典型城市城郊土壤重金属含量对比研究

选取成都经济区内成都、德阳、蒲江彭山3类典型城市作为研究对象,对其城郊土壤中Cd,Hg,As,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb 7种重金属元素含量作了对比研究.与国家土壤二级质量标准比较,成都、德阳、彭山蒲江Cd含量均超标,超标率分别为11.67%,70.67%,39.00%,彭山蒲江Cr含量超标,超标率为20.25%,其它元素含量均未超标.比较3类不同城市城郊土壤重金属含量.成都城郊Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量最高,Cd,Cr含量相对最低;德阳Cd,Cu最高;蒲江和彭山Cr相对最高,Hg,As,Zn,Cu,Pb含量则相对最低.与国内其他城市比较,成都、德阳城郊土壤Hg含量,彭山蒲江、德阳Cr含量在全国处于较高水平;成都的As,Cd含量,德阳的Cd,Zn含量,蒲江彭山的Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量处于全国较低水平.     

深圳市主要公园及道路绿地土壤重金属含量状况比较研究

对深圳城市主要公园和道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量状况进行取样调查分析。研究结果表明,绿地土壤重金属含量与土地利用类型有关,表现为道路绿地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量高于公园绿地土壤,而Cd平均含量则相反。采用不同土壤重金属污染评价方法对深圳城市绿地土壤进行的环境质量评价均表明深圳城市绿地土壤Cd污染现象显著。在考察的四种重金属元素中,Zn含量与土壤有机质、pH有关,其中pH对Zn含量的影响相对较大;土壤Cu与Pb、Zn呈直线相关,表现出相互依存的关系。     

长沙市韶山路沿线不同绿地土壤重金属含量及其潜在生态风险

调查和分析了长沙市韶山路沿线4种绿地类型0-20 cm土壤层重金属Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni的含量及其来源,并以湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤平均值为评价标准评价其污染程度和潜在的生态风险。结果表明,公共绿地、居住绿地和道路交通绿地土壤重金属含量普遍较高,而生产绿地的含量普遍较低,不同绿地类型土壤重金属含量空间分布差异较大。公共绿地、居住绿地和道路交通绿地中,有机质是绿地土壤重金属的主要载体,Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn来源相同的可能性较大,公共绿地和道路交通绿地中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn可能主要来源于交通活动产生的污染源,居住绿地中可能来源于生活垃圾污染源。4种绿地土壤重金属综合污染指数由高至低的排序为:道路交通绿地居住绿地公共绿地生产绿地,均处于轻度污染或警戒水平,Cd污染最为严重,Pb、Cu污染为其次,Mn、Zn、Ni污染较小。公共绿地、道路交通绿地Cd和Pb污染较重,居住绿地Cd和Cu污染较重。4种绿地土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数大小排序为:居住绿地道路交通绿地公共绿地生产绿地,均处于轻微生态危害程度,Cd的生态风险最大,Pb、Cu为其次,Zn、Mn最小。     

北京市朝阳区(五环内)绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其影响因素

为了研究和分析北京市朝阳区（五环内）土壤重金属的分布特征及影响因素,通过居住绿地、公园绿地、街旁绿地以及附属绿地（包括公共设施用地、对外交通用地和市政设施用地）4种土壤利用类型分别进行了土壤重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）以及土壤pH值、有机质的测定。结果表明:表层土壤中的重金属平均含量,除Pb外,均高于中国土壤背景值,尤其是重金属Cd,已达到0.26 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤环境质量1级标准;从土壤利用类型上来看,Cu在附属绿地土壤含量最高,达到33.576 mg/kg,Zn在居住绿地土壤含量最高,达到80.636 mg/kg,Cd在街旁绿地土壤含量最高,达到0.296 mg/kg,Pb在公园绿地土壤含量最高,达到24.706 mg/kg;在空间分布上,重金属Cu和Zn空间分布格局相类似,整体呈由西北向东南递减趋势,而Cd高值区在中部,整体北部高于南部,重金属Pb整体上呈由西南向东北递减趋势;通过相关性分析可知,土壤pH值对土壤重金属含量没有明显的影响,而土壤有机质与重金属Zn,Cd和Pb的含量有明显的相关性;4种重金属呈显著正相关（p<0.01）。     

