镉污染条件下不同形态氮肥对苋菜品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染的情况下不同种类的氮肥（硝酸铵、乙酸铵、尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵）对苋菜品质的影响,结果表明：在镉污染的蔬菜土壤上,Vc含量：硝酸铵〉尿素〉乙酸铵〉碳铵〉硫酸铵〉氯化铵;叶绿素含量：除硫酸铵稍差外,其他几个处理没有差异;可溶性糖的含量：硫酸铵〉乙酸铵〉尿素〉氯化铵〉硝酸铵〉碳铵;可溶性蛋白质的含量：尿素〉氯化铵,其他的比不施氮肥要差;粗纤维的含量：与对照基本没有差异;灰分的含量：施硝酸铵效果最好,其次是乙酸铵、尿素、碳铵。以各蔬菜品质含量为标准,施用碳酸氢铵、乙酸铵、尿素的效果比其他几种肥料要好。     

“苋”及其相关植物的原植物研究

“苋”是现代中国人习见的野菜种类。目前对“苋”已经开展了大量的研究工作,这些工作包括宏观与微观,涵盖了“苋”类植物的种质资源、种子特性、植株的生理学特性、光合特性以及医药功能和药理的研究等。但是,从植物分类学的角度来说,对“苋”这一名称所代表的原植物却知之甚少。笔者通过对历史典籍中与“苋”有关资料的整理与分析,用比较形态学的方法,对与“苋”这一名称有关的植物开展分类学的研究工作,厘定原植物的科学名称。研究发现,历史典籍中记载的与“苋”有关的植物名称有17个,在对这些名称所代表类群的形态学特征对比后发现,这些名称可以归并入3 个科中,分别是苋科、马齿苋科和大戟科。被放置在苋科的植物包括苋属的白苋与红苋、牛膝属植物和青葙属的鸡冠花;马齿苋科的植物为马齿苋属的马齿苋;大戟科的植物为铁苋菜属。研究表明,早在汉代时期,中国先民已经认识到了“苋”类植物的食用功能;中国人明确地将马齿苋确定为单独类群的时间,比欧洲早800年。     

Disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pollen proteins in the oil palm (Elaeis)

Summary A preliminary screening of proteins and isozymes in the oil palm was investigated with a view to using the data in discriminating oil palm fruit forms. Protein and enzyme staining was carried out using pollen tissue. Repeatable bands of proteins which showed reproducable variation in banding patterns were obtained. Low percentage similarities between the groups compared for protein banding patterns were obtained. A single enzyme esterase extracted from pollen tissue exhibited repeatable variation between species only. It was intended to obtain information that would supplement morphological markers through electrophoretic data in the identification of different fruit forms of the oil palm.     

Phaseolin Diversity in the Tepary Bean, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) is grown mainly in and regions of Mexico and the southwestern U.S. as a subsistence crop by small farmers. It is also a store of genetic variability for traits such as disease and pest resistance and stress tolerance to improve the common bean (P. vulgaris L.). To determine geographic patterns of variation and the influence of domestication on genetic variability, the genetic diversity of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein, was characterized among 55 wild and 8 cultivated teparies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifteen electrophoretic phaseolin patterns were identified among wild forms, whereas only one pattern was exhibited by cultivars. This result suggests a single domestication in this species leading to a strong reduction in diversity. An additional finding is the divergence m phaseolin types between populations east and west of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains.     

Changes in protein electrophoretic patterns during germination of broad beans (Vicia faba L.) with and without hard-to-cook characteristics

Summary Changes in seed proteins over a five-day germination period in a single cultivar of broad bean grown at different locations were examined using aluminum lactate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AL-PAGE). Seed proteins were extracted in 0.1 M acetic acid containing 10% 2-mercaptoethanol. Extractability of proteins was less in beans which were hard-to-cook. Unlike soft-to-cook, the beans which developed hardness due to growth location showed differences in their electrophoretic patterns and had additional protein spots as revealed by 2-D AL/SDS-PAGE procedure. Continuous but non-uniform disappearance of some proteins and formation of new proteins was observed during germination of half seed segments. Disappearance of protein bands and loss of staining intensity appeared to be more abrupt in beans without hard-to-cook characteristics as compared to those that were hard-to-cook. Electrophoretic patterns of the developing root-shoot axes from soft and hard seeds were almost similar regardless of initial differences in their cotyledon proteins. Shoot/root axes developing from hard seeds showed better growth compared with those of the soft seeds.     

