冬小麦品种间水分利用效率的差异及其影响因子分析

在二种水分处理下,对16个冬小麦品种的水分利用效率及其生理影响因子进行了分析,结果表明,品种间水分利用效率存在显著差异,不同冬小麦品种与水分利用相关的因子存在一定差异,其中,水分利用效率与产量和收获指数呈显著正相关,品种水分利用效率与其开花时间和旗叶比叶重有一定的正相关关系,品种间水分利用效率与单个生理因子间相关性达不到显著水平。     

宁夏中部干旱区油葵畦灌优化灌溉制度研究

基于田间试验,分析了水平畦灌条件下不同灌溉制度对土壤水分、油葵生长生理指标、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,油葵生育期内灌溉计划湿润层为0～40cm时,可满足其水分需求;在2012年生长季降雨量较大(247mm)的情况下,较低灌水定额对作物的生长生理指标并无显著负面影响;丰水年宁夏中部干旱带油葵畦灌的优化灌溉制度为灌水4次,每次灌水定额600m3/hm2,在保证产量的基础上,作物耗水量可降低20%以上,WUE提高约20%。     

少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米产量和水分利用的影响

通过田间试验,探讨了小麦少耕留茬条件下,3个供水处理对小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,留茬处理对小麦/玉米间作产量影响不显著,供水处理显著影响间作产量;留茬少耕条件下,中、高供水处理较低供水处理间作产量分别高27.24%、29.90%,未留茬条件下,中、高供水处理较低灌水处理产量分别高29.74%、35.56%。同等供水条件下,高留茬少耕处理较未留茬处理收获后土壤含水量在低、中、高供水水平下分别高4.79%、10.95%、4.28%。留茬处理对间作耗水量影响不显著,但在同种留茬方式下,间作耗水量随供水水平的提高而显著增大,高供水留茬少耕处理较中、低供水处理耗水量分别高7.73%、16.37%,未留茬高供水处理耗水量较中、低供水处理分别高9.10%、16.18%。留茬处理对间作作物水分利用效率(WUE)无显著影响,相同留茬不同供水处理的WUE在中、高供水水平之间无显著差异,而中、高供水高留茬少耕处理WUE较低供水处理分别高17.80%、11.63%,未留茬处理时中、高供水处理WUE分别较低供水间作高21.83%、16.68%。     

水分传感器位置及灌水阈值对膜下滴灌棉花生理指标及产量的影响

为了探索适宜的水分传感器位置、决策阈值因素对膜下滴灌棉花生理生长及产量的影响,通过大田试验,分别设置3种灌水阈值和决策传感器的二因素三水平完全处理试验。结果表明:水分传感器位置因素对棉花叶片光合特性(净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间CO2浓度Ci、水分利用效率WUE)、棉花株高、叶面积指数达到显著性水平(P0.05),灌水阈值因素对棉花以上指标未达到显著性水平(P0.05),水分传感器位置与灌水阈值对棉花生理生长以及产量达到显著性水平(P0.05)。棉花叶片Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci、WUE最大值均在T5处理,气孔限制值Ls最大值在CK处理。棉花净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间密切相关,棉花产量与棉花净光合速率、叶面积有较好的相关关系,净光合速率与叶面积在一定程度上能反映棉花产量。根据试验结果,初步认定水分传感器位置在地表下40 cm、中等灌水阈值(T5)为适宜方案,可为新疆自动化控制灌溉提供理论依据。     

