline(assuming no climate change),the national sums of the CO₂and CH₄emissions for the 2020 s and 2090 s were estimated to be 5.8×10⁶and 6.0×10⁶t CO₂-equivalents(CO₂-eq)year^-1for CO₂and 6.4×10⁶and 6.6×10⁶t CO₂-eq year^-1for CH₄,respectively,indicating no significant changes over 80 years.Under RCP-8.5,in the 2090 s,CH₄emissions were predicted to increase by 10.7×10⁶and 14.9×10⁶t CO₂-eq year^-1,for a 10-or 30-cm tillage depth,respectively.However,the CO₂emissions gradually decreased with rising temperatures,due to reduced root respiration.Deep tillage increased the emissions of both GHGs,with a more pronounced effect for CH₄than CO₂.Intermittent drainage in the middle of the cropping season can attenuate the CH₄emissions from paddy fields.The findings of this work will aid in developing nationwide policies on agricultural land management in the face of climate change.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduces CH4 and N2O emissions under two contrasting rice cultivars from a subtropical paddy field in China

Elevated CO₂(eCO₂) and rice cultivars can strongly alter CH₄ and N₂ O emissions from paddy fields.However,detailed information on how their interaction affects greenhouse gas fluxes in the field is still lacking.In this study,we investigated CH4 and N₂ O emissions and rice growth under two contrasting rice cultivars(the strongly and weakly responsive cultivars) in response to eCO₂,200 μmol mol^-1 higher than the ambient ...     

水稻植株特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制的研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的口粮作物,稻田是重要温室气体甲烷的主要排放源之一。水稻植株特性既是水稻产量形成的关键因子,也是稻田甲烷排放的主要影响因子。但是,至今关于水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的调控效应及其机制仍存在许多不一致的认识。为此,本文从形态特征、生理生态特征、植株-环境互作等方面,对现有的相关研究进行了综合论述。水稻地上部形态特征如分蘖数、株高、叶面积等对稻田甲烷排放的影响的研究结果不尽相同,起关键作用的是地下系统。优化光合产物分配在持续淹水的情况下可以减少稻田甲烷排放。提高水稻生物量在低碳土壤增加稻田甲烷排放,但在高碳土壤下降低甲烷排放。本文还明确了相关研究现状和存在的问题。在此基础上,作者认为未来应加强水稻根系形态及其生理特征,以及水稻植株-土壤环境(尤其是水分管理和养分管理)互作对稻田甲烷产生、氧化和排放影响的研究,在方法上应加强微区试验和大田试验的结合,并开展植株和稻田的碳氮互作效应及其机制研究,为高产低碳排放的水稻品种选育和低碳稻作模式创新提供理论参考和技术指导。     

Effect of calcium silicate on nutrient use of lowland rice and greenhouse gas emission from a paddy soil under alternating wetting and drying

In intensively irrigated rice cultivation, plant-available silicon (Si) is a crucial nutrient for improving rice productivity. As a source of Si, calcium silicate (CaSiO₃) was amended to evaluate the effect of silicate fertilizer on rice production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission under alternating wetting and drying in a pot experiment using a tropical soil from a paddy field of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines. Four levels of CaSiO₃ amendment, 0, 112.7, 224.5, and 445.8 kg ha^-1, with the recommended N rate were tested. The results showed that although CaSiO₃ amendment of 112.7 kg ha^-1 resulted in higher rice straw, improved N use efficiency, and reduced N₂O emission, there was no difference in grain yield among the four levels of CaSiO₃ amendment owing to relatively lower harvest index. Moreover, CaSiO₃ amendment showed a reverse trend between CH₄ and N₂O emissions as it reduced N₂O emission while led to significantly increased CH₄ emission and global warming potential. Thus, CaSiO₃ amendment was a possible alternative to improve N use efficiency and increase rice straw biomass, but it needs to be reviewed in line with grain yield production and GHG emission. It is also imperative to test an optimal method of silicate fertilizer amendment in future research in order to compromise a negative impact in tropical soils.     