上海宝山不同功能区表土磁化率特征及对重金属污染的指示作用

以上海宝山区为例,开展表土磁化率与其重金属含量相关性研究。根据研究区域土地功能特征,选取工业区表土、公路边表土、居民区表土和农田表土(0~5 cm)作为研究对象,共采集80个样品,进行磁化率和重金属元素(Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Cu、Pb和Cd)含量分析。结果表明,宝山各功能区表土多数重金属含量和磁化率,均不同程度地超出上海土壤背景值。其中,工业区表土重金属Zn、Cr、Pb元素含量以及公路边表土Zn、Pb、Cd元素含量均超出上海土壤背景值的4倍以上,且空间分异性较大。工业区和公路边表土磁性增强显著,且空间变异性大。工业区表土磁化率与Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);公路边表土磁化率与Zn、Cr、Mn、Cu、Fe2O_3含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。表明受工业和交通影响的表土,其磁化率对重金属污染有很好的指标作用。居民区和农田表土的磁化率,只与个别重金属元素呈显著相关,表明以土壤磁化率来指示重金属污染会受到土地利用方式及周边环境等因素的限制。     

基于光谱分析的土壤重金属含量估算研究——以三江源区玉树县和玛多县为例

以三江源区玉树县和玛多县为研究区,利用实验室测定的As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg元素含量和室内采集的土壤原始光谱及其4种转换形式,建立了光谱指标与重金属含量的多元回归模型,利用决定系数(R2)、相对分析误差(RPD)及均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型的精度。研究结果表明,土壤As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd含量与SOM、Fe、Mn、Al、Mg等元素具有显著相关关系,Hg元素则未达到显著性水平。As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd元素估算模型回归方程R2达到了0.5以上,均通过了显著性检验,其中Pb、Zn和Cr元素验证样本RPD均达到了1.4以上,模型具备粗略估算能力;As、Cu和Cd元素验证样本RPD均低于1.4,模型不具备粗略估算能力。Hg元素估算模型回归方程的R2为0.28,未能通过显著性检验,无法用于对Hg含量的估算。     

当归药材与产地土壤中无机元素的相关分析研究

采用ICP-MS和AAS测定了95批当归药材及其产地土壤中8种重金属元素和7种其他无机元素含量,研究药材与产地土壤中无机元素的相关性。结果表明,当归药材中的特征性无机元素是Fe、Mn、Mg、As、Cr及Ni,土壤中的特征性无机元素是Zn、Mn、Pb、Cr及Ni;当归药材中,无机元素Mn与Zn、Cr、Fe、Cu,Ni与Fe、Cd、Sb、Zn,As与Sb、Pb、Cr、Mn,Cu与Mg、Pb、Zn,Cr与Fe、Pb,Mg与Sb、Zn,以及Ca与Na呈显著正相关,而K与Na、Pb、Cd呈显著负相关;当归对土壤中的Na有富集作用;无机元素Sb、Ca和Na在当归药材与土壤中呈显著正相关。研究发现,中药当归含有丰富的有益无机元素,有害重金属元素含量极低,符合相关标准,在国际贸易及GAP种植方面具有明显的优势和广阔的发展前景。     

连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究

分别采集连续施用0～4年猪粪的蔬菜温室土壤和蔬菜果实样品，测定土壤和果实中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、Cd、Ni和As全量以及土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和As有效态含量，对测定数据进行了Fisher小样本非参数随机化显著水平检验，研究连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室土壤重金属积累、重金属有效态含量变化及对蔬菜可食部分的影响。结果表明，连续4年施用猪粪，主要导致土壤中Cu和Zn的积累，As有一定积累，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr短期积累效应不明显，Mn积累不明显，长期大量施用猪粪，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr有积累的风险；土壤pH值降低；Cu、Zn有效态与全量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)，与pH值呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)；Pb、Cd和Mn有效态与pH值呈显著负相关(p<0.05)；Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Mn有效态含量增加；有效态As与全As含量和pH值相关性不明显，但连年施用猪粪As有效态含量增加；连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室生产的部分番茄和黄瓜As含量超标。若连续以150 m³/(hm²·a)的猪粪施用量于该研究区蔬菜温室，土壤中全Cu和全Zn含量分别经过10年和15年可能超过国家农田土壤二级标准。该研究可为降低温室土壤重金属污染风险提供依据。     

