Feeding habits of Hainan eldi’s deer

Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone, it is regarded as the first-class animal under protection in China. Based on all-year-round observation on the deer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988, we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is a euryphangous herbivore. They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strong selectivity for woody plants, especially tending to cat the tender parts of plants and some fruits and flowers. Like other species of deer, they also like to lick the alkaline soil. This paper reports the research and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer, and on the palatability of the main plants in the reserve.     

猴猕岭野放坡鹿种群与栖息地现状

2003年开始由大田自然保护区向猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿,至2005年止共野放296头。2007年5月,海南林业局组织了海南坡鹿种群全面调查。我们对猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿种群数量与栖息地现状进行了调查,采用现场直观点数调查、样方调查和访问调查相结合的方法进行。调查结果为海南坡鹿530头,种群年均增长率约21．4％。事实证明了迁地野放坡鹿是成功的,为促进坡鹿种群的进一步发展及栖息质量不断改善,提出了相应的保护建议。     

Is deer herbivory directly proportional to deer population density? Comparison of deer feeding frequencies among six forests with different deer density

The intensity of deer herbivory, rather than simply the deer population density, directly affects the forest ecosystem, but a linear relationship between these two factors has generally been assumed. To assess their relationship, we investigated deer population density and tree sapling vegetation in six forests with different deer density on Yakushima Island, Japan. The feeding frequency was used as an index of deer herbivory. Palatable saplings showed high feeding frequency and became rare in deer-abundant areas, while unpalatable saplings showed low feeding frequency and increased with increasing deer density. In addition, feeding frequency on sapling vegetation did not continue to increase with increasing deer population and was limited to only 0.24-0.32 in deer-abundant areas (more than 20 deer/km²). These data suggest that deer shift their main food items from living palatable saplings to other alternatives such as litter fall rather than living unpalatable saplings. Clearly, the nonlinear relationship between deer density and deer herbivory on forest vegetation could result from a change in the food eaten by deer, and it is therefore necessary to assess the impacts of deer based on not only the size of the deer population but also the intensity of direct herbivory.     

湖北恩施二蹬岩林麝、猕猴自然保护区维管植物区系及植被群落分析

二蹬岩林麝、猕猴自然保护区位于湖北省恩施市,是1个以保护林麝、猕猴为主的省级专类保护区。保护区共有维管植物121科309属504种。其中:包含国家级保护植物6种。保护区植物区系成分复杂,维管植物属的分布类型有14个。其中:温带属144种、热带属115 种。植物区系具温带特性,具有热带向温带过渡的性质。多心皮、古老孑遗植物的存在表明, 该植物区系起源古老。保护区的植被群落可以划分为5种类型:常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、灌草丛林及竹林,植物群落的多样性给林麝、猕猴的生存提供了良好的条件。     

海南坡鹿一般临床性检查及防治对策

掌握海南坡鹿一般临床性检查,是开展疾病防治诊断的重要前提工作,只有掌握了临床检查,才能准确的了解坡鹿的健康状况。根据多年的实践经验与观察,该文阐述了海南坡鹿一般临床性检查:体温的检查;呼吸频率的检查;采食与反刍的检查;胃肠道的检查;心搏频率的检查;排粪及粪便检查;排尿及尿液的检查。不同年龄、性别的坡鹿个体各种指标的检查结果有所差异;坡鹿在静止或者是运动状态下各种指标的检查结果也不相同。文章提出了相应的临床性检查与保护建议。     

Effects of sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae) population growth on saplings in an evergreen broad-leaved forest

An increase in size of sika deer populations has caused severe damage to forest vegetation in many regions of Japan. In a Natural World Heritage area on the western part of Yakushima Island, existing high densities of deer are thought to be increasing, but the impact of deer on forest vegetation has not been estimated. Roadside censuses of deer between 1988 and 2006 showed that encounter rates are continuing to increase. Long-term monitoring of individual tree saplings in a 0.13 ha area of the forest between 1992 and 2005 showed that many saplings still remain despite increases in sika deer density. However, differences in growth and mortality rates of preferred, neutral (neither preferred nor avoided) and avoided sika deer food species varied over time. As a group, preferred species continuously had a low growth rate, while their mortality rate increased through time. The growth rates of the neutral and avoided groups decreased especially in the second half of our study period at the same time that their mortality rates increased. These data suggest that in spite of food species preference, direct feeding pressures as well as indirect physical effects by increasing sika deer density are affecting growth and mortality of tree saplings. Clearly, it is difficult to predict how plant communities will respond to possible continued sika deer population growth, and it is therefore important to continue monitoring these forest communities in the interest of preserving the unique ecosystems on Yakushima Island.     

