水稻害虫管理专家系统的设计与实现

水稻害虫管理专家系统(ESRICE)系用知识工程语言NEW ,编译BASIC 和dBASEⅢ 等构筑。系统共由13个子系统组成。各子系统可对不同代次的褐飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟的种群动态进行监测,并提供决策方案。系统耦联了外部教学模型以帮助用户回答咨询过程中系统提出的问题,或进一步确认是否需要化防及其用药时间。应用表明,该系统在水稻害虫管理上已达到专家水平。     

基于模板匹配的多目标水稻灯诱害虫识别方法的研究

 水稻灯诱害虫的识别与计数在水稻田间害虫监测中是非常重要的。由于水稻害虫被黑光灯诱集后姿态各异,存在虫体残缺现象,增加了图像自动识别的难度。在获取水稻灯诱害虫非粘连图像基础上,利用模板匹配和K折交叉验证方法进行多目标水稻灯诱害虫的识别。首先,提取每个水稻害虫图像中包括颜色、形态和纹理共156个特征参数;然后,利用主成分分析法进行数据降维,选取前6个主成分作为害虫特征参数;最后,根据每种灯诱害虫的姿态确定模板数,通过模糊C均值获得聚类中心作为模板参数,分别利用单模板和多模板匹配方法进行水稻害虫的识别。结果表明,针对姿态各异且有虫体残缺的多目标水稻灯诱害虫,多模板和单模板匹配法的识别率分别为83.1%和59.9%。     

基于INTERNET的水稻基因数据库信息系统

水稻基因数据库系统是在建的国家作物科学数据共享中心的一个重要模块,也是国家水稻数据中心的一个重要子系统。功能上,该子系统提供了有关水稻基因各方面的数据信息,包括基因序列、基因产物、基因功能、参考文献等;系统设计上,基于ASP.NET的程序骨架使得系统在网络上运行时更快捷、更安全、更易维护。用户可通过因特网（http://gene.ricedata.cn/）对数据库进行检索操作。     

萝北县稻鸭米生产模式简介

稻田养鸭可以除草防虫,增加土壤肥力,提高水稻产量。从稻鸭品种的选用、水稻育秧及孵鸭时间要求、稻田围网及鸭笼摆放、水稻插秧及鸭雏放养、水层管理、适时添饲育肥、做好害虫的无公害治理、收鸭及后期管理、水稻收获等方面总结了萝北县稻鸭米生产模式,并提出了生产中的注意事项。     

基于图像的水稻灯诱害虫自动识别技术的研究

利用灯光诱杀稻田害虫,并识别与计数这些害虫是水稻害虫的一种常规但非常重要的测报方法。在灯光诱杀的昆虫中,大多数昆虫是不需要测报的,因此,在人工识别灯诱测报害虫时,需要排除这些昆虫。这种人工识别与计数害虫的方法效率低、任务重、识别准确率差。我们提出了一种基于图像的水稻灯诱害虫自动识别方法。首先,根据测报害虫的形态特征对水稻灯诱昆虫图像进行初步分组,每组昆虫图像中包含一种测报害虫的背面图像、腹面图像和与其形态相似的非测报害虫图像,共3类;然后,提取组内每一张水稻昆虫图像的颜色、形态和纹理共31个特征参数;最后,利用带后验概率的SVM分类器对每组的3类昆虫图谱进行训练和测试,输出时同一种测报害虫的背面和腹面图像被视为同一种害虫。结果表明,3种较大个体的水稻灯诱测报害虫的平均识别准确率为97.4%。     

图像特征和样本量对水稻害虫识别结果的影响

【目的】在传统的模式识别分类中,从大量的干扰物体中识别出目标物体,图像特征参数的选择和不同训练样本数量的比例对目标物体的识别结果有着较大的影响。研究的目的在于明晰不同的图像特征和样本量对水稻灯诱害虫识别结果的影响。【方法】根据5种目标害虫体型大小,将水稻灯诱昆虫分成大型昆虫和小型昆虫。研究水稻昆虫图像的全局特征、局部特征和不同特征融合对水稻目标害虫识别结果的影响;研究基于小样本条件,选择不同训练样本比例对水稻目标害虫识别结果的影响。【结果】当非目标昆虫样本量约为目标害虫样本量的4倍时,基于全局特征和HOG特征融合训练得到的支持向量机分类器识别水稻3种大型害虫,可获得91.4%的识别率和8.6%的误检率;当非目标昆虫样本量约为目标害虫样本量的2倍左右时,基于全局特征的支持向量机分类器识别水稻2种小型害虫,可获得94.9%的识别率和4.9%的误检率。【结论】针对小样本数据,从大量非目标中识别出目标物体,选择合适的特征和设置合理的训练样本比例可获得较好的目标识别结果。     

提高直播水稻田间出苗率的几项措施

分析了南疆稻区水稻直播由于受气候、土地质量、种子、肥料、水层管理、害虫等因素影响致使出苗率较低,同时提出了采取精细整地、选育良种、适期早播、加强肥水管理、防治病虫草害等技术措施提高出苗率。     

稻田深施呋喃丹防治水稻害虫试验

稻田深施呋喃丹防治水稻害虫试验杨玉桂，黄茂进（福建龙海市植保植检站３６３１００）三化螟、稻飞虱、蓟马、黑尾叶蝉是水稻上的主要害虫，能造成水稻枯心、白德并传播病毒病，给水稻生产造成一定的为害，尤其是三化螟和稻飞虱，随着水稻高产栽培的不断发展，发生为客逐...     

稻纵卷叶螟大发生原因分析及综合防治技术

水稻是大丰市最主要的粮食作物,近几年来,稻纵卷叶螟已从次要害虫上升为主要害虫,成为水稻生长最难防治的害虫之一。本文从该虫迁入期、迁入峰次、残留基数、气候条件等方面综合分析其重发原因,提出科学测报、科学施药、治前控后等切实可行的防治措施。该项技术对指导苏北沿海地区稻纵卷叶螟的防治具有指导意义。     

提高直播水稻田间出苗率的几项措施

分析了南疆稻区水稻直播由于受气候、土地质量、种子、肥料、水层管理、害虫等因素影响致使出苗率较低,同时提出了采取精细整地、选育良种、适期早播、加强肥水管理、防治病虫草害等技术措施提高出苗率.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.