花生四烯酸代谢物在炎症中的作用

综述了花四烯酸代谢物在炎症过程中的变化和作用以及与其它炎症介质如自由基、肿瘤坏死因子、白介素－１等的相互关系。表明花生四烯酸代谢物在炎症中的作用不是一个孤立的过程,它们与其他炎症介质密切相关,共同参与病理生理发生发展。     

寄生虫介导的花生四烯酸代谢物免疫调节

宿主感染寄生虫的一个显著表现是在感染期间不能发生有效的免疫反应。花生四烯酸代谢物可能在这一现象中起重要作用。大量的研究证据表明，寄生虫释放花生四烯酸代谢物；寄生虫花生四烯酸代谢物抑制宿主免疫细胞功能，从而有利于寄生虫的入侵和生存；寄生虫也激发宿主细胞产生花生四烯酸代谢物。     

中药抗炎机理研究进展

中药对各种类型的炎症有不同程度的抑制效应,主要从调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴功能,干扰花生四烯酸代谢,对炎症介质的作用,抑制白细胞趋化、移动和活化,抑制氧自由基的产生,影响细胞内第二信使以及抗血栓形成等方面抑制炎症。     

花生四烯酸对家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的影响

花生四烯酸是一类顺式多不饱和脂肪酸,是动物细胞膜磷脂的重要组成部分。在家禽生产中,花生四烯酸作为一种必需脂肪酸调控家禽的生长发育;而且作为功能性营养因子,通过在禽蛋中的蓄积来满足人体需求。除了作为前列腺素合成的前体物调节动物生殖过程外,花生四烯酸在调节卵泡颗粒细胞功能的过程中也起重要作用。     

肠道微生物的色氨酸代谢物对宿主肠道健康影响的研究进展

肠道微生物产生的代谢物是影响宿主健康的关键介质。肠道中细菌、真菌、原生动物分解各种膳食营养素而产生的小分子代谢物有益于宿主健康。微生物产生的色氨酸与宿主多种不同生理过程紧密关联,如宿主的生理防御、内稳态、肠道屏障免疫以及炎症性疾病等,但还不清楚这些色氨酸代谢物之间是否存在协同或竞争关系。因此,明确由微生物代谢产生色氨酸的作用机制将有助于进一步解释微生物代谢产物与肠道健康之间的关系。本文主要综述了肠道细菌、真菌、原生动物与色氨酸代谢的特点及其代谢产物在肠道免疫屏障中的作用,色氨酸代谢物作为关键信号分子在不同的肠道炎症疾病中维持肠道稳态的作用,色氨酸代谢物在宿主免疫调节中的作用,旨在探讨肠道微生物的色氨酸代谢物对宿主健康的潜在影响,为今后肠道微生物代谢与哺乳动物健康这一新兴领域的研究提供参考。     

托芬那酸的药理毒理研究资料综述

综述了非甾体抗炎药托芬那酸的药理毒理研究资料,为托芬那酸的临床应用等提供参考。与其他的非甾体抗炎药类似,托芬那酸具有抗炎、镇痛及解热作用。通过抑制环氧化酶（COX）减少花生四烯酸（AA）向炎症介质前列腺素（PGs）转化而起到消炎镇痛作用。托芬那酸在动物体内吸收迅速,广泛分布于各种组织中,代谢速度相对较快。在安全药理、急慢性毒性、致突变及生殖毒性方面,没有严重的特异性的毒性反应。     

山羊感染肝片吸虫后血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α和花生四烯酸代谢物动态变化初探

选用 6只健康雄性山羊 ,经粪便检查和 Dot- ELISA检测确认为无肝片吸虫感染。随机分成感染 组、感染 组和对照组 ( 组 ) ,每组 2只。 、 组山羊分别一次口服接种 2 0 0和 50 0个囊蚴 ,实验连续 1 7周。每周定时由颈静脉采血样 ,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子 - α(TNF- α)和花生四烯酸代谢物水平动态变化及相互关系。结果表明 :山羊从感染后第 5周开始 TNF- α和 PGE2 逐渐上升 ,高于或极明显高于对照组直至 1 7周。山羊感染后第 3周 组 TXB2 明显高于对照组 ,以后呈波动性上升趋势直至第 1 7周的最大值 ,感染 组没有类似 组的表现 ,与对照组相近。在整个实验期里 ,感染组山羊血浆 6- keto- PGF1α水平低于对照组 ,但差异不显著。检验感染组的 TNF-α与几种花生四烯酸代谢物水平间的相关性发现 :感染 和 组的 TNF- α均与 PGE2 呈显著正相关。提示山羊急性感染肝片吸虫后 ,体内 TNF- α和一些花生四烯酸代谢物明显参与了山羊肝片吸虫病的发生发展过程 ,表现出山羊对肝片吸虫感染的耐受力和抵抗力较弱的特点     

中药抗炎机理研究进展

近年来,中药的抗炎作用已受到人们广泛的关注,临床及实验证明,很多中药具有很好的抗炎作用.实验研究证实,中药的抗炎作用机制表现为多途径,与现代药理学相对应,一般主要影响丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴(HPAA)的功能,干扰花生四烯酸代谢,抑制炎性介质,抗血栓生成等,随着对炎症研究的不断深入,中药抗炎作用与一氧化氮(NO)的生成也有密切关系.     

花生四烯酸在畜禽业中的应用

介绍了花生四烯酸的作用机理,综述了其在动物繁殖、生产富含脂肪酸保健蛋等方面的应用,指出了花生四烯酸的开发应用前景。     

花生四烯酸在水产饲料中的应用

花生四烯酸是鱼类的一种必需脂肪酸。作为水产饲料添加剂,花生四烯酸有利于海洋鱼类生长、存活及抵抗压力,提高卵子、精子和幼苗的质量,从而促进鱼类的繁殖,花生四烯酸还具有调节免疫的功能。本文还简述了利用生物技术发酵生产花生四烯酸。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.