新疆甜瓜对瓜类疫霉菌抗性的诱导

用弱致病的和灭活的瓜类疫霉菌 (Phytophthoramelonis)培养物成功地诱导了新疆甜瓜对瓜类疫霉病的整体抗性 ,抗性持续可达 2 1d ,同时探讨了不同处理方法对甜瓜诱导抗性的影响     

诱导免疫哈密瓜的某些生理生化特性研究

 应用病毒、细菌、真菌,以及病原菌体及其代谢物作为诱导因子,已在多种作物上获得对病毒的整体免疫,有些已开始在田间应用,我们也曾应用人工诱导免疫的方法使哈密瓜获得对瓜类疫霉病的抗性。目前对植物诱导免疫的机理,尤其是用病原菌代谢物作为诱导因子进行了研究。     

四种化合物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的效果及其相关防御基因表达分析

为探究水杨酸、壳聚糖、麦角甾醇和纤维二糖4种化合物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的效果及其作用机理，采用整株喷雾法、挑战接种法、菌丝生长速率法分析4种化合物对马铃薯晚疫病的预防作用及对其病原菌致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans的离体抑制效果，利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定4种化合物诱导后马铃薯病程相关蛋白和防御酶基因的调控表达情况。结果显示，水杨酸、壳聚糖、纤维二糖和麦角甾醇分别处理马铃薯植株24 h后接种致病疫霉，在多个浓度下对晚疫病均有不同程度的诱导抗性，其中在1 000 μmol/L浓度（壳聚糖浓度为1 000 mg/L）时诱导抗性最好，较对照显著提高，诱抗效果分别为54.73%、61.99%、59.73%和48.59%。壳聚糖对马铃薯晚疫病的诱抗效果高于其它3种化合物，且只有壳聚糖能显著抑制致病疫霉的菌丝生长和孢子囊形成，说明壳聚糖除了能诱导作物产生抗病性外，还具有直接抑菌作用。4种化合物诱导后马铃薯病程相关蛋白基因PR1、过氧化物酶基因POD和多酚氧化酶基因PPO的表达量在施用早期均显著升高。表明这些化合物能诱导马铃薯对晚疫病产生抗性，可能与马铃薯体内过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶的活性和抗病信号传导途径关键基因PR1的表达有关。     

NbRbohB基因在本氏烟与疫霉菌互作中的功能分析

活性氧(active oxygen species, AOS)在植物抗病中发挥着重要作用,主要由NADPH氧化酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase)系统产生.为明确NADPH氧化酶NbRbohB基因在本氏烟与疫霉菌亲和与非亲和性互作中的功能,采用荧光定量PCR技术以及病毒诱导的基因沉默方法探究了NbRbohB基因在本氏烟中对2种疫霉菌抗性中的作用,并利用NADPH氧化酶抑制剂对辣椒疫霉的抗性进行了检测.结果发现:2种疫霉菌均能诱导本氏烟发生氧迸发,且NbRbohB基因可能参与了疫霉菌诱导本氏烟发生的氧迸发过程.该基因沉默后降低了本氏烟对亲和互作辣椒疫霉菌的抗性,但对非亲和互作疫霉菌的抗性没有肉眼可见的影响;NADPH氧化酶抑制剂处理本氏烟后也能降低其对辣椒疫霉的抗性.表明该基因通过介导AOS产生,参与植物对亲和性与非亲和性互作疫霉的抗病反应,在亲和互作中尤为重要.     

荧光假单胞菌2P24防控瓜类果斑病机制初探

为初步解析荧光假单胞2P24对瓜类细果斑病的防控机制,测试其次生代谢物2,4-DAPG、MPC对西瓜嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli生长的影响,并比较分析2P24及其突变株△phlD（丧失2,4-DAPG合成能力）及△gacS（丧失2,4-DAPG、HCN、蛋白酶合成能力）的病害防控效果和对甜瓜生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,2,4-DAPG及MPC对病原菌的生长、游动性及生物膜的形成均具有抑制作用;与2P24相比,△phlD对病原菌的生长抑制降低,△gacS丧失生长抑制作用。△phlD及△gacS病害相对防治率分别下降了44.3%和77.1%。2P24对于西瓜、甜瓜幼苗有明显的促生作用,可显著提高幼苗株高和鲜重,同时发现2P24可在病原菌接种后诱导甜瓜抗性相关酶SOD、CAT、POD活性提升及3个相关抗性基因MELO3C023441、MELO3C022146及MELO3C004303的表达。本研究结果为瓜类果斑病的生物防治研究提供了参考和理论依据。     

利用诱导因子抗新疆甜瓜疫霉病的田问效果

用化学诱导因子和灭活的生物诱导因子在田间自然条件下诱导了新疆甜瓜产生对疫霉病的整体抗性.1996年的试验结果表明,用化学诱导因子诱导处理,最高诱抗效果可达79.40%,平均诱抗效果在40%以上;生物诱导因子诱导处理,最高诱抗效果为68.62%,平均诱抗效果为30%以上.1997年的试验基本上验证了1996年的结果,化学诱导因子最高诱抗效果可达60%,平均诱抗效果为35.86%,经t测验分析,诱抗效果显著.     

