关注鸟类爱护自然——西部首届观鸟大赛侧记

观鸟是人们到大自然中,在不影响鸟类正常活动的前提下,去欣赏鸟的自然美,并观察它们的外形姿态、取食方式、食物构成、繁殖行为、迁徙特点和所栖息的环境等,了解鸟类与自然环境的关系以及人类与鸟的关系。     

兴凯湖地区东方白鹳迁徙动态及其停歇地环境条件研究

于2002年3～5月、9～11月对途经黑龙江省兴凯湖自然保护区的东方白鹳种群数量和停歇地环境条件进行研究的结果表明：东方白鹳春季迁徙的首见期3月5日，末见期4月10日，迁徒持续期5～7天，大多作1～3天的短暂停留后便继续北飞。秋季东方白鹳在9月15日至10月5日陆续迁到，11月上旬迁离，迁徙持续期35～60天，停歇期达35～60天。东方白鹳迁徙活动受风速、气温、降雨等天气影响。喜栖湿草甸、浅水湖泡及湖泡中的“塔头”。取食鱼类，两栖、爬行动物及鼠类，且以鱼类食为主。本文提出了进一步研究和保持东方白鹳迁徙停歇地的措施。     

关注鸟类 爱护自然——西部首届观鸟大赛侧记

观鸟是人们到大自然中，在不影响鸟类正常活动的前提下，去欣赏鸟的自然美，并观察它们的外形姿态、取食方式、食物构成、繁殖行为、迁徙特点和所栖息的环境等，了解鸟类与自然环境的关系以及人类与鸟的关系。[编者按]     

众多候鸟迁徙缘何必经湖南桂东

数千年以来,每年的谷雨时节,数以亿计羽的候鸟在湖南省桂东县八面山、齐云山等地觅食补充后,集群经过湖南桂东的鸟岭等地,飞往北方避暑。每年的秋分时节,数以亿计羽的候鸟途经湖南桂东的鸟岭,在八面山、齐云山等地停留补充食物后,飞往南方避寒。在这两个时段,候鸟或以百成群,或以千成群,或以万成群,你追我赶地飞过桂东的鸟岭等隘口,情景非常壮观,年复一年。     

观鸟,生态旅游新风尚

观鸟是指在不影响鸟类正常活动的前提下,在自然环境中欣赏鸟的自然美,观察记录它们的外形姿态、数量、取食方式、食物构成、繁殖行为、迁徙特点和栖息环境等,是一种有益身心健康的休闲活动。国外有关学者认为,生态观鸟是生态旅游最重要的表现形式,对目的地环境     

不同时期鹤类在黄河三角洲的分布及其生境选择

黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区是鹤类重要的分布区,按其停留型可分为南迁期、越冬期及北迁期。在不同停留型,不同鹤类的生境选择有差异。同时,对鹤类种群从出现至迁离开展跟踪调查,有利于研究其迁徙、停歇及越冬规律。2014年,作者采用定点观察法,对保护区内的鹤类进行观察,记录鹤类的种类、数量及分布区域变化,在此基础上,对鹤类在不同时期的分布、生境选择及迁徙规律进行分析。     

黑龙江呼玛迎来大批太平鸟

2014年11月27日获悉,近日,到处白雪皑皑的高寒地区黑龙江省大兴安岭地区呼玛县迎来大批太平鸟,成为边城冬季里的小精灵。太平鸟,一般体长18厘米左右,翼展34～35厘米,体重40～64克,寿命通常超过5岁,最长为13岁6个月。属小型鸣禽,全身基本匕呈葡萄灰褐色,头部色深呈栗褐色,头顶有一细长呈簇状的羽冠,一条黑色贯眼纹从嘴基经眼到后枕,位于羽冠两侧,在栗褐色的头部极为醒目。特征极明显,数量众多,体态优美、鸣声清柔,为冬季园林内的观赏鸟类。     

鸟类与石山绿化

在石山地区,人们常可以见到在山坡上孤零零生长着的一两棵苦楝树或榕树。它们从何而来?这是鸟类的杰作,鸟类能够传播植物种子。许多鸟类都嗜食苦楝果实,如广西石山区常见的白头鹎、红耳鹎、红臀鹎、栗背短脚鹎、黑短脚鹎等,都是苦楝果实的爱好者,白颊噪鹛、白腹鸫、乌鸫等不少鸟类,在食物不足时,也会取食苦楝果。这些鸟啄食苦楝果实,待果实的肉质部分消化后会将果核吐出。这些被吐出的苦楝核仍能很好地发芽。从取食果实到吐出果核,期间有些鸟可能飞出很远的距离,因此它们完全有能力将苦楝种子传播到一个原来没有苦楝树的新地方,从而使该地有…     