基于无人机遥感的玉米水分利用效率与生物量监测

玉米生物量及水分利用效率是反映作物长势和作物品质的重要指标。为实现农业精准管理,本文以不同水分处理的青贮玉米为研究对象,探讨无人机多光谱遥感平台结合作物生长模型估测青贮玉米生物量及水分利用效率的可行性。首先,将基于高时空分辨率无人机多光谱图像估测的关键作物参数蒸腾系数kt输入到简单的水分效率模型中,来拟合不同水分胁迫处理下玉米水分利用效率WUE和标准化水分利用效率WP*;然后,采用拟合的WUE、WP*估算相同水分和不同水分状况下的玉米生物量,并进行验证;基于高时空分辨的无人机多光谱遥感图像获取了大田尺度上的WUE、WP*和生物量的空间分布图。结果表明,基于无人机多光谱、气象和土壤水分数据计算的实际蒸腾量∑Tc,adj和∑ktkswkst（ksw、kst为环境胁迫因子）与玉米生物量具有极显著（P<0.001）的相关性,不同水分处理下WUE的决定系数R2均不小于0.92,WP*的R2均不小于0.93。在同一水分胁迫下,使用拟合的WUE和WP*对生物量的估测精度几乎相同,玉米V-R4生育期估测精度较高,WUE的RMSE为126g/m2,WP*的RMSE为91.7g/m2,一致性指数d均为0.98,但在R5-R6生育期内精度不高。在不同水分胁迫下,使用WUE和WP*估测生物量时,WUE容易受到水分胁迫影响,精度较低（RMSE为306g/m2,d=0.93）,而WP*的精度较高（RMSE为195g/m2,d=0.97）。研究表明,将无人机遥感平台与作物生长模型相结合能够很好地估测大田玉米生物量及水分利用效率。     

干旱沙区降解膜覆盖的玉米生长与耗水规律

针对干旱沙区水资源短缺、水分利用效率较低、“白色污染”等问题,在内蒙古乌兰布和沙区开展了2 a的可降解地膜膜下滴灌田间试验.试验设置2种类型的地膜覆盖(可降解地膜和普通地膜)与3个灌溉定额(低水、中水和高水)共6个处理,研究了可降解地膜覆盖下不同灌水处理对干旱沙区玉米生长、产量、土壤含水率、耗水量及水分利用效率WUE的影响.结果表明:可降解地膜覆盖下的玉米生长和产量与普通地膜覆盖的差异不具有统计学意义,抽雄期后耗水量较大,而WUE显著降低;可降解地膜覆盖下灌水量对玉米生长、产量、土壤含水率、耗水量及WUE有显著的影响,灌水量增加会促进玉米生长,延缓后期玉米衰老,增加玉米产量,2 a均为高水处理的产量最大,分别为13 614.97,13 726.68 kg/hm²,且与中水处理的差异不具有统计学意义;耗水量随灌水量增加呈上升趋势,而WUE随灌水量增加呈抛物线趋势,2 a中水处理的WUE均为最大,平均分别比高水、低水处理的高2.77%,19.56%.     

不同土壤水分处理对马铃薯形态指标、耗水量及产量的影响

通过田间设置不同土壤水分控制下限,研究了不同土壤水分处理对马铃薯形态指标、耗水量及产量的影响,并分析比较各处理水分利用效率(WUE)。结果表明,不同土壤水分处理下,马铃薯株高和叶面积指数(LAI)变化趋势一致,中水分WM处理植株形态指标最高;耗水模数总体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势;受土壤水分的影响,各测定时期处理间的耗水模数均存在差异;马铃薯日耗水强度在整个生育期表现为先增后减的趋势,块茎形成期日平均耗水强度达到最高,为5.80 mm/d;高水分WH处理WUE最低,中水分WM处理WUE最高,达到6.05 kg/mm,其最高值与产量的最高值并不对应。研究结果可为马铃薯合理灌溉及增产节水提供参考依据。     

不同供水量对绿豆苗期生物产量的影响

为研究供水量对绿豆的影响,确定适宜绿豆苗期生长的水分条件,在绿豆生长季节模拟降水量设4种不同供水量处理,测定绿豆苗期生长形态指标和各器官干物质积累。结果表明,供水量不足时,绿豆株高降低,叶片减少,地上部、地下部和总生物量均降低;绿豆虽然比较耐旱,适当增加供水量有利于苗期生长,综合长势和生物量,绿豆生长季节降水量350 mm比较适宜,绿豆地上部与地下部生长协调,各器官物质分配合理,为绿豆进一步分枝、结荚等生殖生长和提高经济产量奠定基础。     

