‘金煌’杧果胚正常与胚败育果实内源激素的变化

 研究了‘金煌’杧果果实发育前期内源激素变化与胚胎败育的关系。结果表明：胚胎败育在坐果后30 d完成,20 ~ 30 d为胚发育的关键时期,胚败育果实与胚正常果实大小差异主要缘于果肉的差异。在果实发育初期,败育胚的IAA、ABA含量高于正常胚,GA₃和ZT含量低于正常胚。胚败育果实的果肉中GA₃含量低,而ZT含量高于胚正常果实果肉,IAA和ABA的含量在后期也高。胚中高含量的GA₃、ZT和低含量的ABA有利于胚正常发育。胚中ZT的下降和ABA的持续增加以及（GA₃ + IAA + ZT）/ABA的比值小于其果肉中的比值,是导致胚胎败育的重要因素;在果实发育中,胚胎的败育和胚胎与果肉中（GA₃ + IAA + ZT）/ABA均低是导致胚败育果实小的重要原因。     

两个梨品种果实发育过程中果肉及种子内源激素的变化

为探索梨种子对果实生长发育的影响,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对"鸭梨"和"新高"果实发育期间果肉和种子中内源生长素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)含量变化进行了测定。试验结果显示:两个品种种子中ABA和ZT含量变化基本相似,但新高ABA、ZT含量高于鸭梨;鸭梨IAA含量随着果实的发育处于下降趋势,而新高先升高后降低;鸭梨GA3含量随着果实发育先下降后上升,而新高出现两次高峰一次低谷且整体下降的趋势。两个品种果肉中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT含量变化趋势基本相似,新高IAA、ABA含量高于鸭梨,70d之前新高GA3含量高于鸭梨,然而随着果实发育,鸭梨GA3含量又高于新高,并且鸭梨出现两次高峰,果实发育到80d后,新高ZT含量高于鸭梨。     

早蜜梨果实生长发育期间内源激素含量变化的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,测定了早蜜梨果实生长发育期间内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(ZT)和脱落酸(ABA)含量及其比值的变化,并分析了各激素与果实发育的关系.结果表明:果肉和种子中IAA含量分别在花后50 d和20 d出现高峰;GA3含量分别在花后20 d和60 d达到峰值;ZT含量的高峰则在花后40 d,而ABA含量分别在花后80 d和90 d最高,随后均呈逐渐下降.IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZT/ABA比值对果实的细胞分裂与膨大起着重要调节作用.     

梨2个品种果实发育期间内源激素含量的变化

针对不同梨品种果实生长发育历程不同,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术测定了早蜜梨和黄金梨果实发育期间果肉和种子中内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT),以及内源腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量的变化。结果表明,1)2品种果肉中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨IAA、GA3含量低于黄金梨,果实发育后期ABA含量高于黄金梨,且提前20d达到含量高峰;2)2品种种子中GA3含量变化分别呈近似单峰曲线和双峰曲线,但早蜜梨IAA、ZT含量高于黄金梨,提前30d达到ABA含量高峰;3)2品种果肉和种子中Put、Spd、Spm含量变化趋势相似,但早蜜梨种子中Put含量低于黄金梨,Spd略高,Spm含量接近。在果实发育前期果肉中Put、Spd含量高于黄金梨。因此,2品种果实发育的各个时期持续时间及其内源激素含量不同。     

越橘品种‘北陆’各器官发育过程中内源激素含量变化研究

以越橘品种‘北陆’(Northland)为试材,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对花、果实、花芽、叶片、新梢和须根中各个发育时期的生长素(IAA)、玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA3)及脱落酸(ABA)的含量进行测定。结果表明,越橘花中ABA和ZT含量呈上升-下降的趋势,GA3和IAA含量变化分别呈上升-下降-上升和下降-上升的趋势;果实中4大类激素含量变化趋势均是下降-上升-下降;花芽中IAA和ABA含量变化趋势相同:下降-上升后趋于平稳,ZT和GA3含量变化趋势是上升-下降;新梢中GA3、IAA和ZT的含量变化趋势均是上升-下降-上升-下降,而ABA含量起初保持在较低水平,后迅速升高然后降低并保持在较高水平;叶片中GA3和ZT含量变化趋势均是上升-下降-上升-下降,IAA含量变化趋势是升高然后持续降低并保持在较低水平,而ABA含量变化与IAA含量变化呈完全相反的趋势;须根中GA3、IAA和ZT的含量变化趋势均是上升-下降-上升-下降,而ABA的含量变化与之相反。各个器官的各个发育时期都离不开激素的调节,这为今后如何使用生长调节剂来调节越橘植株更好地生长,如何合理地控制开花坐果以及提高果实的产量和品质提供理论依据。     