海南佳西省级自然保护区动植物资源探讨

通过对海南佳西省级自然保护区野生动植物资源进行调查,结果表明：佳西自然保护区有野生维管植物1399种,其中蕨类植物103种、裸子植物11种、被子植物1285种、属于海南特有植物62种,占海南特有种总数的12.3%;陆栖脊椎动物有198种,其中两栖动物20种、爬行动物25种、鸟类115种、哺乳动物38种。属于海南特有12种,占海南所有特有种总数的52.2%。该地区拥有丰富的野生动植物资源,建议进一步加强保护管理工作。     

Habitat use of large ungulates in northeastern Germany in relation to forest management

Estimating large herbivore density has been a major area of research in recent decades. Previous studies monitoring ungulate density, however, focused mostly on determining animal abundance, and did not interpret animal distribution in relation to habitat parameters. We surveyed large ungulates in the Biodiversity Exploratory Schorfheide-Chorin using faecal pellet group counts. This allowed us to explore the link between relative ungulate abundance, habitat use, and browsing damage on trees in a region with several types of forest, including unharvested and age-class beech forests, as well as age-class pine forests. Our results demonstrate that roe deer and fallow deer relative abundance is negatively correlated with large tree cover, and positively correlated with the cover of small shrubs (Rubus spec., Vaccinium spec.), and winter food supply. Habitat use of roe deer and fallow deer, as estimated by counting faecal pellet groups, revealed a preference for mature pine forests, and avoidance of deciduous forests. This differential habitat use is explained by different distributions of high quality food resources during winter. The response of deer to understory cover differed between roe deer and fallow deer at high cover percentages. The amount of browsing damage we observed on coniferous trees was not consistent with the relative deer abundance. Browsing damage was consistently higher on most deciduous trees, except for beech saplings which sustained less damage when roe deer density was low. Because roe deer is a highly selective feeder, it was reported to affect tree diversity by feeding only on trees with high nutritional value. Consequently, we propose that managing the number of all deer species by hunting is necessary to allow successful forest regeneration. Such an adjustment to deer numbers would need to account for both current tree diversity and alternative food resources. Our findings may be applicable to other forest landscapes in northeastern Germany including mature pine stands and differently harvested deciduous forests.     

Anti-browsing effects of birch bark extract on fallow deer

A major problem within forest industry is unwanted browsing on seedlings from mammalian herbivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of birch bark extracts as repellents towards fallow deer. Birch bark was extracted in a conventional way with ethanol as solvent at ambient temperature and with a new method, liquid CO₂ extraction. An analysis of the ethanol-extracted birch bark showed that it contained large amounts of terpenoids, of which the most abundant was betulin. In seven different treatment trials, we used 15 individually handled fallow deer. To investigate the binary taste preferences, birch bark extract was added to food and presented in two bowls in typical two-choice tests. We found that the amount of a food type consumed during a trial and the number of shifts between food bowls were dependent on the amount of the birch extract the food contained. Concentrations of above 1 % by dry weight of birch extract acted as a repellent. In addition, such concentrations produced shorter feeding bouts by a greater willingness to change bowls. Therefore, our conclusion is that birch bark extract acts as a repellent towards fallow deer and is therefore likely to act as a repellent against other deer species. In addition, we show that birch bark extract produced by the new and more environmentally sustainable method employing liquid CO₂ mixed with ethanol has the same repellent effect as the traditional ethanol extraction.     

