The effect of hypervitaminosis D3 on the bones of the chicken. 2. Electron microscopic studies

In an experiment of 36 days duration 46 one-day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups and fed with different concentrations of vitamin D3. The animals of the group which lacked vitamin D3, showed the typical rachitic lesions. After a 15 days lack of vitamin D3 the chicks of another group were treated with standard food (2000 I.U. vitamin D3/kg food) with the consequence of an approximation of the analyzed parameters to those of the control group within 3 weeks. When fed with 60,000 I.U. of vitamin D3 after a 15 days lack of this vitamin, the animals showed an over-hasty healing process, ending up with signs of intoxication which were even more conspicuous when fed with 120,000 I.U. of vitamin D3. Besides an increasing calcification of osteoblasts and endothelial cell membranes as well as a degeneration of osteoblasts, a clear increase of eosinophilic granulocytes could be noticed. In all groups free erythrocytes within the ground substance were found. There was no evidence of necroses of osteocytes or of bone.     

Effects of dietary cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol on catfish

In separate feeding trials, channel catfish fingerlings were fed 0, 1000, 4000, 8000, 20,000, 50,000, and 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 I.U./kg diet of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol for 28 weeks. The supplemental requirement for maximal growth was between 1000 and 4000 I.U. of supplemental cholecalciferol/kg diet. At supplemental levels of 1000 I.U./kg diet or less, the growth responses to ergocalciferol were equal to those obtained from equivalent levels of cholecalciferol. However, at higher supplemental levels of ergocalciferol, the weight gains were significantly less than those obtained from 2000 to 20,000 I.U./kg of cholecalciferol. Weight gains were significantly reduced when 50,000 I.U./kg of cholecalciferol were fed. Vertebrae bone ash values were not affected by dietary vitamin D levels. Reduced weight gains and feed efficiency were the only signs of vitamin D deficiency or hypervitaminosis D.     

许氏平鲉幼鱼对饲料中维生素D3需求量的研究

本实验旨在研究维生素D3对许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)幼鱼生长、体组成及机体免疫能力的影响,以确定其对维生素D3的最适需求量。配制维生素D3含量分别为707、1254、1740、2513、4519和8671 IU/kg的6种等氮等脂饲料,饲养初始体质量为(20.95±0.05) g的许氏平鲉幼鱼,8周后进行哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒48 h。研究表明,随着维生素D3含量的增加,许氏平鲉幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均先上升后下降,脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI)显著下降,707 IU/kg组显著高于其他组(P<0.05);全鱼粗脂肪和肌肉粗脂肪随维生素D3含量增加呈增加的趋势,在4519 IU/kg组有最大值并显著高于对照组(P<0.05),脊椎骨粗灰分和钙含量显著增加;血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和补体3 (C3)含量均先升高后降低,均在2513 IU/kg组有最大值,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量均先降低后升高,总胆固醇(T-CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)和钙离子含量(Ca2+)呈增加的趋势,磷(Pi)和补体4 (C4)含量不受维生素D3含量的影响(P>0.05)。攻毒后,T-AOC及MDA、C3和C4含量显著增高,肝脏和头肾HSP70、MYD88、IRAK4、TRAF6和TLR2基因表达显著升高(P<0.05)。以WGR为评价指标,经折线回归分析表明,体质量为(20.95±0.05) g的许氏平鲉幼鱼维生素D3的需求量为2 223.45 IU/kg饲料。     

The effect of diet type and quantity on the development of common sea urchin larvae Echinus esculentus