苹果叶芽萌发过程中内源激素含量与酶活性的变化

以'2001'苹果树一年生枝上叶芽为试材,通过测定可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉、脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA3)等含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等活性,研究了苹果叶芽在开始萌发过程中的营养物质、内源激素和酶活性的变化趋势,以期为调控苹果叶芽萌发及指导修剪提供参考依据.结果 表明:在苹果叶芽萌发过程中,淀粉含量缓慢下降,可溶性糖含量呈升高趋势,可溶性蛋白质含量呈先下降再升高趋势,3种营养物质分别在萌发的第20天达到了4.34、49.17、52.75mg· g-1.内源激素IAA含量总体呈增加的趋势,ABA含量则相反,在叶芽萌发过程中逐渐下降,ZT、GA3含量呈先升高后降低趋势;其中IAA含量在萌发的第20天达到最高值101.70 ng·g-1FW,GA3含量在萌发第8天达到最高值22.35 ng·g-1FW.叶芽萌发过程中,SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在第20天达到最低值35.12U· g-1、11.40U· g-1 ·min-1、0.25 U· g-1· min-1.     

枇杷种子败育与内源激素含量的动态变化关系研究

采用酶联免疫法测定大五星枇杷果实发育早期果肉(花托)及不同败育程度种子内源激素IAA、GA3、ABA、ZR和i PA含量,分析其对枇杷种子退化的影响。结果表明:枇杷开花当天至花后20天,正常种子IAA、ZR、i PA与GA3含量均较高,并分别出现1次高峰值;花后35~80天,果肉IAA、ZR与GA3含量及其与ABA比值均高于种子,高度败育种子中ABA含量及其与其他内源激素的比值均明显高于果肉、正常种子与中度败育种子;花后70~80天,高度败育种子IAA/GA3值和IAA/(ZR+i PA)值均明显上升,花后80天时,这2个比值均高于正常种子和中度败育种子。上述研究结果表明,高含量与高比例的生长类激素对枇杷幼果与胚的正常发育有重要作用,在种子败育中起主导作用的是高含量与高比例的ABA。     

两个胚败育率不同的枣品种果实生育期内源激素的变化

 以胚轻度败育的冬枣和胚高度败育的梨枣为试材, 用高效液相色谱法对其果肉和种子的内源激素进行了测定。结果表明, 梨枣果肉在坐果后20 d 以内的玉米素(Z) 含量及坐果后30 d 以内的GA3 、IAA 含量皆高于冬枣果肉, ABA 出现较冬枣早40 d , 冬枣种子Z 含量在坐果后20 d 达到最高值, 远高于冬枣果肉; GA3 一直保持很低水平。冬枣种子IAA 在坐果后40 d 达到最高峰, 以后一直保持较高水平, 远高于冬枣果肉; IAA/ GA3 、IAA/ Z值直至坐果后55 d、40 d 保持低水平, 但之后急剧提高。梨枣坐果后10 d ,无仁果肉的3 种生长类激素含量皆高于有仁果。幼果果肉中高水平的生长类激素不利于胚的正常发育, 而幼胚中高水平的Z和IAA 有利于胚的正常发育。     

抗裂与易裂枣内源激素含量和细胞壁代谢相关酶活性比较

 以枣抗裂果品种‘圆铃枣’和易裂果品种‘俊枣’为材料,测定了果实生长发育曲线、果 形指数及种子败育率,并对果皮、果肉、种子中内源激素含量及果皮、果肉中细胞壁代谢相关酶的活性 进行了检测。结果表明,‘俊枣’果形指数和种子败育率均显著高于‘圆铃枣’。果实发育后期‘俊枣’ 果皮中的GA3 含量、果肉中的IAA 含量明显高于‘圆铃枣’,而‘圆铃枣’果肉及种子中的ABA 含量高 于‘俊枣’;‘俊枣’果肉及种子中（GA3 + IAA + ZT）/ABA 的比值在整个果实生长发育期均高于‘圆铃 枣’。果实生长发育后期‘俊枣’果皮中的果胶酶及纤维素酶活性高于‘圆铃枣’,且‘俊枣’果肉中的 POD 及PPO 活性也较高。以上结果显示,枣果实生长发育后期易裂品种‘俊枣’果肉中的IAA 积累较多, 而抗裂品种‘圆铃枣’果肉及种子中ABA 含量显著高于易裂品种;易裂品种‘俊枣’果肉及种子中（GA3 + IAA + ZT）/ABA 的比值较高,果皮中的果胶酶、纤维素酶活性影响裂果的发生,其POD 及PPO 活性相 对较高。     

IAA、GA和ABA对苹果果实山梨醇代谢相关酶活性的影响

 以‘新红星’苹果果实为试材, 采用果肉圆片孵育技术, 研究了IAA、GA和ABA对SDH和SOX活性的影响以及二者之间的相关性。结果表明: 苹果果实发育过程中SOX活性与IAA、GA和ABA含量间存在显著的负相关关系, 而SDH活性只与GA含量有显著的负相关关系。外源IAA和GA均显著诱导果实SOX活性增加, 对发育前期果实的诱导作用最为显著; ABA仅对发育后期果实的SOX活性具有显著的诱导作用。果实发育前期和发育后期SDH活性受到外源ABA的显著激活; 而外源IAA仅提高发育前期果实的SDH活性。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。