观鸟，生态旅游新风尚

观鸟是指在不影响鸟类正常活动的前提下，在自然环境中欣赏鸟的自然美，观察记录它们的外形姿态、数量、取食方式、食物构成、繁殖行为、迁徙特点和栖息环境等，是一种有益身心健康的休闲活动。国外有关学者认为，生态观鸟是生态旅游最重要的表现形式，对目的地环境影响的负作用最小，但却能带来非常可观的经济、社会效益。     

光肩星天牛成虫寄主选择中的"记忆效应"

2004年和2005年,对羽化于5种树种的光肩星天牛成虫在5种相同寄主树种上的停留、取食、交配、刻槽、产卵等5个寄主选择指标进行了试验.从总体结果看,光肩星天牛成虫在进行寄主选择时,对原寄主具有一定“记忆效应”.具体来讲,受到嗜好树种复叶槭的影响,来源不同的光肩星天牛成虫在停留、取食和交配3个指标上没有表现出很强的“记忆效应”.但就刻槽和产卵两个指标而言,光肩星天牛成虫在其来源树种上的比率最高,“记忆效应”表现得十分明显.该结果为在多树种合理配置中发挥诱饵树作用提供了较好的理论依据.     

Feeding and mating behaviour of Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera,Tephritidae) in the field

The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax, is a major tephritid fruit fly pest that infests Citrus spp. fruits. The pest was removed from the national quarantine pest list in China in 2009 owing to its wide spread across the country, and it is currently considered a major threat to citrus industry in Asia. The frequent high infestation levels of B. minax in China emphasize the need for a more comprehensive understanding of its biology and ecology so that more efficient control measures can be developed and applied. In the framework of developing a sterile insect technique program against B. minax, we studied the feeding and mating activities of B. minax in situ (Citrus orchards and surrounding habitats) through open field surveys and video recordings. In the pre-oviposition period, sexually immature adults largely foraged for food (e.g. honeydew from aphids, nectar and sooty mould) on non-host plants. Then, sexually mature adult flies shifted to lick sooty moulds, bird faeces and, to a lesser extent, an unknown substance on the Citrus leaves and fruits during the mating and oviposition periods. Finally, during the post-oviposition period, the flies were observed feeding on ooze from grapes. The mating behaviour patterns of B. minax in the field were described as follows: first, the male established its territory close to the potential oviposition substrate (Citrus fruit), second, the female landed on the fruit and began inspection and ovipositor boring behaviour on the fruit surface (no male courtship observed e.g. wing vibration), and third, the male mounted and copulated with the female. The present study shed light on the feeding ecology and mating behaviour of B. minax in the field; this knowledge will facilitate development of better management strategies against this tephritid fly.     

Fruit production ofAcacia tortilis andA. nilotica in semi-arid Ethiopia

Dry, dehiscent fruits ofAcacia tortilis provide important fodder for pastoral livestock in dry seasons on the central Borana Plateau, fruits ofA. nilotica may also be useful during drought. Information was needed on fruit yield to assess what these species could contribute to improved calf feeding systems based on local resources. Fruit production of 10 mature trees per species was measured at five sites for seven months during 1988–9 (n=50 per species). Fruit yields varied according to site, season and species x site (each atP<0.001), but there was no main effect of species (P=0.13). Yields were not correlated with trunk diameter at breast height (DBH) or canopy area within or across species (P>0.05 in all cases). Yields ranged from 0 to 40 kg DM per tree overall, with an average of 5.3 kg DM per tree (or 65 g DM/m² of canopy area). This average tree had a DBH of 26 cm and a canopy area of 81 m². Low and highly variable fruit yields appear to constrain enhanced use of these species here. These species warrant further attention in research and development, however, given their strategic value as forage resources in pastoral systems and their ability to persist in variable environments.     

FEEDING HABITS OF HAINAN ELDI''''S DEER

Hainan eldi's deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer's feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988,we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is aeuryphangous herbivore.They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strongselectivity for woody plants,especially tending to eat the tender parts of plants and some fruits andflowers.Like other species of deer,they also like to lick the alkaline soil.This paper reports the re-search and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer,and onthe palatability of the main plants in the reserve.     

Indigenous fruit trees of Madagascar: potential components of agroforestry systems to improve human nutrition and restore biological diversity