Several species of sea urchins are now being cultivated for commercial purposes and with the continued increased demand for sea urchin gonads as a food product, new species are being assessed for their aquaculture and market potential. This study focussed on establishing protocols for the production of common sea urchin Echinus esculentus larvae and juveniles to assess its potential as an echinoculture species. Two trials were carried out, the first trial evaluated the influence of three microalgal diets (D=Dunaliella tertiolecta only, mixed D/P=D. tertiolecta plus Phaeodactylum tricornutum and P=P. tricornutum only) on larval morphology. Larval length, width, post-oral arm length and rudiment length were significantly effected by diet. Diets D and D/P prompted more rapid metamorphosis. In the second trial, the effects of different rations of D. tertiolecta were tested. The food ration, standard ration (SR; 1000, 3000, and 5000 cells ml⁻¹) and high ration (HR; 3000, 9000, and 15,000 cells ml⁻¹) were increased as the larvae acquired the 3rd and 4th pair of larval arms. Larvae fed the SR were significantly larger (longer and wider) and had significantly longer rudiments than those in the HR treatment. The number of larvae metamorphosing and settling onto substrates was significantly higher in treatment SR compared to HR. Optimising the larval diet shortened the larval stage from 21–23 days in the first trial to 16 days in the second trial. The maximum percentage of metamorphosing individuals which survived to post-larvae or juveniles (10 days after they were first judged competent to settle) was 46.6%, suggesting E. esculentus is a viable aquaculture candidate.     

条纹石鮨摄食强度与代谢及能量收支间的关系

设日摄食率为０．４％、１．５％、４．０％三种水平,分别测定条纹石鱼旨Ｍｏｒｏｎｅｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ幼鱼的代谢及能量的收支情况。处于饱食（日摄食率４．０％）及维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）下,该鱼代谢率增加的峰值分别于摄食后３ｈ及７ｈ内出现,为静止时代谢水平的２．１０倍和２．４６倍,ＳＤＡ（特殊动力作用）持续时间均为２１ｈ,ＳＤＡ总耗能量分别占摄入能的１３％和３５．８％。条纹石鱼旨在饱食时的转化效率Ｋ（湿重）为２０．８５％。三种摄食水平下条纹石鱼旨的能量收支方程分别为：饱食状态（日摄食率４．０％）时,１００Ｃ＝８．４Ｆ＋７．８Ｕ＋１３．０ＳＤＡ＋３６．９（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）＋３３．９Ｇ;维持状态（日摄食率１．５％）时,１００Ｃ＝７．８Ｆ＋４．１Ｕ＋３５．８ＳＤＡ＋５２．３（Ｒｓ＋Ｒａ）,其中Ｇ＝０;减重状态（日摄食率０．４％）时,（Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ）／（Ｃ＋Ｐ１）＝６７．３％,其中Ｃ＋Ｐ１＝１４．４Ｃ＋８５．６Ｐ１,Ｆ＋Ｕ＋Ｒ＝１．８Ｆ＋８．１Ｕ＋５７．４Ｒ。     

Plasma levels of vitamin D3 metabolites during parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

Plasma vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites were measured in Atlantic salmon parr during smoltification and after transfer to seawater. The fish were fed commercial feed for 5 months under natural light, and Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase was measured as an indicator of the smoltification status. No significant differences were recorded in the level of plasma vitamin D metabolites. However, a tendency of increasing plasma concentration of 25OHD₃ and also a temporary increase in plasma 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and 24,25(OH)₂D₃ were recorded prior to seawater transfer. The minor changes in plasma levels of the metabolites indicate a role of the vitamin D metabolites during parr–smolt transformation, although we do not know whether the increased levels are caused by increased synthesis of the metabolites or by decreased binding to receptors or decreased excretion.     

Comparative effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on some growth and plasma biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during cadmium exposure

Phytobiotics include a large number of active components which potentially have a growth‐promoting effects and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on growth and plasma biochemical parameters of common carp exposed to cadmium. Fish (34 ± 3 g) were divided into four groups and fed four distinct diets including commercial diet without any additive (for control and metal only group) and supplemented with either 1% ground Shirazi thyme or 100 mg kg^?1 vitamin E for 45 days. At the end of the feeding trial, all treatments except control group were exposed to sub‐lethal concentration of waterborne cadmium for 15 days and sampling was done on days 0, 7 and 15 after the metal exposure. According to the results, dietary inclusion of thyme prevented the harmful effects of cadmium and also improved fish growth and nutritional indices including weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor. Results also revealed that Shirazi thyme was more effective than vitamin E. Similarly, no changes in the hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and bile somatic indices were observed. Plasma enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) and metabolites were not altered due to thyme supplementation compared to the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% ground Shiraz thyme improved the growth and health status of fish and showed better hepatorenoprotective properties than vitamin E during waterborne cadmium exposure in common carp juveniles. It might be conceivable to consider Shirazi thyme as a potential phytobiotic for incorporation in fish diet.     