掘氏疫霉抗土菌灵突变体的诱导及其特性研究

掘氏疫霉Phytophthora drechsleri是引起黄瓜疫病的主要病原菌。采用紫外线诱导获得了20株掘氏疫霉抗土菌灵的突变体,并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,掘氏疫霉对土菌灵 的抗性突变频率高于对甲霜灵的抗性突变频率,但其抗性水平低于抗甲霜灵突变体,在1.3~4.3倍 之间;掘氏疫霉对土菌灵的抗性在继代培养和常温保存过程中稳定,突变体的生长速率与亲本敏感 菌株相比发生了不同程度的变化;此外,掘氏疫霉抗土菌灵突变体对甲霜灵和烯酰吗啉无交互抗性。     

利用诱导因子抗新疆甜瓜疫霉病的田间效果

用化学诱导因子和灭活的生物诱导因子在田间自然条件下诱导了新疆甜瓜产生对疫霉病的整体抗性。1996年的试验结果表明，用化学诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果可达79．40％，平均诱抗效果在40％以上；生物诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果为68．2％，平均诱抗效果为30％以上。1997年的试验基本上验证了1996年的结果，化学诱导因子最高诱抗效果可达60％，平均诱抗效果为35．86％，经t测验分析，诱抗效果显著。     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因，利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定，并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示，在苗期，有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性，有12份对CYR34表现出抗性，分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%；有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性；在成株期，有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因，其中有3份携带Yr9，有50份携带Yr18，有43份携带Yr48，有54份携带Yr65，所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67，抗性基因的组合分析发现，共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性，且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合），建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。     

水杨酸诱导辣椒抗疫病的作用研究

本文以辣椒幼苗为试验材料,研究水杨酸诱导辣椒抗疫病的作用。结果表明:辣椒幼苗经SA处理后,能显著提高对疫病的抵抗能力。在0.5~1.0 mM范围内,SA诱导抗性随其浓度升高呈递增趋势,当SA浓度达1.0 mM时,诱导抗性最强,此后随SA浓度增大,诱导抗性逐渐减弱;SA处理后1~3 d接种疫病菌,辣椒植株表达出较高的诱导抗性,持续时间达10 d左右。     

Development and evaluation of specific PCR and LAMP assays for the rapid detection of Phytophthora melonis

Phytophthora melonis is a widespread and devastating pathogen for the Cucurbitaceae family. Early and accurate detection of P. melonis is essential to control the disease in the field. To establish a simple, visual, and rapid detection system for P. melonis, we developed nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) systems based on the Ras-related protein (Ypt1) gene. All 36 isolates of P. melonis, from geographically distinct counties in China, yielded positive detection results on LAMP or nested PCR assays. No cross reaction was observed with other oomycetes or fungal pathogens. A sensitivity assay showed that both methods had a detection limit of 10 fg genomic DNA. We also detected P. melonis in diseased cucumber tissues and soils, and evaluated positive detection rates using LAMP, nested PCR, and conventional isolation methods. The results suggest that the LAMP assay has the greatest potential for active detection of P. melonis in regions that are at risk of contracting the disease, and for use in resource-poor settings.     

哈密瓜疫霉病及防治研究

自七十年代以来,我们对新疆哈密瓜主要产区出现的哈密瓜死秧问题,进行了调查研究。开始认为是由镰孢菌为害所引起的,后经反复分离、培养和回接,证明引起死秧主要是由疫霉菌(Phytophthora)为害所致,并对从乌鲁木齐地区分离得到的81-4号菌株,进行了病原菌形态、生物学特性和寄主范围的研究。确定该菌株为Phytophthora melonis Katsura。疫霉菌可侵染为害哈密瓜的根、蔓、叶和果实,以根茎部发病较多。该病多发生于7～8月,高温、高湿是发病流行的关键因素,水质、水量、前作等都直接影响病害的发生和消长。经试验示范,初步总结出一套以严格选地、合理浇水、地膜覆盖为中心的哈密瓜疫霉病综合防治措施,在生产中已初见成效。     

Changes in biochemistry and cellular ultrastructure support different resistance mechanisms to Phytophthora sojae in nonhost common bean and host soybean

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease affecting soybean production worldwide. In nature, soybean is the only economically important cultivated host of P. sojae. The aim of this study was to explain different resistance mechanisms to P. sojae in nonhost common bean and host soybean as a basis for the control of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean via nonhost resistance. Observations and measurements of disease resistance-related variables showed slight differences in structural and biochemical resistance mechanisms between common bean and soybean. P. sojae infection induced a stronger hypersensitive response in nonhost common bean than in host resistant soybean. Moreover, phytoalexin phaseollidin synthesis-related vestitone reductase gene was extremely highly up-regulated, and phytoalexin glyceollin synthesis-related isoflavone reductase gene was slightly less up-regulated in common bean than in soybean, which resulted in a higher level of phaseollidin and a lower level of glyceollin in common bean. Phaseollidin had stronger inhibitory effects on mycelial growth and oospore formation of P. sojae than glyceollin, and more cell wall depositions and callose accumulated in common bean, which are probably related to the stronger resistance of nonhost common bean to P. sojae.     

