陆地棉(G.hirsutum L.)种子活力的研究

本文通过棉花种子活力与电导率、阳离子外渗、组织结构、凝集素和种子加工的关系研究表明,种子活力下降,阳离子外渗增加,其中主要是K~+。种子各部分对逆境条件的反应不同,越是活跃的组织越易丧失活力。高活力的种子也是高凝集素的种子,在多逆抗性的选择过程中,利用低温发芽是对种子高活力和高凝集素等抗性物质的选择。因此,可考虑用电导率、胚根和下胚轴的比值作为检验棉子活力的指标。并证明棉子经我国自行研制的泡沫酸脱绒机处理,能有效地提高播种品质。     

小麦(T.aestivum L.)D基因组的研究进展

普通小麦是一个异源六倍体物种,具有ABD三个染色体组,D染色体组在来源和进化过程中都与A、B染色体组不同,D染色体组来自于粗山羊草,含有丰富的抗病、抗虫、抗寒、优质等有益基因,因此D染色体组的研究对小麦的产量、品质改良具有重要意义。但是由于长期的定向遗传改良,我国普通小麦的遗传差异较小,遗传基础狭窄,特别是在D染色体组上尤为突出。一些对作物产量和品质有益的基因未被挖掘利用。本文对小麦D基因组的起源、遗传多样性和拓宽遗传基础的方法及基因定位等进行了综述,并结合本实验室的研究工作对其研究前景进行展望。     

Variation for bioactive compounds in ají (Capsicum baccatum L.) and rocoto (C. pubescens R. & P.) and implications for breeding

Ají (Capsicum baccatum L.) and rocoto (C. pubescens R. & P.) are two Capsicum pepper species native to the Andean region that have not been subjected to intensive breeding. However, the increase in its demand in European markets has sparked the development of breeding programmes for adaptation to Mediterranean climates, which include breeding for higher levels of bioactive compounds. We have studied the composition of red and yellow carotenoids (C _R and C _Y, respectively), ascorbic acid (AA), and total phenolics (TP) in 34 accessions of Capsicum, including 23 of C. baccatum, eight of C. pubescens, and 3 controls of C. annuum, which were grown in Spain both under greenhouse (GH) and open field (OF) conditions. The results show that in both growing conditions C. baccatum presents a considerable variation for most of the traits studied, with several accessions having similar or higher levels than C. annuum for the compounds studied. This indicates that C. baccatum is an important source of antioxidant compounds with nutritional value. On the contrary, C. pubescens had a poor performance, with low levels for all the compounds studied, and a poor adaptation to the conditions of Mediterranean climates. When considering the GH or OF growing cycles separately, heritability values were high (>0.75) for C _R, C _Y and AA, and moderate (0.42 for GH and 0.62 for OF) for TP. The existence of an important genotype × environment interaction resulted in lower levels for heritability when considering both growing cycles together, although the values were still high for C _R and AA (>0.6). Positive significant genotypic correlations among all the traits studied were found, except for TP with C _R and AA in the OF cycle. This information indicates that there are good prospects for developing C. baccatum varieties with higher levels of bioactive compounds.     

甘蓝型油菜(B.napus L.)细胞质雄性不育系MICMS的选育

本研究选用“陆奥”油菜为母本,“五十铃”油菜为父本进行品种间杂交,以父本连续回交,育成了新的质核互作结构的甘蓝型油菜雄性不育系 MICMS。该不育系花器官形态和花药解剖结构的变异现象与已知的油菜细胞质雄性不育系相似。通过不同品种测交,已鉴定出对 MICMS 具有较好恢、保能力的品种。     

An artificial trispecific Eucalyptus hybrid: (E. camaldulensis Dehn. × E. tereticornis Sm.) × E. grandis Hill ex Maiden

Summary Starting with a promising E. camaldulensis × E. tereticornis hybrid FRI-5, a (E. camaldulensis × E. tereticornis) × E. grandis trispecific hybrid FRI-13 was synthesized. The trispecific hybrids were generally intermediate between the parents in most juvenile traits but in some they strongly resembled E. grandis, thus proving their hybrid nature. About a fifth of the trispecific hybrid progeny displayed a stunted grass phase during early post-cotyledonary development, but later changed into nearly normal types. The potential practical value of multiple species crosses in Eucalyptus breeding and improvement is indicated.     

