俄罗斯沙棘与中国沙棘杂交子代雌株遗传变异分析

本文对3个俄罗斯良种沙棘为母本和中国沙棘优良类型为父本的杂种1代雌株群体的遗传变异特性的分析表明,发生了显著的表型变异;从杂种优势显著的个体中选择出6株优良单株,多数表型超越双亲,果实产量高,营养品质好。     

半干旱区生态经济型沙棘育种研究——"蒙×中"沙棘杂交子代优良单株选择及适应性分析

在半干旱区的内蒙古鄂尔多斯市东胜区九成宫基地,从蒙古沙棘亚种和中国沙棘亚种杂交子代雌株群体中选择出3株杂种优势显著的优良单株.它们兼有母本和父本的优良性状:生长适应性强,营养生长和生殖生长明显超过双亲,果实产量高,营养品质好,棘刺较少.以杂雌新品系营造半干旱区生态经济型沙棘林,会获得很高的经济效益和生态效益.     

“俄×中”沙棘杂交子代优良雌株选择

在半干旱区的内蒙古鄂尔多斯沙棘育种基地,从3个俄罗斯良种沙棘（母本）与中国沙棘优良类型（父本）的杂交子代雌株群体中选择出7株杂种优势显著的优良单株,它们兼有母本和父本的优良性状：营养生长和生殖生长明显超过双亲,果实产量高,营养品质好,棘刺较少,但抗旱性强弱差异明显。     

半干旱地区“生态经济型”沙棘杂交育种指标筛选与评价

在半干旱地区,杂交沙棘雌株果实产量与所选用的6个表型指标（结果枝数量、结实密度、百果重、叶果比、株型、地径）间高度相关,它们是阐明在比较干旱的条件下产量形成内在因果关系的依据,是“生态经济型”沙棘育种体系的核心,有其理论基础和实用价值。     

榆林市大果沙棘的引种效果

为了解决中国沙棘果实小、产量低、棘刺多等问题,榆林市林业站先后引进大果沙棘品种16个。栽培试验结果表明,大部分品种在引入后生长良好、繁殖正常,没有发现早衰现象或严重的病虫危害,同时保持了果实大、产量高、无刺或刺少等优良特性。其中,果实横径5．06mm～6．51mm、纵径7．46mm～10．33mm,向阳、齐棘1号等9个品种的果实产量达到10000kg／hm2以上,单株平均拥有克隆子株2．0～5．0株,混合种子的生活力达95％。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区沙棘优良品种引种栽培试验研究

1994-2003年在黄土高原半干旱区的陕西吴旗县、安塞县进行中国沙棘优良类型和俄罗斯优良沙棘品种引种试验,采用家系选择法初步筛选出5个中国沙棘生态经济型优良单株,对3个俄罗斯良种沙棘的生长适应性经济性状进行了评价。前者生长迅速、树冠好、根系发达、郁闭快、水土保持效益好,果实较大、单株产量较高、Vc和含油量较高,适于在黄土丘陵区种植;后者经济性状较好,果实大、无刺或少刺,但适应性较中国沙棘差。     

生态经济型沙棘育种研究--"蒙×中"沙棘F1代雌株变异特性与选优标准的研究

通过对蒙古沙棘亚种优良品种与中国沙棘亚种优良类型杂交F1代雌株的变异特性分析,建立了选择优良单株的表型性状标准,为生态经济型沙棘选优育种提供了科学依据.     

智利的沙棘引种栽培试验初报

智利1994年引种了德国3个品种、俄罗斯6个品种,分别种植在不同纬度地区,并对其生长情况、 果实产量、产生的根瘤进行了观测,结果表明:在同一地区德国沙棘比俄罗斯沙棘生长良好,果实产量高。 试验证明德国沙棘在南纬53°的地区生长良好。     

干旱对中国沙棘人工生态林果实产量的影响

本文以实测资料初步分析了干旱对中国沙棘人工生态林果实产量的影响,提出了中国沙棘资源建设与开发的建议。     

沙棘叶研究进展综述

本文简要介绍沙棘叶的营养成分和生理活性物质,及其沙棘叶生理功能、作用和已完成的沙棘叶的研究试验。结果表明,沙棘叶具有产量大、易收集、采集周期长、生产加工工艺简单、易贮藏等优于果实的自然优势,对沙棘叶进行开发和研究将有利于促进沙棘资源的合理使用。     

Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was applied on field-grown pear-jujube trees in 2005 and 2006 and its effects on crop water-consumption, yield and fruit quality were investigated. Treatments included severe, moderate and low water deficit treatments at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages. Different deficit irrigation levels at different growth stages had significant effects on the fruit yield and quality. Moderate and severe water deficits at bud burst to leafing and fruit maturation stages increased fruit yield by 13.2-31.9% and 9.7-17.5%, respectively. Fruit yield under low water deficit at fruit growth and fruit maturation stages was similar to that of full irrigation (FI) treatment. All water deficit treatments reduced water consumption by 5-18% and saved irrigation water by 13-25% when compared to the FI treatment. During the bud burst to leafing stage, moderate and severe water deficits did not have effect on the fruit quality, but significantly saved irrigation water and increased fruit yield. Low water deficit during the fruit growth stage and low, moderate and severe water deficits during the fruit maturation stage had no significant effect on the fruit weight and fruit volume but reduced fruit water content slightly, which led to much reduced rotten fruit percentage during the post-harvest storage period. Such water deficit treatments also shortened the fruit maturation period by 10-15 d and raised the market price of the fruit. Fruit quality shown as fruit firmness, soluble solid content, sugar/acid ratio and vitamin C (V_C) content were all enhanced as a result of deficit irrigation. Our results suggest that RDI should be adopted as a beneficial agricultural practice in the production of pear-jujube fruit.     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对荒漠绿洲区葡萄生长、产量和品质的影响

适宜土壤水分状态是决定葡萄营养生长、产量和品质的重要因素。为了探讨不同水分条件下,酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄(Merlot)生理响应机制,取13 a生酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄为试验材料,分别在抽蔓期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期进行水分亏缺处理(土壤含水率下限为田间持水率的55%~60%),并监测了相关植株形态,果实品质和产量指标。结果表明,单个生育期进行水分亏缺处理,对植株形态指标(葡萄株高、新梢长度、新梢粗度等)和果实品质指标(葡萄总糖量、可溶性固形物量、单宁量、总酚量、花色苷量等)无显著性影响。就产量而言,果实膨大期的亏水处理降低产量40.2%,是其需水关键期。而抽蔓期进行亏水处理,增产10.3%。     

The influence of bearing cycles on olive oil production response to irrigation

Water requirements for olive oil production and the effects of deficit irrigation were determined while considering the relative fruit loads on trees occurring as a result of biennial bearing cycles. Two Israeli olive (Olea europaea) varieties (Barnea and Souri) were evaluated for growth and yield parameters in a 4-year field study where five relative irrigation rates were applied. Increasing irrigation increased stem water potential, vegetative growth, and olive fruit yield with the increases tapering off at application rates reaching 75–100% of potential crop evapotranspiration. Tree water status, growth, and fruit characteristic parameters were highly affected by both fruit load and by irrigation level. Oil yield increases as a function of increased irrigation were initiated for each cultivar only following an ‘off’ season when the treatments lead to higher vegetative growth. The increased oil yields as a function of increased irrigation were primarily explained by higher tree-scale capacity for carrying fruit, especially as irrigation alleviated measureable water stress. For the Barnea cultivar in ‘on’ years, a secondary effect due to increased oil per fruit as irrigation increased was evident, particularly at the higher application rates.     

基于Penman-Monteith模型和路径排序算法相结合的草莓灌溉方法与验证

灌溉是影响作物产量的重要因素。为更加有效、精确地控制设施作物的灌溉,本研究以“章姬”草莓为例,将作物实时生长特征引入灌溉决策模型中,将Penman-Monteith（P-M）模型和知识推理相结合对草莓的灌溉展开研究。首先明确影响草莓灌溉的因子和影响系数,然后建立“章姬”草莓灌溉知识结构和草莓灌溉知识图谱,接着应用路径排序算法（Path Ranking Algorithm,PRA）对P-M模型计算的灌溉值进行调整,实现草莓的精准灌溉。知识推理中每个专家的灌溉调整策略都不相同,本试验以草莓产量最大为目标,选择概率值最高的一组灌溉推理值对灌溉进行调整。试验结果表明,在规定时间采收的情况下,本研究提出的基于Penman-Monteith模型和路径排序算法相结合的方法比传统P-M模型方法的果实总产量、单株果实均产量和果实均重百分比分别提高2478.5g、20.65g和12.15%（单个果实均重提高1.65g）,硬度提升了0.1 kg/cm²。表明该方法根据作物生长状态对作物灌溉进行调整合理,为精确灌溉提供了新的思路。     

