绿茶超细粉营养面包的研制

采用超低温超细粉碎技术将绿茶粉碎,以绿茶超细粉和高筋面粉为主要原料,研究绿茶超细粉营养面包的制作工艺。通过单因素和正交试验,确定绿茶超细粉营养面包的最佳配方为：在基本配方的基础上。添加300目绿茶粉2％、食盐0．5％、白砂糖20％、面包改良剂0．5％。按此配方制作的面包不仅风味口感俱佳,而且具有营养与保健的双重功效。     

黑木耳面包最佳生产工艺研究

以黑木耳粉、高筋粉、白砂糖、奶粉、酵母为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究黑木耳粉、白砂糖、奶粉和酵母等原料添加量,以及发酵时间、发酵温度对黑木耳面包品质的影响。结果表明,黑木耳面包最佳工艺和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间2.5 h,黑木耳粉粒度100目,黑木耳粉添加量2%,白砂糖添加量6%,奶粉添加量6%,酵母添加量0.5%,黄油添加量10%;在此条件下,可制成质地均匀、表面光滑、无气孔、口感细腻、清爽、酸甜适度,且有浓郁发酵乳香的黑木耳面包。     

功能性白灵菇营养面包的研制

以高筋小麦粉和白灵菇粉为主要原料,开发研制富含功能性成分的营养面包.通过单因素试验和正交试验优化功能性白灵菇营养面包的配方.结果表明,功能性白灵菇营养面包的最佳配方为:以高筋小麦粉量(100％)为基准,白灵菇粉添加量5％,酵母添加量2.5％,冰糖粉添加量16％,黄油添加量10％.在此条件下能得到的功能性白灵菇营养面包白灵菇风味尚佳,面包形状完整,有弹性,口感好.     

发酵型灵芝全麦面包的研制

通过一次发酵法,以感官品质为指标,研究发酵型灵芝全麦面包的加工工艺及配方。通过正交试验,得到影响发酵型灵芝全麦面包的主次因素为发酵型灵芝粉添加量酵母添加量黄油添加量白砂糖添加量;发酵型灵芝全麦面包的最佳配方为高筋粉添加量94 g,发酵型灵芝粉添加量6 g,白砂糖添加量8 g,黄油添加量20 g,高糖酵母添加量1.2 g,食盐添加量0.8 g,面包改良剂添加量0.3 g。在此工艺下制得的发酵型灵芝全麦粉面包气孔均匀、色泽光亮,且具有一定的保健功效。     

一种新型富硒面包的研制及顾客满意度调查

以猴头菇粉与高筋小麦粉为主要原料,加入富硒酵母进行发酵烘焙制作猴头菇富硒面包。通过单因素试验探究猴头菇粉添加量、富硒酵母添加量、白砂糖添加量和食盐添加量对面包感官品质的影响,并基于单因素试验结果设计正交试验,得出猴头菇富硒面包最佳配方为：高筋小麦粉100 g,猴头菇粉7 g,富硒酵母1.4 g,白砂糖24 g,食盐0.7 g,黄油8 g,水60 g,改良剂1.2 g;烘烤温度设置为上火200℃,下火160℃,烘烤时间15 min。此工艺配方下制得的猴头菇富硒面包具有猴头菇特有的香气和滋味,与市面上普通的猴头菇面包相比,有机硒含量提高了96.2%,粗纤维含量提高了54.4%。通过建立模糊数学模型分析得出,顾客感官评分为80.02分,为非常满意。     

黑米红枣复合营养面包的研制

通过单因素试验、正交试验确定黑米红枣复合营养面包最佳工艺配方为高筋面粉100g,水40g,鸡蛋10g,食盐0.5g,白砂糖20g,黑米粉4g,红枣泥3g,酵母2.0g,奶粉5g,此工艺条件制得的面包表面金黄、细腻松软、淡紫色、香气浓郁,具有独特的风味和口感。     

咖啡果茶面包制作工艺的研究

以小麦粉为主要原料,加入咖啡果茶粉制作咖啡果茶面包。以面包感官评分为考查指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验法优化咖啡果茶面包的制作工艺,确定最佳工艺条件为咖啡果茶粉添加量3%,白砂糖添加量16%,酵母添加量1.5%。按此配方制作的面包体积膨松、松软细腻,具有咖啡果茶的独特风味。     

芒果面包的研制

通过在普通面包原料中加入芒果浆的方法,研制具有芒果营养和保健功能的面包。结果表明,采用先添加芒果浆进行搅打的方法,制作出的面包在外观形状、内部组织结构及色泽与口感为好;通过正交试验,筛选出芒果面包的最佳工艺配方为：芒果浆添加量（以面粉质量计）40％,奶粉20％,白砂糖10％,水32％,再配以20％的黄油,经酵母发酵,可生产出营养丰富、色泽诱人、风味独特的芒果面包。     

凤梨甜面包的研制

根据普通面包制作的基础配方,在原料中加入凤梨浆制作出的面包,具有凤梨的风味,并有营养和保健功能。以凤梨浆添加量、牛奶添加量、白砂糖添加量和发酵总时间为考察因素,通过正交试验确定凤梨甜面包的最佳制作工艺。结果表明,凤梨浆添加量40%,牛奶添加量150 mL,白砂糖添加量80 g,再配以鸡蛋和黄油等原料经酵母发酵和醒发共计120 min,可制作出营养丰富、色泽诱人、口味香甜、风味独特的凤梨甜面包。     

苹果汁营养面包的研制

为了扩展苹果的用途、增加面包的营养和种类、满足消费者对方便主食食品的需求,选用一次发酵法,以面包粉、水、食盐、酵母为基础原料,添加苹果汁及其他辅料制作苹果汁营养面包。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定苹果汁营养面包的最佳原料配方为高筋粉用量100 g,苹果汁用量6 g,白砂糖用量15 g,酵母用量3 g,食盐用量1.5 g。该工艺参数下制作的面包内部组织柔软细腻、纹理结构和口感较好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.