繁缕(Stellaria media(L.)Vill.)种子萌发特性的研究

对繁缕进行温度、光照、低温贮藏、赤霉素和破种皮处理实验,研究不同条件对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,繁缕种子萌发对温度敏感,对光照不敏感,最适宜的萌发温度为12℃,最适光照条件为8 h。低温贮藏处理可有效促进种子萌发,-70℃贮藏后种子萌发率达到93.25%。赤霉素对种子萌芽影响较显著,最适浓度为500 mg/L。破种皮处理后种子萌发效果最好,萌发率达到96.75%,并于5 d萌发完毕。     

油菜(B.napus L.)硼素营养与结实性的研究

硼营养不足,油菜植株各器官含硼量均下降,下降幅度因器官而异,而以花器官下降幅度最大。缺硼时,花器发育异常,雄蕊在解剖生理上的异常现象尤为突出,严重时花粉败育,花蕾脱落,甚至出现颗粒无收的现象。花粉败育表现为花粉囊空瘪,核质解体,无孢原组织分化,绒毡层发育异常,小孢子原生质团溢出药壁外等现象。硼营养不足降低了花药     

濒危药用植物天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Kir.)种子萌发特性研究

目的:为天山雪莲的生态保护提供实验科学数据.方法:研究不同培养方式、不同温度以及不同消毒方法对天山雪莲种子发芽率和发芽势的影响.结果:适当低温是天山雪莲种子萌发的适宜温度,以10～15℃最佳;75%乙醇30 s+15%H2O230min的组合消毒方法可以使天山雪莲种子的萌发率达到82.5%～86.4%;与水培法相比,培养基法是获得大量无菌苗的优选途径.结论:该研究对高山濒危药用植物的保护、开发和利用具有非常重要的意义.     

陆地棉(G. hirsutum L.) N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶基因(GhGnT)的克隆及耐盐性功能分析

在耐盐相关基因芯片基础上,我们筛选到盐诱导显著上调表达(Ratio>2)的N-乙酰氨基葡糖转移酶基因.选取耐盐材料中9806为材料,根据耐盐性抑制消减文库EST序列设计引物,利用RACE及RT-PCR技术获得该基因cDNA全长1970 by,命名为GhGnT.通过Blast比对,发现该基因与蓖麻乙酞氨基葡萄糖转移酶基因...     

甘薯（Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.）及其近缘野生种原生质体的植株再生

对甘薯品种高系14号及其近缘野生种I.triloba L、和I.lacunosa L,进行原生质体植株再生研究。从离体培养植株的叶柄分离出原生质体,将其培养在含有0.05mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L激动素(KT)的MS培养基中,从原生质体获得了高频率的愈伤组织。培养8-12周后,将直径达2—3mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上。转移3-6周后,将愈伤组织进一步转移到添加吲哚乙酸(IAA)和6-苄基嘌呤(BAP)的MS培养基上,一些愈伤组织再生出植株。未再生植株的愈伤组织进一步在MS基本培养基上培养,它们也再生出植株。本研究从I.triloba原生质体获得高频率的植株再生;首次从I.lacunosa原生质体再生出植株;从高系14号原生质体也再生出完整植株。     

Population structure and linkage disequilibrium of ICRISAT foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) core collection

Use of diverse germplasm is a key factor which allows high level of resolution due to extensive recombination in the history. Therefore, population used in association mapping should posses as many phenotypes as possible. One of the methods to obtain most of the phenotypes is to construct the core collection. The ICRISAT foxtail millet core collection consisting of 155 accessions was genotyped using 72 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD). A high degree of molecular diversity among the accessions was found, with an average of 16.69 alleles per locus. STRUCTURE analyses classify the accessions into four subpopulations (SP) based on SSR allelic diversity. The Neighbor joining clustering and the principal coordinate analysis were in accordance with the racial classification. The distribution of molecular genetic variation among and within the four SP and three races showed high degree of variability within each group, and low level of genetic distance (GD) among the groups. LD decay of <40 cM of GD in foxtail millet core collection was observed, which suggests that it could be possible to achieve resolution down to the 40 cM level. From this investigation, it is evident that the foxtail millet core collection developed at ICRISAT is very diverse and could be a valuable resource for trait association mapping, crop breeding and germplasm management.     

油菜(Brassica napus L.)矮化研究进展

油菜(Brassica napus L.)是具有重要影响的油料作物。通过杂交育种在油菜上的运用,获得了相较于旧品种在生活力、生长势、抗逆性、适应力、产量、品质等方面具有更大优势的新品种,但同时也带来了油菜倒伏与机械化生产率无法提高等问题。水稻和小麦相关的矮化研究与应用是绿色革命的重要组成部分,这为人们改良油菜品种提供了新的思路。对于油菜倒伏和提高油菜机械化生产率等急需解决的问题,油菜矮化育种成为了解决问题的关键。本研究围绕甘蓝型油菜矮化基因的遗传特点、基因定位、矮化机制等方面的研究情况进行综述,为进一步利用油菜矮化基因提供参考。     