不同灌水量对红枣果实生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌水量对红枣坐果率、果实生长及产量的影响,以甘肃省民勤县当地7a生骏枣为试验材料,在砂管灌条件下设置3个不同灌水量（2 700、3 375和4 050 m3/hm2）和一个地表滴灌（4 050 m3/hm2）对照进行大田试验。结果表明:4 050 m3/hm2灌水量的坐果率和产量均达到最大值,分别为6.73%和12 589.2 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理;果实纵、横径存在两个明显的膨大高峰期,且第1个膨大高峰期枣果的膨大速率远高于第2个;坐果率、果实膨大速率和产量均随灌水量的增加而增大;在相同灌水量条件下,砂管灌的各项指标均高于地表滴灌。结合当地环境状况,4 050 m3/hm2的灌水量适宜当地骏枣的生长      

膜下滴灌毛管布置方式和灌水量对温室番茄早期产量和品质的影响

通过日光温室番茄膜下滴灌试验,以20cm标准蒸发皿累积蒸发量为基础,研究不同滴灌毛管布置方式和灌水量组合对番茄早期产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同毛管布置方式对番茄成熟期有显著的影响,1管2行处理番茄成熟期明显早于1管1行处理;1管2行处理的早期产量也显著大于1管1行处理;在相同的毛管布置方式下,番茄产量随着灌水量的增加呈现先增高后降低的趋势,番茄品质指标大体上也呈现出与产量相同的趋势,但是不同的品质指标对水分的响应程度不同。     

Withholding of drip irrigation between transplanting and flowering increases the yield of field-grown tomato under plastic mulch

Experiments were conducted in summer of 2003 and 2004 to study the effect of withholding irrigation on tomato growth and yield in a drip irrigated, plasticulture system. Irrigation treatments were initiated at tomato planting (S0), after transplant establishment (S1), at first flower (S2), at first fruit (S3), or at fruit ripening (S4). An additional treatment received only enough water to apply fertigation (FT). Withholding drip irrigation for a short period (S2–S3) increased tomato marketable yield by 8–15%, fruit number by 12–14% while reducing amount of irrigation water by 20% compared to the S0 treatment. Withholding drip irrigation also increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Similar trends were observed in 2003 and 2004 despite large differences in rainfall, heat units, and tomato yield between years. This suggests that if soil moisture is adequate at transplanting, subsequent withholding of irrigation for 1–2 weeks after tomato transplanting may increase yield while reducing the amount of irrigation water.     

调亏灌溉对滴灌葡萄耗水规律及产量的影响研究

试验表明,在葡萄萌芽期、抽穗期控制灌水下限为田间持水率的40%,葡萄产量最大,达到12 439.5kg/hm2;在开花期、果实膨大期分别控制灌水下限为田间持水率的40%、50%可以起到疏花的作用,果粒质量和果实直径最大,但是产量最小,为10 486.5 kg/hm2;在着色成熟期控制灌水下限为田间持水率的45%,葡萄产量为11 934 kg/hm2。研究所得结论对滴灌葡萄的调亏灌溉应用有一定指导意义。     

温室番茄节水调质灌水方案评价

为寻求日光温室番茄优质高效的灌溉制度,采用设置于温室番茄冠层齐平位置的水面蒸发测定装置,设计3种基于水面蒸发量的灌水间隔水平和4种灌水量水平组合处理,依据小区试验观测结果,分析确定了以番茄产量、水分利用率、单果重、可溶性固形物质量分数及果实硬度等5项指标为主的节水调质灌溉制度评价体系;在采用变异系数法确定出各指标权重的基础上,借鉴TOPSIS综合评价方法,建立了温室番茄节水、优质、高产相统一的综合评价模型,应用该模型确定基于水面蒸发量的温室番茄节水调质灌溉制度,即当累积水面蒸发量Epan达到10mm±2mm时进行灌溉,灌水量为0.9Epan,在产量不降低的情况下,提高了水分利用率,并在一定程度上提高了果实的营养品质和储运品质.     

自动灌溉施肥模式对温室黄瓜产量及水肥利用的影响

为了探寻日光温室天津地区适宜的自动化灌溉施肥制度,以秋冬茬黄瓜为试材,以传统手动简易灌溉施肥模式为对照,研究了基于黄瓜需水需肥规律的自动灌溉施肥模式对黄瓜产量及水肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与手动灌溉施肥相比,自动灌溉施肥可节水22.4%,节肥30.4%;在保证黄瓜正常生长的基础上,显著提高黄瓜单果重以及产量,商品瓜的产量提高11.1%,灌溉水利用率和肥料偏生产力分别提高43.6%和60.0%。因此,自动化灌溉施肥设备依据温室黄瓜需水需肥规律进行水肥管理可以作为黄瓜产量改善及水肥资源高效利用的有效途径之一。