沙区降解膜覆盖下滴灌农田水氮交互效应与模型研究

为探索干旱沙区可降解地膜覆盖下滴灌农田水氮交互效应及优化组合方案,提高其水氮利用效率,在内蒙古乌兰布和沙区进行2年可降解膜覆盖下的滴灌田间试验,设置了低水(2016年165 mm、2017年195 mm)、中水(2016年247.5 mm、2017年292.5 mm)和高水(2016年330 mm、2017年390 mm)3个灌溉定额水平及低氮(140 kg/hm~2)、中氮(210 kg/hm~2)和高氮(280 kg/hm~2)3个施氮量水平,并以普通塑料地膜覆盖的3个水分处理作为对照,采用随机完全组合设计,共计12个处理。研究了可降解地膜覆盖下不同水氮供应对干旱沙区玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响,建立了可降解地膜覆盖下滴灌农田玉米水氮耦合模型,并对组合方案进行了优化。结果表明:与普通塑料地膜覆盖相比,可降解地膜覆盖下水分利用效率(WUE)明显较低,而在水分充足条件下(高水)玉米产量及其构成因素、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)无显著差异。可降解地膜覆盖下灌水量和施氮量均对玉米的产量及其构成因素、WUE和PFPN有显著影响。灌水量与施氮量存在明显的交互效应,较低的灌溉定额限制了氮素利用,从低水到中水处理2年玉米PFPN和产量平均增长36.87%和37.18%,而从中水到高水其增长仅为5.93%和6.22%;同样较低的施氮量也限制了水分的利用,从低氮到中氮处理2年玉米WUE和产量平均分别增长了7.99%和18.81%,而从中氮到高氮WUE增长为-3.66%,产量仅增长3.35%,而2年最大产量均出现在高水中氮处理,分别为13 875.16、13 805.02 kg/hm~2。在沙区可降解地膜覆盖下滴灌农田中,灌溉定额、施氮量与玉米产量之间符合二元二次回归模型,该模型预测玉米产量与实际产量呈高度相关(2016、2017年R2分别为0.978、0.988),通过主因素分析水氮增产效应的因素,由大到小依次为:灌水量、施氮量,产量随水氮量的增加均呈先增加后减小的趋势。经模型寻优,得出不同目标产量下的水、氮最佳组合方案,本试验高水中氮处理的水氮配比下的产量在13 000~14 000 kg/hm~2目标范围内,且WUE、PFPN较高,可作为干旱沙区可降解地膜覆盖下较为合理的水肥管理模式和技术参考。     

不同灌水定额条件下夏玉米生长发育及耗水特性分析

试验以土壤含水率作为灌水下限控制指标研究了不同灌水定额处理下夏玉米的几个农艺性状、耗水特性及水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,生育前期灌水定额太低（≤45mm）会抑制夏玉米地上部植株的生长;随着灌水定额的增大,夏玉米的籽粒产量和果穗性状得到了提高和优化,其耗水量也不断增加,高灌水定额处理（105mm和120mm）的百粒重显著大于其他处理;不同灌水定额处理条件下夏玉米的WUE在2．34～3．03kg／m^3之间,其中灌水定额105mm处理的WUE显著大于其他处理,是兼顾产量与节水效益的最佳处理。     

水分供给量对“防风”光合特性和生长发育的影响

采用室外盆栽的试验方法,在防风生长季节(6—9月)设450 mm(CK)、400 mm(MIW)、300 mm(MOW)和200 mm(SW)4个不同灌水处理,研究其对1年生防风光合特性、生长发育和品质的影响。结果表明:200 mm和450 mm都不利于防风的生长发育,水分胁迫程度增加引起防风净光合速率降低,从而影响防风生物量。400 mm处理防风光合速率、根重、地上重和总生物量均较高,与其他处理差异极显著;升麻素苷含量随着水分胁迫加重呈增加趋势,5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷含量呈减少趋势,总色原酮的含量则是轻度水分胁迫的最高,分别是CK、MOW、SW的1.52、1.36和2.83倍。在生长季节降水量300~400 mm区域内,防风地上部分与地下部分生长协调,产量高,品质好。     

加氧灌溉对菠萝根区土壤呼吸和生理特性的影响

通过大田试验,研究了加氧灌溉对菠萝根区土壤呼吸作用、生理特性、生物量积累、果实产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响.采用Mazeei（空气注射器）给地下灌溉系统加入空气,设计了加氧和不加氧灌溉2种处理方式,7次重复.设计滴头埋深10 cm.研究表明,与对照相比,菠萝根区30 cm以内土壤水分质量分数和CO2质量分数没有明显差异,但是加氧灌溉使得土壤呼吸增加了100%;菠萝的果实鲜重、生物量鲜重、干物质重和收获指数明显增大,差异有统计学意义（p≤0.05）;加氧灌溉提高了菠萝的水分生产率,与对照相比增加了17.2%;同时,加氧灌溉明显改善了菠萝单果尺寸和重量,使得单果重量增加了17.3%,田间产量增加了4.3%,增加了果实的糖质量分数,减少了果实的透明物.研究结果为加氧灌溉技术的推广应用提供了理论依据.     