普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶基因的表达及葡萄糖、维生素C对其的影响

为了探讨普安银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)卵黄囊期脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase, LPL)和肝脂酶(Hepatic lipase, HL)的表达特点及葡萄糖和维生素C溶液分别浸泡对它们的影响,本研究采用荧光定量PCR技术检测LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫卵黄囊仔鱼发育中的表达情况及mRNA表达水平,并检测了葡萄糖、维生素C对这两种基因mRNA表达量的影响。结果显示,LPL和HL基因在普安银鲫内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期均有表达,且LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化。葡萄糖组LPL和HL mRNA表达量呈上升变化,维生素C组也呈上升变化。在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,葡萄糖能显著上调LPL和HL mRNA的表达量(P<0.05);在内源营养期、混合营养期和外源营养期,维生素C能显著上调LPL mRNA的表达量,而HL mRNA的表达量在混合营养期和外源营养期显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,普安银鲫发育至混合营养期时,机体内脂质分解代谢增强。适宜水平的葡萄糖、维生素C能诱导LPL和HL mRNA的表达。     

A comparison of the effect of silicone coated ascorbic acid and ascorbyl phosphate on the course of ichthyophthiriosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of high and low doses of different vitamin C formulations on the course of ichthyophthiriosis ( Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection) in rainbow trout. After a depletion period, trout fingerlings were fed diets deficient in vitamin C(AA 0), or containing different levels of silicone coated ascorbic acid (AA; 50/200 mg kg feed⁻¹) or ascorbyl phosphate (AP; 50/2000 mg AA equivalent kg feed⁻¹). Fish infected with I. multifiliis demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality when fed high levels of AA or AP. A correlation between the parasite burden and the vitamin C content in the diet was not found. Specific immunity—measured as immobilization litre of sera—was not influenced by the level or the formulation of vitamin C in the diet. The most probable mechanism of high level doses of vitamin C is an increase of the general health status expressed as an improved nonspecific resistance and ability to cope with different stressors. In rainbow trout infected with I. multifiliis , the beneficial effect of ascorbyl phosphate is equal to that of silicone coated ascorbic acid, and therefore, the more stable AP may be a valuable alternative for use in fish diets.     

Pharmacokinetics of Oxytetracycline in Nile Tilapia Oreodromis niloticus Challenged with Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio vulnificus

Tissue depletion studies of antibacterials are an important part of data packages required to obtain a label from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States for use of therapeutants in food fishes. Currently, withdrawal tima are set based on results of such studies obtained from healthy animals. Bacterial infection can lead to dramatic physiological changes in affected fish. In this investigation, the impact of bacterial infection on depletion kinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) was examined in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Streptococcus iniae (a model Gram positive bacterium) or Vibrio vulnificus (a model Gram negative bacterium). An additional group of fish injected with Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth was included as a non-infectious stimulus. Although some differences in elimination kinetics of OTC were observed between treated fish and non-treated controls, OTC was rapidly eliminated from tilapia in all groups. In all cases, mean concentration of OTC was below the current 2.0 ppm (μg/g) FDA tolerance for OTC in the edible portion (muscle plus skin) after day 3 postdosing.     

The selenium content in the blood of newborn sheep and goats--equally contributing to the effect of supplemental oral selenium as a prophylaxis]

The article is based on the analysis of selenium concentration in blood plasma of 9 goats and their kids (n = 17), from two different places, as well as of 12 sheep and their lambs (n = 19) from several flocks. The selenium concentration was measured using ASS. In addition, the activity of CK was determined enzymatically. There was a low plasma selenium level in lambs and goat kids immediately post-natal depending on the selenium state of the mothers. After application of vitamin E and selenium to a group of lambs their selenium levels increased remarkably over 24 hours. Ten days later the average selenium concentration in the plasma of those animals that had been treated was three times as high as that of the control group. It was shown that the absorption of vitamin E and selenium when given orally to newborn lambs is comparable with the absorption after parenteral application, and that a significant increase of the plasma selenium level is attainable by oral application.     