Interspecific hybrids and possible phylogenetic relations in grain amaranths

Summary Phylogenetic relations among the three species in grain amaranth need investigation to provide information for breeding experiments germplasm conservation efforts, and decision on evolutionary patterns in the grain types. Hybrid development from crosses between species was studied to find out genetic relationship between them. Interspecific crosses were made among Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. cruentus in the glasshouse. The F₁ plants were relatively easy to obtain but had low pollen fertility (10.3–15.1%) and low seed set. A few of these hybrids did not produce seeds. Only a few F₁ seeds obtained in crosses between A. cruentus and A. caudatus. All the F₁ plants from these crosses died at the seedling stage. Crosses between A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus produced few seeds. Most of the F₁ plants obtained from the seeds died at the seedling stage with only four plants growing to maturity but were sterile. Based on hybrid development, it was suggested that A. hypochondriacus and A. caudatus were genetically closer than the other two combinations of species studied. A. cruentus seemed to be genetically closer to A. hypochondriacus than it was to A. caudatus.Research was supported by Grand No. AMA-KE-4-83-22. (CRG GRANT) from the National Academy of Science, U.S.A.     

Identification of cultivars of pasture legumes (Centrosema macrocarpum,C. pubescens and C. sp.n.) by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cotyledons storage proteins

Summary An electrophoretic procedure was developed for storage proteins which can discriminate cultivars of forage legumes, Centrosema macrocarpum, C. pubescens and C. sp.n. Proteins extracted from cotyledons were separated in 10% polyacrylamide gel containing 10% sucrose. Electrophoretic patterns are presented to illustrate the results that can be obtained with the procedure described. Cultivars of all three species were distinguishable based upon the variation in their acid soluble seed proteins.Joint publiccation of the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba (No 101) and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical-CIAT.     

美国粒用苋营养品质研究

研究结果表明,太原种植的美国粒用苋品种,蛋白质含量在17.00～19.6％之间,平均为18.02±1.054％,变异系数5.8％。18种氨基酸总量5885.62mg/gN,必需氨基酸含量占37.9％,其中谷氨酸含量最高,占总量的18.4％。脂肪平均含量7.0±0.74％,必需脂肪酸的亚油酸占不饱和脂肪酸的81.3％。计算氨基酸分、化学分、氨基酸指数,并与食用粮、油相比,明确营养价值。     

遗传标记在石榴种质资源研究中的应用

石榴属石榴科石榴属植物,具有较高的营养价值、药用价值和观赏价值。笔者从形态、细胞、生化和DNA分子等不同层面对遗传标记在石榴种质资源研究中的应用进行阐述,并对遗传标记方法的优缺点及存在的问题进行分析和探讨,最后提出了一些建议。遗传标记的应用,特别是分子标记的发展,将为石榴遗传多样性研究、亲缘关系分析、分类研究、品种鉴定、遗传图谱构建以及功能基因定位等相关研究开辟新的途径。     

驼绒藜属牧草种子生理学特性的研究--营养成分、植物激素与种子活力相关性分析

本论文对驼绒藜属植物种子的生理学特性进行了研究,包括种子的活力、种子的营养成分、激素水平等内容,同时对种子的劣变机理进行了探讨.驼绒藜属牧草种子在营养成分及激素含量上存在种间、生态型间及株龄间的差异,相关分析表明,种子含糖量及内源激素与种子活力相关性均不显著,种子氮、磷含量与种子活力有显著的相关性.对驼绒藜属植物种子短命和劣变原因的初步分析,认为是由遗传和环境两方面的原因所至,一是由于驼绒藜植物属于高数量低营养种子类型,种子自然寿命较短;二是由于种子发育过程中自然环境恶劣,造成种子营养不良,发育程度较差;三是由于贮藏条件不适宜,尤其是含水量较高,造成种子劣变加速.     

鳢肠水提液对棉花和棉田常见杂草的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法研究鳢肠水提液对棉花和棉田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:当鳢肠水提液质量浓度为0.01~0.08 g·m L-1时,对中棉所49和中棉所79种子萌发影响不大,而对杂草种子的萌发表现为抑制作用;其中,对禾本科杂草种子萌发的抑制强度表现为牛筋草马唐稗草,对阔叶杂草种子萌发的抑制强度表现为反枝苋马齿苋苘麻。鳢肠水提液对棉花和杂草幼苗生长的影响表现为,低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,并随着质量浓度增加抑制作用提高,其中0.04~0.08 g·m L-1的鳢肠水提液对反枝苋胚根和胚芽长的抑制率均达到100%。     