南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的分布特征

采用样地调查、线路调查的方法,对云南省南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的资源状况及分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,（1）南滚河国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物共计206种,隶属于44科108属。其中,国家重点保护野生植物21种,云南省重点保护野生植物36种, IUCN红色名录植物17种, CITES附录植物143种。（2）发现新分布种长蕊木兰、水青树和逸生种喜树。（3）珍稀濒危种子植物区系联系广泛,属级水平上具有极强的热带性质;种级水平上具有热带成分向温带成分过渡的特征,且特有现象突出,与滇西南、滇南分布联系密切。（4）海拔510～2977 m,珍稀濒危植物的丰富度随海拔的增加呈先增后减的趋势,集中分布在海拔1000～1500 m的季风常绿阔叶林中。该保护区珍稀濒危植物面临的主要威胁是人为破坏,并针对所受威胁提出了保护建议。     

大兴安岭呼中自然保护区兽类多样性研究

于2016年6月至2018年6月,在呼中自然保护区共架设红外相机46台进行兽类多样性研究。通过对拍摄结果筛选,其中55 856份记录可以鉴定出具体物种,有效探测总数1 128个(狍子、驼鹿、野猪、原麝、黑熊、紫貂、猞猁和花尾榛鸡)。研究结果表明:相对多度指数最高的物种为狍子(RAT=9.82),其次为野猪(RAI=8.59);食肉目中,猞猁(RAI=3.10)的相对多度指数最高,其次为紫貂(RAI=2.93);偶蹄目中,相对多度指数最低的为驼鹿(RAI=1.94)。     

广东大雾岭自然保护区珍稀濒危植物资源的保护与利用

大雾岭自然保护区是广东省珍稀濒危植物资源丰富的地区之一,区内分布有国家级保护的珍稀濒危植物20种,其中国家一级1种、二级8种、三级11种.这些珍稀濒危植物不仅在医药、用材、观赏、化工等方面具有较高的开发利用价值,而且还具有生态保护和科学研究价值.论述了大雾岭自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的种类、利用价值、保护现状,提出了珍稀濒危植物保护与合理利用的主要措施.     

中国刺蛾科幼虫的寄主植物多样性分析

刺蛾科Limacodidae是鳞翅目中1个相对较小的科,是果树、园林及经济作物的主要害虫。目前我国已知64属230种,其中89种有幼虫的寄主植物记录。文章列出了这89种刺蛾及其寄主植物,并对其食性多样性及特点进行了分析。结果表明:中国刺蛾科昆虫涉及到的寄主植物共有64科,其中以茶科上的刺蛾种类最多,达47种,占总数的52.8%。     

红外相机技术在河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的应用

为了充实河北雾灵山自然保护区的野生动物资源本底资料,提高监测能力和监测水平,雾灵山保护区自2015年开始将红外相机技术应用到野生动植物的资源调查和管护中。目前应用红外相机技术发现兽类5目10科14种,鸟类4目6科10种,掌握了区内主要物种猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、狍(Capreolus)和勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)的日活动节律,补充了保护区的本底调查资料,为保护区进一步开展金钱豹(Panthera pardus)、斑羚(Naemorhedus goral)和鸟类多样性等科学研究奠定了基础,为保护区制定关于野生动物资源的相关管护政策提供了科学依据。     

海南长臂猿的猿食植物及主要种群的结构特征

海南长臂猿主要觅食植物（猿食植物）已知有35科68种,以乔木树种为主,其中尤以桑科（Moraceae）和樟科（Lauraceae）树种为多。大部分猿食植物出现在海拔400～1200m之间,海拔超过1200m几乎很少有猿食植物出现,海拔低于400m的猿食植物种类也较少。根据固定样地调查结果,原始林中的猿食植物种类最多,而退化地次生植被中则很少,不适合海南长臂猿的生存,必须对这类植被进行改造。对6个主要猿食植物的种群龄级结构分析,表明受人类干扰较大的物种呈不稳定的种群结构,而主要分布在原始林中的物种则呈正常增长型的种群结构。在退化地上人工种植猿食植物、恢复森林生态系统是保护和扩大海南长臂猿种群的主要手段。     