维生素C对大鲵消化系统结构和功能的影响

本试验在大鲵基础饲料中添加不同梯度的维生素C,探究其对机体消化系统各器官结构和功能的影响。[方法]以鱼粉、鸡肉粉等为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源配制大鲵基础饲料,基础饲料中分别添加0 mg/kg(D1)、150mg/kg(D2)、300mg/kg(D3)、450 mg/kg(D4)、600mg/kg(D5)和750mg/kg(D6)的维生素C(维生素C磷酸酯,35%含量),配制成6种等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲喂初始体质量为(34.14±0.15)g 的试验幼鲵。[结果]结果表明：随维生素C添加量的增加,幼鲵胃蛋白酶、H⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性均在D3组达到最高,通过对胃切片肌层厚度、绒毛高度等统计,添加300mg/kg维生素C比添加0、600mg/kg更有利于大鲵胃部发育(P＜0.05)；肠道糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶及Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活力均呈先升后趋于平稳趋势,在D4组达到最高(P＜0.05),对肠道淀粉酶无显著性影响(P＞0.05),通过对肠道切片肌层厚度、绒毛高度统计,添加300mg/kg维生素C比添加0、600mg/kg更有利于大鲵肠道发育；胰腺糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活力均呈先升后趋于平稳趋势,分别在D3、D4组达到最大(P＜0.05),对胰腺淀粉酶无显著性影响(P＞0.05)；肝脏MDA、AST和ALT活性均呈先降后升趋势,并均在D3组达到最低,而CAT、T-SOD、ACP及AKP则呈先升后降的趋势,CAT、T-SOD、ACP在D4组达最高峰,AKP在D3组达最高,通过对肝脏切片发现,添加300mg/kg维生素C相较于添加0、600mg/kg炎性细胞浸润现象明显减少,肝巨噬细胞数量明显增加。[结论] 综上所述,适量的维生素C可有效的改善大鲵消化道的结构,提高消化酶活性,增强肝脏抗氧化能力,保护肝脏健康。     

皱纹盘鲍维生素D营养需要的研究

在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的精制饲料中添加不同浓度梯度的维生素D,并以海带为对照组饲喂皱纹盘鲍幼鲍103d。结果表明:幼鲍的生长及软体部水分,脂肪和蛋白质含量受到饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著,但成活率不受饲料中添加水平的影响;饲料中适量添加维生素D可以提高幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力,但饲料中缺乏或过高水平的维生素D导致幼鲍软体部碱性磷酸酶活力的降低;贝壳中灰分及钙、磷含量受饲料中维生素D添加水平的影响显著。以增重,蛋白质增量和软体部碱性磷酸酶的活力为指标,幼鲍饲料中维生素D的适宜含量为100IU·(100g)-1饲料。     

Effects of restricted feeding regimes on growth and feed conversion on juvenile green sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Groups of juvenile green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (average wet weight = 3.3 g), were fed five different dry feed rations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% and 2.4% of their body weight per week) under constant light and temperature conditions for 160 days (Experiment I) in groups to examine growth effects, and for 40 days as individual treatments (Experiment II) to examine feeding efficiency. There was 100% survival of the sea urchins during both experiments. In Experiment I, the lowest ration group (0.2%) had significantly lower growth than the rest of the groups. There was no significant differences in growth between the sea urchin fed ration over 0.4% dry feed of the body wet weight per week. In Experiment II, the lowest feed ration groups (0.2%) had significant lowest growth but had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), using 0.5 g of feed of dry feed per gram of sea urchin wet weight body growth. The FCR increased with increasing feed ration and the 2.4% group had the poorest FCR, using 1.3 g of feed per gram weight gain. Results from Experiments I and II illustrate that juvenile green sea urchin can grow at a restricted feed ration that is under maximum feed intake, without reduction in growth.     