棉纤维发育突变体胚珠全蛋白及种子水溶性蛋白SDS凝胶电泳分析

 利用饱和酚法提取了棉纤维发育突变体胚珠的全蛋白以及种子水溶性蛋白,比较分析了不同发育时期棉花胚珠蛋白含量的变化。通过对野生型和纤维突变体全蛋白的SDS凝胶电泳图谱的比较分析,在二倍体棉种的突变体及其野生型间找到了三条可能与表皮细胞分化相关的差异蛋白条带,在种子水溶性蛋白中则发现了五条差异条带,为进一步研究与棉纤维分化相关的分子机制提供了参考。     

Stability of esterases and total proteins during seed storage of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and their use for cultivar discrimination

Polymorphisms in electrophoretic patterns obtained by isoelectric focusing (IEF) were examined to evaluate their suitability for cultivar identification in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). It was possible to discriminate 64 (94%) of 68 cultivars by combining results from esterase and total protein analysis. Discrimination was based on quantitative differences (relative band intensity) rather than on qualitative differences (presence or absence of bands). Esterase patterns from different recent (fresh to seven years old) seed lots of the same perennial ryegrass cultivars were very stable. Occasionally, minor differences in band intensity were observed between recent and old (up to 30 years old) seed lots of a cultivar. Storage of meal samples up to two years at −20 ^°C had no effect on the total protein patterns. No correlation was found between esterase patterns and ploidy level, cultivar type (pasture or turf), heading date or breeding company. Esterase patterns appeared to be unsuitable markers for the selection of reference cultivars for distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) testing, because no correlation was found between cultivars on the basis of esterase banding patterns and morphological characteristics. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Each species of Glycine collected in Taiwan has a unique seed protein pattern

Several annual and perennial species in the genus Glycine Willd., including G. soja, long-pod G. tomentella, short-pod G. tomentella and G. tabacina, collected in Taiwan and nearby islands were studied for variations of their seed proteins. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used to analyze the total proteins, the heat soluble proteins, six seed maturation proteins (GmPMs) and one seed storage protein. The various species had different patterns of seed heat soluble proteins. In addition,each species of Glycine collected in Taiwan exhibited unique seed maturation protein patterns. They had several cross-reactive polypeptides recognized by specific antibodies against GmPM1, GmPM2 and GmPM8, but only one polypeptide recognized by antibodies against GmPM4, GmPM5 and MP130. The long pod G. tomentella, which has been suggested as a new species and renamed as G. dolichocarpa, could be distinct from the short pod G. tomentella on the basis of the analysis of these biochemical markers. It is also indicated that these GmPM antibodies may be used to distinguish between and within other Glycine species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seed protein variation for identification of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivars

Summary Total seed proteins of 24 common buckwheat cultivars and cultivated populations within a molecular weight range of 30 to 54 kDa were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Single seed analysis of six cultivars identified a total of 18 alternative protein bands with different mobilities. Differences of individual protein band frequencies extracted from single seeds among six buckwheat cultivars varied distinctively, indicating high intravarietal polymorphism. The relation between frequencies of protein bands revealed by single seed analysis and their appearance on the bulk seed analyses was demonstrated. Regarding to band mobility rate and relative band intensity among 24 bulk samples analysed, 14 had distinctive electrophoregrams while the other 10 were ranged into four distinct groups. Analysis of endosperm and cotyledon proteins showed that proteins stored in these main seed parts are tissue specific. The observed electrophoretic polymorphism related to proteins stored in the cotyledons while there was no apparent variability with endosperm proteins.     

A rapid and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker for the identification of Amaranthus cruentus species

A rapid and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker was developed to identify the Amaranthus cruentus species by comparing sequences of the starch branching enzyme (SBE) locus among the three cultivated grain amaranths. We determined the partial SBE genomic sequence in 72 accessions collected from diverse locations around the world by direct sequence analysis. Then, we aligned the gene sequences and searched for restriction enzyme cleavage sites specific to each species for use in the PCR-RFLP analysis. The result indicated that MseI would recognize the sequence 5′-T/TAA-3′ in intron 11 from A. cruentus SBE. A restriction analysis of the amplified 278-bp portion of the SBE gene using the MseI restriction enzyme resulted in species-specific RFLP patterns among A. cruentus, Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Two different bands, 174-bp and 104-bp, were generated in A. cruentus, while A. caudatus and A. hypochondriacus remained undigested (278-bp). Thus, we propose that the PCR-RFLP analysis of the amaranth SBE gene provides a sensitive, rapid, simple and useful technique for identifying the A. cruentus species among the cultivated grain amaranths.     