Biodiversity in Eastern Madagascar is threatened by slash and burn agriculture, which is resulting in species extinction, land and soil degradation and rural impoverishment. An ethnobotanical study was undertaken to determine the domestication potential of indigenous fruit tree species as components of agroforestry systems. Four major selection criteria were used: nutritional and income needs of the population, diversification of the agroecosystem, and protection of plant and animal diversity. At three sites, Andasibe, Masoala and Ranomafana, in the humid primary forest region of Eastern Madagascar, a total of 150 wild fruit species from 82 genera and 42 families, of which 85% were indigenous and 92% of woody habit, were identified. In contrast to most of the deforested areas in Madagascar, the rural population in these areas possess an intimate knowledge of indigenous plant resources. Most of the indigenous fruits are collected from the forest but for a few species, domestication is initiated by managing naturally established species or by planting individual trees in agricultural fields. Wild fruits supplement the daily diet, substitute for exotic fruits, gain importance during periods of food shortage and are most appreciated by children. Commercialization of wild fruits is mainly undertaken by the poorer section of the population. Gender related differences in knowledge and preferences on species were identified and related to the respective household responsibilities. A list of the 26 priority species was established based on the preferences of children, women and men at the three sites. Local, fruit-eating lemur species are also highly dependent on indigenous fruit trees and are crucial for successful regeneration of forest vegetation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Feeding habits of Hainan eldi’s deer

Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone, it is regarded as the first-class animal under protection in China. Based on all-year-round observation on the deer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988, we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is a euryphangous herbivore. They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strong selectivity for woody plants, especially tending to cat the tender parts of plants and some fruits and flowers. Like other species of deer, they also like to lick the alkaline soil. This paper reports the research and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer, and on the palatability of the main plants in the reserve.     

云南切梢小蠹与横坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期的竞争研究

2000年5月至2001年5月,研究了云南切梢小蠹与横坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期的种间竞争,比较了2种松小蠹在其寄主云南松树冠的垂直分布规律.结果表明,不同月份2种松小蠹在云南松树冠的垂直分布的存在差异,并随着月份的变动而发生变化.横坑切梢小蠹多危害较细的松梢,而云南切梢小蠹多危害较粗大的松梢.2种松小蠹的其它蛀梢习性(危害梢的年龄、攻击部位、蛀道长度等)文中也进行了比较.结论,云南切梢小蠹对云南松树梢的攻击能力强于横坑切梢小蠹.     

Inhibition by pulp juice and enhancement by ingestion on germination of bird-dispersedPrunus seeds

To evaluate what prevents seed germination and why ingestion by birds enhances germination, we carried out germination experiments using bird-dispersed seeds of twoPrunus species (Prunus sargentii andP. ssiori) in the laboratory. Germination of seeds with following four treatments was compared: “Ingested seeds” excreted after feeding of fruits to birds; “Extracted seeds” deliberately extracted from the fruit pulp; “Juiced seeds” which were supplemented with the juice of the pulp after seeds had been deliberately extracted from the pulp; and “Intact seeds” in untreated whole fruits. Many ingested (27%, 23% inP. sargentii, 18% inP. ssiori) and extracted seeds (24% inP. sargentii, 17% inP. ssiori) germinated, and difference in germination percentages between ingested and extracted seeds were not significant, for eitherPrunus species. The Juiced seeds rarely germinated (2% inP. sargentii, 6% inP. ssiori), and seeds within intact fruits did not germinate. These results suggest that the fruit pulp and the juice of the pulp inhibit germination and the seeds could germinate without ingestion by birds once they had been manually extracted from pulp. Therefore, it is considered that bird ingestion enahnces germination by removing pulp, especially juice of the pulp, in these twoPrunus species.     

Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species

The structural variety of the condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in the fruits of 16Diospyros species are reported. Eleven species contained condensed tannins mostly consisting of a mixture of catechin (CA) and gallocatechin (GCA) repeating units; the other five species did not. The GCA content in the CA-GCA total varied from 0.3% to 84.6%. The number of esterified gallic acid per one flavan repeating unit (degree of galloylation, DG) ranged from 0.01 to 0.89. The GCA content was found to be proportional to the DG values. Thus, 16Diospyros species tested may be classified into five groups by the analytical data of their condensed tannins. It may be interesting to compare their structural characteristics with those of the condensed tannins in other fruits, leaves, woods, and barks from the viewpoint of their biosynthesis and function in the plants.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1995     

长白山区主要城市园林木本植物观赏价值分析与物候调查

通过2 a的调查,研究了长白山区的通化、白山、延吉、吉林等10个市、县公园共124种园林木本植物的开花、结果、落叶、长叶等物候情况.调查植物中,花较显著的植物有63种,占全部种的50.81%,以观花为主的植物54种,花颜色主要是白、红、黄3种,百分比分别是53.97%,31.75%和14.29%.果较显著的植物有58种,占全部种的46.77%,以观果为主的植物34种,果的颜色主要是红、黑、绿3种,百分比分别是55.17%,18.97%和17.24%.叶较显著的有40种,占全部种的32.26%,主要观叶植物有21种.株型较显著的植物有54种,占全部种的43.55%,主要观株型植物有24种.开花时间主要集中于5～7月,结果较多的是8～10月.果实的类型多样,以核果、浆果、梨果和蒴果较多.成熟果实的颜色有红、黑、绿、黄等,其中红色和绿色果实较多.