渝西乌鸡增重性能的测定

45日龄的商品代渝西乌鸡750只(雌雄各半),按性别随机分成3组,测定立体式笼养、垫料式地面平养及放牧散养3种饲养方式下的增重性能。结果表明:75、90日龄笼养公鸡平均体重显著大于垫料式地面平养和放牧散养(P<0.05);而120日龄放牧组公鸡均重明显高于其他2种饲养方式(P<0.05)。母鸡90、120日龄3种饲养方式没有显著差异(P>0.05)     

Effect of hypervitaminosis a on the development of ascorbic acid deficiency in underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.)

The effect of hypervitaminosis A on the development of ascorbic acid deficiency was investigated in rainbow trout reared on a practical diet. Excess vitamin A (124 000 I.U./kg) in the diet, as retinyl-palmitate, did not appear to interact with ascorbic acid metabolism of the trout. This dietary level of vitamin A did not affect the occurrence of the ascorbic acid deficiency symptoms, lordosis and scoliosis. Vitamin A does not appear to be toxic to rainbow trout at the level of 124 000 I.U./kg of diet and it would appear that the development of lordosis and scoliosis was due in this case to ascorbic acid deficiency.     

Daily ration of Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius larvae

SUMMARY: Diel successive samplings of Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius larvae were conducted throughout 24 h both in the sea and in captivity in order to estimate their daily ration. Using the Elliott and Persson model, the instantaneous gastric evacuation rate was estimated from the depletion of stomach contents (% dry bodyweight) with time during the night for wild fish (3.0–11.5 mm standard length) and from starvation experiments for reared fish (8, 10, and 15 days after hatching (DAH)). Japanese Spanish mackerel is a daylight feeder and exhibited piscivorous habits from first feeding both in the sea and in captivity. Feeding activity peaked at dusk. The estimated daily ration for wild larvae were 111.1 and 127.2% in 1996 and 1997, respectively; and those for reared larvae ranged from 90.6 to 111.7% of dry bodyweight. Based on the estimated value of daily rations for reared fish, the total number of newly hatched red sea bream Pagrus major larvae preyed by a Japanese Spanish mackerel from first feeding (5 DAH) to beginning of juvenile stage (20 DAH) in captivity was calculated to be 1139–1404.     

益生芽孢菌制剂对鸡免疫促进作用的研究

本研究利用益生芽孢杆菌微生态饲料添加剂混料饲喂雏鸡,在7日龄和21日龄进行2次新城疫疫苗免疫后,检测相关指标。结果显示,试验组的新城疫血凝抑制效价(HI)明显高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01);脾脏指数、胸腺指数均显著高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);法氏囊指数高于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明本制剂对雏鸡具有免疫调节作用。     

不同高致病性禽流感疫苗对肉鸡免疫效果观察

应用重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株),禽流感-新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rL-H5株),首免用重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)、二免用禽流感-新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rL-H5株)对3组肉鸡进行禽流感的免疫效果观察。结果表明:免疫重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)的效果比免疫禽流感-新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rL-H5株)的效果好;首免用重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)、二免用禽流感-新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rL-H5株)的效果比免疫重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)的效果更好。     

The influence of different levels of dietary vitamin E on sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax flesh quality

Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fillet quality was investigated after feeding with four diets (A, B, C or D) containing different levels of dietary vitamin E (139 mg kg^–1, 254 mg kg^–1, 493 mg kg^–1 and 942 mg kg^–1, respectively). Six-hundred and eighty fish (mean initial weight 208 g) were equally divided into four 20 m³ tanks and fed for 87 days. Filtered seawater with a temperature ranging from 18.2 to 26.3 °C was supplied continuously. At the end of the experiment, fish were stored at 1 °C for 12 days. At one, three, six, nine and 12 days, 20 fish per group were processed for proximate composition, vitamin E and induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) analyses. No significant differences in proximate composition were registered between groups. The flesh lipid content ranged from 88.0 g kg^–1 (group B) to 96.8 g kg^–1 (group A). Vitamin E fillet content was significantly different between groups, reaching levels of 98.0, 150.7, 225.2 and 302.0 μg g^–1 lipids for group A, B, C and D, respectively. Induced TBARs values were statistically different only for group A compared with the other groups. No significant variations were registered in relation to preservation time. Because of the positive influence of vitamin E on seafood quality and the correlation between its dietary level and flesh deposition, the α-tocopherol content of the diet should be well above fish minimum requirements.