大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区的植物生态生活型研究

依据位于云南省昭通市朝阳区西北部的大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区的358种植物标本记录,按植物的生态生活型,将这些植物归为水生、湿生、陆生植物三大类,分为28类生态生活型。其中,水生植物28种,占全部植物种类的7.82%,湿生植物239种,占66.76%,陆生植物91种,占25.14%。对区内各植物生态生活型的研究结果如下:①区内的生态系统相对齐全;②区内首次发现以沉水植物水毛茛、岛田水筛及尖叶眼子菜为优势种的沉水植物群落;③丰富的湿生多年生草本植物(157种)是区内的主要植物资源;④残留在多石山坡和人工林下的陆生灌木矮高山栎见证了矮高山栎灌丛曾是本区山丘重要原生植被类型之一,而陆生多年生灌木状竹类海竹所形成的海竹灌丛亦为本区以及滇东北亚高山地带的特有原生植被类型。     

广州城市园林绿地食源树种应用及其生态景观营造

【目的】城市鸟类及蜂蝶类群落结构多样性是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分和生态环境质量的重要评价标准之一。了解城市园林绿地食源树种的应用,探讨食源树种的生态特性及其景观特征。【方法】调查了广州市12处城市绿地食源树种的应用,观察鸟类及蜂蝶类的取食情况,记录绿地中食源树种的种类、应用频次、配置方式及生长状况,归纳分析食源树种群落构成、观赏特性、生态性等。【结果】广州园林绿地常见食源树种有23科33属45种,其中鸟类食源树种25种,蜂蝶类食源树种20种,以桃金娘科、桑科、大戟科为主,并以乡土种为主、外来驯化种为辅;食源树种的观赏与被取食时间主要集中于春夏季(31种),秋冬季的相对较少(16种)。【结论】广州市绿地的食源树种资源丰富,约300种,但常见鸟类及蜂蝶类食源树种仅占18%,结合良好适应性、抗逆性、取食性、观赏性,归纳出20种优势乡土食源树种;同时对食源树种群落组成结构进行分析,在兼顾食源树种的观赏性与生态性的基础上,设计出6组可在广州城市园林绿地推广应用的生态配置群落,采用树种混交与立体复合栽植的形式,乔、灌、草结合,形成丰富的水平与垂直植物群落结构,提高绿地生境异质性,增加食源树种的数量及丰富度,提供丰富稳定的食物来源,为鸟类及蜂蝶类提供多样的稳定栖息地。研究结果将对城市园林绿地食源树种的合理选择与科学配置应用,以及营造鸟类及蜂蝶类昆虫生态景观具有现实指导意义。     

梅花鹿生态学研究进展

对我国梅花鹿从其种群生态、栖息地、食性、活动习性等生态学研究进行了概述,指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿生态学的研究主要集中在栖息地的研究,并且阐明栖息地的减少与恶化是梅花鹿的种群濒危的主要原因之一。如何提高梅花鹿种群的密度与数量是今后梅花鹿研究的主要方向。     

海南岛尖峰岭白蚁的区系与生态分布*

海南岛尖峰岭热带林自然保护区的白蚁，已鉴定种名的有４４种，这些白蚁除３种广布于热带区域外，都分布在东洋区，其中属海南特有的共２６种，占尖峰岭白蚁和种群数的５９．１％；待发表新种１１种，占尖峰岭白蚁种群数的２５％。热带半落叶季雨林中的白蚁最多，共３６种。这是该被类型气温高的缘故。     

Natural forage composition decreases deer browsing on Picea abies around supplemental feeding sites

In southern Sweden, maintaining high cervid densities through supplemental feeding has become a common management practice. We aim at investigating deer browsing pressure on young Norway spruce in relation to distance from supplemental feeding sites. Because available forage is considered important in understanding browsing patterns, we modeled several factors affecting food availability, and their interaction effect with distance. We confirmed earlier studies about a locally high browsing pressure on natural vegetation adjacent to supplemental feeding sites where browsing pressure declined with distance and alternative forage abundance. Novel is that browsing on spruce occurred in 27.6% of the investigated plots. The browsing pressure of those plots averaged 9%. Distance was the most important factor in relation to browsing. The interactive effect of occurring field layer (FL), and deciduous trees was also highlighted as these significantly affected the relationship between browsing pressure on spruce and distance. In the studied conditions, browsing pressure ceased at ca. 205 m, whereas in scenarios of an abundant FL, browsing levels were negligible already at 0 m from supplemental feeding sites. We suspect that most of the browsing was caused by fallow deer in our study area.