滴灌模式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生长调控及节水效应

为了探讨热带特色经济作物云南小粒咖啡的节水高效生产模式,通过3种滴灌模式(常规滴灌、交替滴灌和固定滴灌)和2个保水剂水平(有保和无保)的完全组合试验,研究灌水方式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生理生态、生物量积累及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌和固定滴灌的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量均大幅提高;交替滴灌的根系活力显著提高,而固定滴灌的根系活力减小.交替滴灌能使小粒咖啡减少耗水量32.07%,提高水分利用效率29.87%.施用保水剂的叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量减小,而生物量积累和水分利用效率分别增大24.81%和33.03%.与常规滴灌不加保水剂相比,交替滴灌配施保水剂能显著提高小粒咖啡叶绿素、根系活力和可溶性糖含量,而减少丙二醛和脯氨酸累积,同时增加总生物量13.80%,提高水分利用效率73.41%.因此,交替灌溉配施保水剂是一种小粒咖啡适宜的节水综合调控措施.     

Water use efficiency and associated traits in winter wheat cultivars in the North China Plain

Selecting more water efficient cultivars is an important way to reduce water use in a water-scarce region. The objectives of this study were to measure the grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to understand the genetic gains in yield and WUE and their associated physiological and agronomic traits in Hebei province, North China Plain (NCP). Two groups of winter wheat cultivars were tested. Group 1 included 16 winter wheat cultivars that were released between 1998 and 2002 and were tested during the 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 seasons under two water regimes. Group 2 included 10 cultivars released between 1970 and 2000, and were tested during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons under three water regimes. Results showed that WUE increased substantially from 1.0-1.2 kg m⁻³ for cultivars from the early 1970s to 1.4-1.5 kg m⁻³ for recently released cultivars. There was also a variation in yield and WUE of about 20% among Group 1 cultivars. Most of the cultivars in both groups had similar responses to water supply. WUE was greater for less irrigated treatments and maximum grain production was achieved with moderate water deficit. The genetic gains in grain yield were associated with increasing in biomass, harvest index and kernel numbers per spike for cultivars released in different years. Among the Group 1 cultivars, the ones with higher yield generally had higher WUE. No significant correlations were found between WUE and physiological traits such as ash content, chlorophyll content, or relative water content among the cultivars released recently. However, a significant relationship was found between stomatal conductance or ash contents and WUE or grain yield among the Group 2 cultivars. Relationships were apparent between WUE and date of anthesis and harvest index (P < 0.05) in Group 1. Earlier flowering cultivars tended to have higher grain yield. In Group 2, flowering date was advancing by about 4 days over the 30 years of crop breeding. The positive relationship between grain yield and WUE for all the cultivars indicated that using a higher yielding cultivar has the potential to improve WUE and thereby to save water.     

Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area

A field experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on yield performance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an arid area. Three regulated deficit irrigation treatments designed to subject the crops to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop development and a no-soil-water-deficit control was established. Soil moisture was measured gravimetrically in the increment of 0–20 cm every five to seven days in the given growth periods, while that in 20 increments to 40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm depth measured by neutron probe. Compared to the no-soil-water-deficit treatment, grain yield, biomass, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), and water supply use efficiency (WsUE) in spring wheat were all greatly improved by 16.6–25.0, 12.4–19.2, 23.5–27.3, 32.7–39.9, and 44.6–58.8% under regulated deficit irrigation, and better yield components such as thousand-grain weight, grain weight per spike, number of grain, length of spike, and fertile spikelet number were also obtained, but irrigation water was substantially decreased by 14.0–22.9%. The patterns of soil moisture were similar in the regulated deficit treatments, and the soil moisture contents were greatly decreased by regulated deficit irrigation during wheat growing seasons. Significant differences were found between the no-soil-water-deficit treatment and the regulated soil water deficit treatments in grain yield, yield components, biomass, harvest index, WUE, and WsUE, but no significant differences occurred within the regulated soil water deficit treatments. Yield performance proved that regulated deficit irrigation treatment subjected to medium soil water deficit both during the middle vegetative stage (jointing) and the late reproductive stages (filling and maturity or filling) while subjected to no-soil-water-deficit both during the late vegetative stage (booting) and the early reproductive stage (heading) (MNNM) had the highest yield increase of 25.0 and 14.0% of significant water-saving, therefore, the optimum controlled soil water deficit levels in this study should range 50–60% of field water capacity (FWC) at the middle vegetative growth period (jointing), and 65–70% of FWC at both of the late vegetative period (booting) and early reproductive period (heading) followed by 50–60% of FWC at the late reproductive periods (the end of filling or filling and maturity) in treatment MNNM, with the corresponding optimum total irrigation water of 338 mm. In addition, the relationships among grain yield, biomass, and harvest index, the relationship between grain yield and WUE, WsUE, and the relationship between harvest index and WUE, WsUE under regulated deficit irrigation were also estimated through linear or non-linear regression models, which indicate that the highest grain yield was associated with the maximum biomass, harvest index, and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency, which was reached by appropriate controlling soil moisture content and water consumption. The relations also indicate that the harvest index was associated with the maximum biomass and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency.     

干旱环境下春小麦最优调亏灌溉制度确定

以河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉2年的平均产量、水分利用效率、供水效率和2年后的土壤养分综合指标4个单项参评因子为参数建立单因子评判矩阵,对干旱环境下春小麦调亏灌溉制度进行了综合评价。结果表明,调亏灌溉处理的综合评价指标以HFF处理最高,其次为MFM处理,而以LLL处理最低,但所有调亏灌溉处理综合评价指标均显著高于高水分处理FFF。因此,无论是从作物生产力、水资源利用效率还是水资源和土壤养分的可持续利用方面来说,HFF处理调亏灌溉模式均因其最高的作物生产力和水分利用效率、较高的供水效率(为最大值的96.3%)及较高的土壤养分综合指标(为最大值的97.7%)而具有最高的综合评价指标,成为试区推荐的春小麦全生育期最优调亏灌溉模式,即春小麦孕穗和抽穗期及灌浆—生理成熟期均高水分处理(65%~70%田持)而拔节期重度水分调亏(45%~50%田持),其灌溉定额为440 mm左右(包括晚秋季储水灌100 mm)。     

Dry matter,harvest index,grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat

Food production and water use are closely linked processes and, as competition for water intensifies, water must be used more efficiently in food production worldwide. A field experiment with wither wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), involving six irrigation treatments (from rain-fed to 5 irrigation applications), was maintained in the North China Plain (NCP) for 6 years. The results revealed that dry matter production, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were each curvilinearly related to evapotranspiration (ET). Maximum dry matter at maturity was achieved by irrigating to 94% and maximum grain yield to 84% of seasonal full ET. A positive relationship was found between harvest index (HI) and dry matter mobilization efficiency (DMME) during grain filling. Moderate water deficit during grain filling increased mobilization of assimilate stored in vegetative tissues to grains, resulting in greater grain yield and WUE. Generally, high WUE corresponded with low ET, being highest at about half potential ET. At this location in NCP, highest WUE and grain yield was obtained at seasonal water consumption in the range 250–420 mm. For that, with average seasonal rainfall of 132 mm, irrigation requirements was in the range of 120–300 mm and due to the deep root system of winter wheat and high water-holding capacity of the soil profile, soil moisture depletion of 100–150 mm constituted the greater part of the ET under limited water supply. The results reveal that WUE was maximized when around 35% ET was obtained from soil moisture depletion. For that, seasonal irrigation was around 60–140 mm in an average season.     

干旱条件下土壤扩蓄增容肥保水增产效应研究

在陕西三原县进行裂区试验,研究了不同灌水量条件下扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦产量、水分与降水利用效率的影响.结果表明:①低灌水条件下秸秆配方处理冬小麦花期到成熟期表层土壤蓄水量基本没有变化,而废料配方与普通施肥处理的蓄水量减少5.68 mm和8.56 mm;高灌水条件下秸秆配方处理营养生长期耗水速率小,但其分蘖至越冬阶段耗水分别...