太湖地区不同水旱轮作方式下稻季甲烷和氧化亚氮排放研究

为准确编制我国稻田温室气体排放清单及制定合理减排措施提供基础数据,选择太湖地区典型水稻种植区江苏省苏州市,研究设计了休闲水稻(对照,CK)、紫云英水稻(T1)、黑麦草水稻(T2)、小麦水稻(T3)和油菜水稻(T4)5种水旱轮作方式,采用静态箱气相色谱法,开展了不同水旱轮作方式下水稻生长季田间甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放监测试验。试验结果表明:不同水旱轮作方式下水稻生长季CH4排放通量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,CH4排放峰值出现在水稻生育前期,移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期CH4累积排放量占全生育期排放总量的比例为65%~81%,而N2O仅在水稻烤田期间有明显排放。水旱轮作方式对稻季CH4和N2O排放有极显著(P 0.01)影响,CH4季节总排放量表现为T1(283.2 kg.hm 2)CK(139.5 kg.hm 2)T3(123.4kg.hm 2)T4(114.7 kg.hm 2)T2(100.8 kg.hm 2),N2O季节总排放量顺序为T1 T4 T3 T2 CK,依次为1.06kg.hm 2、0.87 kg.hm 2、0.81 kg.hm 2、0.72 kg.hm 2和0.53 kg.hm 2。T1处理稻季排放CH4和N2O产生的增温潜势最高[7 396 kg(CO2).hm 2],显著(P 0.05)高于其他处理,比CK[3 646 kg(CO2).hm 2]增加103%,T2[2 735kg(CO2).hm 2]较CK减少25%(P 0.05)。紫云英水稻轮作方式增加了太湖地区水稻生长季的温室效应。     

不同施肥处理稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放特征

采用静态箱－气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理(NPKS、CK、NPK和NKM)的稻田CH₄和N₂O排放进行了观测。结果表明，稻田CH₄和N₂O排放季节变化规律明显不同，二者排放通量季节变化呈显著负相关(p<0.01)。与单施化肥和CK相比，施用有机肥显著促进CH₄排放，排放量最高的NPKS处理早晚稻田排放量分别是：526.68 kg/hm²和1072.92 kg/hm²。对于N₂O排放，早稻田各处理间差异不显著，NPK处理排放量最大，为1.48 kg/hm²；晚稻田各处理差异极显著(p<0.01)，NPKS处理排放量最大，为1.40 kg/hm²。晚稻田CH₄排放通量和10 cm土层温度及土壤pH值相关极显著(p<0.01)，并与二者存在显著的指数关系。没发现N₂O排放通量与温度及pH值间存在显著相关。稻田CH₄和N₂O排放受多种因素影响，但对全球变暖的贡献率CH₄远大于N₂O。NPKS处理的增温潜势最大，NPK处理的最小。     

Contribution of fallow periods between rice crops to seasonal GHG emissions: effect of water and tillage management

ABSTRACT

Irrigated rice cultivation is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are emitted not only throughout the growing season but also in the fallow period between crops. A study was conducted for two transition periods between rice crops (dry to wet season transition and wet to dry season transition) in the Philippines to investigate the effect of water and tillage management on CH₄ and N₂O emissions as well as on soil nitrate and ammonium. Management treatments between rice crops included (1) continuous flooding (F), (2) soil drying (D), (3) soil drying with aerobic tillage (D + T), and (4) soil drying and wetting (D + W). The static closed chamber method was used to measure CH₄ and N₂O fluxes.

Soil nitrate accumulated and N₂O was emitted in treatments with soil drying. Nitrate disappeared while ammonium gradually increased after the soil was flooded during land preparation, indicating net nitrogen mineralization. N₂O emissions were highest in both transition periods in D + W (437 and 645 µg N₂O m^?2 h^?1). Methane emissions were significant in only the F treatment. The highest global warming potential (GWP) in the transition between rice crops occurred in F, with CH₄ contributing almost 100% to the GWP. The GWP from other treatments was lower than F, with about 60–99% of the GWP attributed to N₂O emissions in treatments with soil drying. The GWP in the transition between rice crops represented up to 26% of the total GWP from harvest to harvest. This study demonstrates that the transition period can be an important source of GHG emissions with relative importance of CH₄ and N₂O depending on the soil water regime. Therefore, the transition period should not be disregarded when estimating GHG emissions for rice cropping systems.     

Greenhouse gas emissions in response to straw incorporation,water management and their interaction in a paddy field in subtropical central China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of combination of straw incorporation and water management on fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a paddy field in subtropical central China by using a static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method. Four treatments were set up: two rice straw incorporation rates at 0 (S1) and 6 (S2) t ha^?1 combined with two water managements of intermittent irrigation (W1, with mid-season drainage) and continuous flooding (W2, without mid-season drainage). The cumulative seasonal CH₄ emissions for the treatments of S1W2, S2W1 and S2W2 increased significantly by 1.84, 5.47 and 6.63 times, respectively, while seasonal N₂O emissions decreased by 0.67, 0.29 and 1.21 times, respectively, as compared to S1W1 treatment. The significant increase in the cumulative Rh for the treatments S1W1, S2W1 and S2W2 were 0.54, 1.35 and 0.52 times, respectively, in comparison with S1W2. On a seasonal basis, both the CO₂-equivalents (CO₂e) and yield-scaled CO₂e (GHGI) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions increased with straw incorporation and continuous flooding, following the order: S2W2>S2W1>S1W2>S1W1. Thus, the practices of in season straw incorporation should be discouraged, while mid-season drainage is recommended in paddy rice production from a point view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.