大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征

对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。     

杭州市城市土壤重金属的潜在可淋洗性研究

研究了杭州市城市土壤 8个重金属元素 (Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn)的含量、形态和潜在可淋洗性。结果表明 ,该城市土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn均有明显的积累 ,其中Cd、Co、Cr和Ni主要以稳定的残余态为主 ,而Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn则以可提取态为主 ,因此在强还原、强酸性或有利于有机质分解条件下Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn的释放潜力较高。用荷兰能源研究中心的淋洗方法 (pH4 0 )测试表明 ,该市城市土壤的重金属可淋洗性较低 ,在一般条件下该城市土壤重金属不会有较大的释放 ,这与该城市土壤中酸可提取态重金属比例较低并含有较高的有机质及粘粒含量有关     

The Diversity of Bacterial Communities in Urban Soils

Urbanozems (Urbic Technosols) contaminated by heavy metals and polychlorbiphenyls (Urbic Technosols Toxic) and intruzems (Urbic Technosols Toxic) were studied in Moscow; additionally, we studied recreazems (Urbic Technosols Thaptohumic) and culturozems (Urbic Technosols Pantohumic) on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University (Aptekarskii Ogorod, the Apothecaries’ Garden). In the soils contaminated with heavy metals and oil products, the number of viable cells of bacteria decreased, whereas the content of filterable forms of bacteria increased. The taxonomic structure of saprotrophic bacterial complexes in contaminated urban soils was transformed towards an increase in the diversity of bacterial taxa atypical of natural undisturbed soils. Rhodococci (Rhodococcus genus) predominated in the soils contaminated with oil and polychlorbiphenyls, enterobacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella genera) predominated in the soils contaminated with municipal wastes, and Arthrobacter genus was dominant in the soils contaminated with cement dust. Soils of both Botanical Gardens of Moscow State University were characterized by the high population density and specific distribution of bacteria in the profile; the structure of their saprotrophic bacterial complex had some similarity with that in the soils of more southern regions. The obtained data on the bacterial diversity of urban soils attest to considerable transformation of bacterial communities both in the contaminated urban soils and in the soils of botanical gardens.     

浙江省永康城市土壤重金属元素富集特征

永康169个城市土壤X荧光光谱测试分析表明:Cu、Mn、Co、Fe、Cr、Pb、Ni、Ti八种重金属元素的平均含量超过金衢盆地土壤背景值,且以工业用地类样品的富集程度最高。永康城市土壤重金属污染水平呈整体较轻,局部严重态势;各重金属元素的离散程度均较大,Cu为强变异元素,变异系数为152.93%,其他元素也为中强变异,表明永康城市土壤重金属元素含量在研究区内有较大差异。多元统计分析表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Mn等重金属元素主要来源于当地的五金制造等工业和交通运输的影响;Fe、Ti、Co来源主要与成土过程中元素的积累有关,其中Fe有部分来源于五金生产。     

First Study of Anthropogenic Platinum Group Elements in Roadside Top-Soils in Athens, Greece

Concentrations of Pt and Pd in roadside top-soil samples, collected in May 2003, at four types of sites (urban, suburban, rural and highway) in the greater Athens area as well as concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ca, were determined. Our results show high concentrations of “classic” (Pb, Cu, Zn) and “new” (Pt, Pd) traffic related elements in top-soils on a highway and a representative urban street in Athens. In the highway samples, the average concentrations of Pt and Pd were 141.1 and 125.9 ng/g respectively, while in the urban street samples they were 35% lower. In the samples of the rural and suburban roads the Pt and Pd levels were very low 2.0 and 1.4 ng/g respectively. These data show an increased accumulation of Pt and Pd in top-soils during the last decade as a result of the gradual increase in the use of vehicles with catalytic converters. The Pt:Pd ratios (average: 1.2) were consistent with known catalytic converters composition (1–2.5), suggesting that the common source of these metals is catalytic converters. The levels of the traffic related elements in suburban and rural roads were very low, suggesting the negligible impact from emission sources. Principal component, biplot and cluster analysis discriminated the traffic related metals from Fe, Mn and Ca, which are abundant in soils, related mainly to the soil parent materials.     

Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing

Purpose

The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.

Materials and methods

Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg^?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.

Conclusions

Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population.     