陆地棉86-1（G.hirsutum L.)与辣根棉（G.armourianum Kearn.)种间杂种及其利用的研究

陆地棉品种86-1 G.hirsutum L.×辣根棉C.armourianum Kearn.F_1染色体2n=3x=39,平均染色体构型为14.051 12.45Ⅱ 0.01Ⅲ。F_1直接与陆地棉回交,得到的BC_1F_1是一株混倍体(mixploid),其染色体为54—67个,其中2n=65的整倍体(euploid)只占15.7％,非整倍体(aneuploid)占82.8％,平均2n=61,平均染色体构型为7.741 25.83Ⅱ 0.45Ⅲ 0.06Ⅳ 0V 0.01Ⅵ。又以BC_1F_1为母本,与陆地棉二次回交,BC_2F_1苗期夭折;而以陆地棉为母本、BC_1F_1为父本回交的BC_2F_1生长健壮,有些辣根棉性状继续传递。通过多年选育已获得一些结铃性强、中长绒纤维高品质、高衣分的新材料。     

白菜型油菜(B. campestris L.)双显性核不育896AB的选育

以北方白菜型油菜自交系Ｓ３－１８为母本,加拿大白菜型春油菜Ｔｏｂｉｎ为父本杂交,在自交２代中出现不育株３７ＡＢ,经研究认为,该不育材料是由２种不育基因（ＭＳＭＳｒｆｒｆ,ＭＳｍｓｒｆｒｆ）,４种保持基因（ＭＳＭＳＲｆｒｆ,ＭＳｍｒＲｆｒｆ,ｍｓｍｓＲｆｒｆ,ｍｓｍｓｒｆｒｆ）组成的杂合不育群体,用成对保持,双隐性测交的方法,经２～３个世代的选育,育成８９６ＡＢ双显性不育系及１２５ａｂ等双隐性临保系     

Identification and Analysis of Fiber Quality and Yield Related Traits of Interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) Hybrids

[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F₁ in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F₁ (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.     

油菜生态特性的研究 Ⅱ.不同类型甘蓝型油菜(B.napus L.)异地异季种植的生态特性研究

研究了不同类型的甘蓝型油菜品种和杂种 F_1异地异季种植的性状表现。春油菜、春性和半冬性类型品种夏播生育期缩短,性状变差;冬性和部分半冬性类型品种不能现蕾开花。春油菜对长日照敏感;冬油菜对长日照不敏感。我国三种类型冬油菜品种夏播与秋播的现蕾日数与全生育日数呈高度正相关。不同类型品种夏播与秋播经济性状呈显著     

芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属(Brassica L.) 3个油用种的远缘杂交

采用芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属3个油用种（Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa）进行杂交，共授粉15 990朵花，获得1 257个角果，711粒杂交种子，结角率为7.86%，亲和指数0.045。经形态学鉴定，无论芸芥作母本还是芸薹属的三个油用种作母本，F1植株均为偏母植株。杂交所获得角果的角粒数很低，许多角果     

羊茅(Festuca ovina L.)种子特征研究

对分布在那曲地区聂荣县的羊茅草种子进行了初步的研究,测量羊茅主要形态特征,并对其种子特征及其萌发特性进行了分析。结果表明:羊茅穗长(65～140mm)、小穗长度(32～67mm)、小穗数量(3～9个)的平均值分别为108.85mm、52.45mm、5.60个,羊茅小穗数量与穗长和小穗长度无相关规律性。羊茅种子细小,种子圆形或半圆形,种子芒长(1.0～7.0mm)平均值为4.0mm,种子长度(1.0～5.0mm)平均值为2.6mm。通过对3个不同培养皿麦羊茅种子千粒重、含水率及发芽率进行研究,发现羊茅种子千粒重(0.784g,0.715g,0.952g)、含水率(10.56%,11.34%,12.35%)和发芽率(46.45%,37.45%,60.34%)的平均值分别为0.817g、11.42%、48.08%。萌发之后根(13.34mm/d,13.65mm/d,14.21mm/d)和苗(18.32mm/d,19.01mm/d,19.78mm/d)的生长速率平均值分别为13.73mm/d、19.04mm/d,且均表现为3号培养皿2号培养皿1号培养皿。因此,羊茅种子千粒重越大,相应的含水率、发芽率也相对较高且生命力旺盛,萌发之后根和苗的生长速率也相对较快,发育过程中生长势也呈现良好状态。     

几种藏香原料燃烧烟尘对青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)和曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.)抑菌效果测定

为了解藏香原料对空气中真菌的抑制作用,采用用滤纸片吸附烟尘法,测定了九种藏香原料燃烧烟尘对青霉菌和曲霉菌的皿内抑制效果。结果表明：供试藏香原料对两种真菌均有不同程度的抑制效果;对青霉菌（penicillium.sp）而言,竹黄抑菌效果最强,广香、肉蔻以及丁香次之,草红花和白寇最弱;竹黄和肉蔻对曲霉菌(Aspergillus.sp)抑菌效果最强,广香和丁香次之,白寇则最弱。