高温锻炼对粒用苋幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶及膜耐热性的影响

探讨了粒用苋幼苗在高温锻炼过程中叶片可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及其同功酶的变化规律，以及与叶片细胞膜耐热性的关系。发现叶片膜蛋白在高温下的高稳定性可能是粒用苋耐热的原因之一；ＳＯＤ在热锻炼过程中对维持膜蛋白的稳定，提高膜的耐热性起了一定的保护作用。     

小麦胚休眠中ABA信号转导的蛋白质组分析

利用ABA处理休眠和不休眠小麦品种的胚，并通过双向电泳－质谱技术，比较其蛋白质表达情况。结果发现, 共有18个ABA反应型蛋白点的表达存在显著差异。经MALDI-TOF-MS检测及肽指纹图谱（PMF）分析，其中16个蛋白点在有关数据库中得到了归属鉴定。进一步对这16个蛋白及其特性进行综合分析，认为其涉及不同的反应途径，如胁迫反应（冷调蛋白、热激蛋白和醛脱氢酶）、信号交互反应（生长素反应蛋白、乙烯感应因子、钙依赖的蛋白激酶CP4和乙烯反应蛋白），以及种子的基本发育过程（LEA蛋白、Em蛋白、bZIP转录因子、锌指蛋白、myb家系转录因子、淀粉合成酶和纤维素酶等）。另外还有2个是功能未知的蛋白，其中之一在已测序的水稻中具有全长的cDNA；另一个经ESI-MS/MS检测，认为是ABA信号转导系统中的一个新组分。对上述2个蛋白分别从籽粒发育不同阶段、不同浓度ABA处理，以及休眠中和打破休眠后这2种状态下不同温育时间等方面来验证其表达与休眠性状之间的关系，结果发现它们在籽粒发育中后期大量合成，与胚休眠性获得的时间是一致的。用同样浓度的ABA处理，这2个蛋白在休眠胚中更易于表达，而在打破休眠的胚中需要5倍的ABA浓度才能得到相同的表达效果；在用无菌水浸润期间，休眠胚中该蛋白表达水平下降的速率迟于后熟胚中，且随着休眠的打破，该蛋白也消失了。推测其表达可能与休眠性的获得与解除有关。对控制该蛋白表达的基因进行克隆与功能鉴定可能为小麦抗穗发芽育种提供候选位点。     

Phaseolus coccineus Storage Proteins II. Electrophoretic Analysis and Erythroagglutinating Activity in Various Cultivars

Biochemical analyses of seed storage proteins of Phaseolus coccineus have been carried out to identify seventeen different cultivars. The electrophoretic patterns in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and denaturing conditions (SDS-PAGE); evidenced qualitative and quantitative differences for the three major protein components: legumin, vicilin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The results were confirmed by isoelectrofocusing (IEF) analyses. Erythroagglutination tests showed the presence of high agglutinating activity particularly in cultivars with low vicilin content. The experimental results allow one to distinguish all the cultivars by their electrophoretic spectra and agglutinating activities.     

Characterization of kafirin composition and in vitro digestibility in CMS‐lines,fertility restorers and F1 hybrids with the new types of CMS‐inducing cytoplasms of sorghum

One of the reasons of poor nutritive value of sorghum grain is resistance of its seed storage proteins (kafirins) to protease digestion. To reveal sorghum entries with increased kafirin digestibility, the sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) of endosperm proteins of 10 lines [cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)‐lines and fertility restorers] and five F₁ hybrids before and after pepsin digestion was carried out. For quantitative estimation of kafirin digestibility the SDS‐PAGE banding patterns were scanned by laser densitometer. Significant variability for both individual fractions and total kafirin digestibility was found. The line KVV‐45, fertility restorer for the Indian ‘M35‐1A’ type of CMS, had the highest level of kafirin digestibility (30% and 25% of undigested γ‐ and α₁‐kafirins, respectively), while in some entries 80–90% of kafirins remained undigested. Increased α₁‐kafirin digestibility coincided with relatively high γ‐kafirin digestibility. High‐molecular weight kafirins (HMWK) (45 kDa and 66 kDa) resistant to pepsin digestion were found in some lines, the F₁ hybrids had the same HMWK as parental lines. These data demonstrate possibility for isolation of sorghum genotypes with increased nutritive value by screening their flour for in vitro protein digestibility.