Occurrence ofFusarium oxysporum F.SP.Melonis race 1,2 on muskmelon in Israel

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis race 1,2 was isolated from wilted muskmelon plants from two sites in Israel. The isolates caused disease in all the Israeli and French differential cultivars tested, regardless of whether they were susceptible or carrying resistance genesFom 1 orFom 2. This is the first record ofF.o. f.sp.melonis race 1,2 in Israel.     

Soil amendments with Brassica cover crops for management of Phytophthora blight on squash

BACKGROUND: Phytophthora blight induced by Phytophthora capsici is responsible for serious yield loss in vegetable production in the United States and other countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Brassica cover crops used as soil amendments for managing Phytophthora blight of squash. RESULTS: In greenhouse studies, disease incidence on squash plants was significantly reduced by soil amendment with mustard shoots or roots used at 1 and 2.5% (plant tissue/soil, w/w). The shoots of canola used at 1 or 2.5% also suppressed disease, while the roots of canola or other crops did not reduce disease significantly. In field studies, soil amendments with mustard and canola provided the greatest disease reduction and increased squash yield significantly compared with the non‐treated control. Mustard and canola did not appear to be susceptible to P. capsici. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that some Brassica crops, particularly mustard and canola, had the potential to significantly reduce Phytophthora blight on squash when used as soil amendments. As P. capsici has a remarkable ability to develop resistance to chemical fungicides, use of effective Brassica cover crops could be a biorational alternative to fungicides and a valuable component in developing integrated disease management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Induced resistance againstPhytophthora capsici in pepper plants in response to DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid

Treatment of pepper plants with the nonprotein amino acid, DL-ß-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) induced resistance to subsequent infection byPhytophthora capsici. In contrast, theα-, andγ-isomers of aminobutyric acid were ineffective as inducers of resistance. A relatively high concentration of BABA at 1,000μg ml^?1, which had no antifungal activityin vitro againstP. capsici, was required to induce resistance against Phytophthora blight with a foliar and stem spray, thus leading to complete control of the disease. About 1 day interval between BABA-treatment and challenge inoculation was sufficient to induce resistance in pepper plants. High inoculum levels ofP. capsici caused Phytophthora development slowly in pepper stems treated with BABA, especially at early plant growth stage, which suggests that the induced resistance in pepper plants may be more quantitative rather than qualitative. BABA applied to the root system also protected pepper stems fromP. capsici infection.     

华南瓜类疫霉种群的致病力及其寄主嗜好性

2007—2010年从广西、广东两省(区)9个样区采集冬瓜、黄瓜疫病显症植株,经分离纯化鉴定共获得193株瓜类疫霉。采用菌丝块无伤接种法,将菌株接种冬瓜和黄瓜,测定、比较其对供试寄主植物的致病力及其寄主嗜好性。结果表明,病原群体对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力均存在明显分化现象,可分为强致病力、中等致病力及弱致病力3大类群;来自不同地区的瓜类疫霉对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力明显不同,多数样区以强致病力菌株占优势。瓜类疫霉种群中存在3种寄主嗜好型菌株,A型菌株对冬瓜和黄瓜均表现强致病力,与原始分离寄主无关;B型菌株仅对原始分离寄主冬瓜表现强致病力,而对黄瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力;C型菌株仅对原始分离寄主黄瓜表现强致病力,而对冬瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力。     

Acquired resistance triggered by elicitins in tobacco and other plants

Elicitins are a family of proteins excreted byPhytophthora spp. They exhibit high sequence homology but large net charge differences. They induce necrosis in tobacco plants which then become resistant to the tobacco pathogenPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. In stem-treated plants, resistance was not restricted to the site of elicitin application, but could be demonstrated by petiole inoculation at all levels on the stem. Resistance was already maximum after two days and lasted for at least two weeks. It was effective not only towardsP. p. var.nicotianae infection, but also against the unrelated pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast to dichloroisonicotinic acid, an artificial inducer of systemic acquired resistance, which was increasingly effective with doses ranging from 0.25 to 5mole per plant, the basic elicitin cryptogein exhibited a threshold effect, inducing near total resistance and extensive leaf necrosis above 0.1 nmole per plant. Between 1 and 5 nmole, acidic elicitins (capsicein and parasiticein) protected tobacco plants with hardly any necrotic symptom. Elicitins exhibited similar effects in various tobacco cultivars andNicotiana species, although with quantitative differences, but induced neither necrosis nor protection in other SolanaceÆ (tomato, petunia and pepper). Among 24 additional species tested belonging to 18 botanical families, only some BrassicaceÆ, noticeably rape, exhibited symptoms in response to elicitins, in a cultivar-specific manner. Elicitins appear to be natural specific triggers for systemic acquired resistance and provide a tool for unraveling the mechanisms leading to its establishment.Abbreviations AR acquired resistance - HR hypersensitive response - INA 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid - Ppn Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae - SAR systemic acquired resistance