上海宝山区城市表土重金属累积的空间分布规律

检测了上海宝山区127个表土样点的重金属含量。宝山区表土Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn的平均含量分别为228.6、127.6、0.56、118.5、55.2、55.7、718.7mg/kg。其中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量分别是上海土壤背景值的5.6、3.0、2.8倍,受污染较明显。宝山区地表的重金属含量呈现出明显的空间分布规律:工业区地表,如吴淞、大场等地,多种重金属污染均很重,Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的平均含量分别高达407.6、319.0、0.75、101.2、76.2mg/kg;马路绿地土壤Pb的累积较显著,平均为180.2mg/kg;远郊菜地土壤重金属污染不明显。     

A Geostatistical Approach to Assess Concentration and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils

Characterization of spatial variation of heavy metals in urban soils is essential to identify pollution sources and potential risks to humans and the environment. While heavy metals concentration in soils depends also on the nature of bedrock and on abiotic and biotic factors, it can be argued that nowadays, due to increasing human activities, it is determined mainly by anthropogenic sources. We determined concentrations and spatial distribution of heavy metals, with particular focus on those potentially toxic (As, Cr, Pb, V, and Zn), in urban and peri-urban soils of Cosenza-Rende (southern Italy). One hundred forty-nine samples of topsoil (0?C10?cm) were collected and analyzed for 36 elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, 18 samples of rocks were collected on outcrops of whole area and analyzed by ICP-ES and ICP-MS. Geostatistical methods were used to map the concentrations of major oxides and several minor elements. Heavy metals in the analyzed samples showed a wide range of concentrations, primarily controlled by the geochemical composition of bedrock, with the notable exceptions of Cu, Pb, and Zn, whose concentrations are heavily affected by land use and anthropogenic pollution in urban areas. Geochemical analysis and spatial distribution showed that high concentrations of potentially toxic elements are found in soils near major roads, indicating that anthropogenic factors determine the anomalies in these areas.     

Heavy metal contamination near major highways,industrial and urban areas in belgian grassland

An investigation was made of the Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb contents in samples of soil and grass collected along highways and in fields adjoining industrial zones in Belgium. Soil contamination by Zn and Pb was quite pronounced along highways and in some cases contamination by Mn was also observed. Contamination by these heavy metals decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the highway. High values of metal accumulation in plants located near highways were observed. The accumulation of Pb was particularly pronounced. Contamination by Cu, Zn, Pb and possibly Mn in soils of some urban gardens was also recorded.     

Distribution of major elements and trace metals as indicators of technosolisation of urban and suburban soils

Purpose

Can geochemical characteristics indicate the human impact on soil formation (technosolisation) for urban and suburban soils? This question is assessed for the city of Marrakech located in one of the main agricultural areas of Morocco and characterized by a very rapid rate of expansion. The aim of this work is to assess geochemical properties of surface horizons of urban and suburban soils and to compare them with land use types.

Materials and methods

Fifty-eight surface soil samples were collected in different sectors of the city with different land use histories. As land use can be defined as the human use of land, these sampling sites were selected according to the current human activity (e.g., residential districts, agriculture, market-gardening, traditional, or industrial activities) and according to the superposition of the land use over time. All samples were air-dried, disaggregated, homogenized, and then sieved through a 2-mm mesh. Major elements and trace metals were measured in the soil using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. For technical limits, Cd was measured using atomic adsorption spectrometry.

Results and discussion

Urban and suburban soils of Marrakech present generally similar geochemical compositions for many elements. Siliceous (SiO₂) compounds related to the parent material are dominant in these soils. However, the significant concentrations of P₂O₅ and CaO, measured in some of the urban soils studied, can be attributed to anthropogenic inputs of phosphorus (P) and technic materials, mainly building materials composed of cement and gypsum (plaster). Soils collected from agricultural areas irrigated with urban wastewater and soils developed on rubbish dumps are the most contaminated by metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, and Pb). Therefore, the distribution of major and trace elements in soils underlines the considerable impact of urban land uses.

Conclusions

Human activities determine the type of land use, impact the urban environment, and cause a wide spatial diversity of soil quality. The urban and suburban soils of Marrakech contain similar major element distributions except for strongly anthropised soils (soils developed on rubbish dumps and agricultural soils irrigated with urban wastewater). Unlike major elements, trace elements present systematically significantly higher concentrations in urban soils than those measured in control soils. In these conditions, the highest concentrations exceed international clean-up standards and are correlated with land use type. Phosphorus, Ca, and several heavy metals are proposed as indicators of human impacts on soil characteristics in urban and suburban environments.     

贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。