塔里木河下游植被退化区土壤种子库特征

本文在塔里木河下游选择了四个典型荒漠植被退化区,通过土壤种子库萌发实验,对土壤种子库的基本特征以及与地上植被的关系进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)四个植被退化区土壤种子库总共含有10个物种(属),平均密度1633.33粒/m2。2)四个植被退化区种子库密度总和来看,0-5cm层>5-10cm>层10-30cm层,但在各个研究区中种子库密度的垂直分布异质性差异很大,没有一致的规律。3)各个研究区土壤种子库种子的生活型组成,草本物种密度均明显高于灌木。4)土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在四个研究区均很低;随着退化程度的加重,种子库的密度和物种数均呈现明显的下降趋势,但土壤种子库物种组成的稳定性要高于地上植被。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

放牧和封育条件下科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤种子库特征

以科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,对比分析了放牧干扰和不同封育年限下土壤种子库特征。结果表明:①放牧和封育样地土壤种子库均以一年生植物为主,物种丰富度没有明显差异;②放牧样地土壤种子库密度为(3 475±519)粒/m2,封育6年和封育12年样地土壤种子库密度分别为(20 241±1 714)粒/m2和(28 777±3 946)粒/m2,显著高于放牧样地;③Shannon-W iener多样性指数、S impson多样性指数和P ielou均匀度指数在放牧样地分别为1.36,0.68和0.56,并随着封育年限的增加而降低;④放牧和封育样地土壤种子库主要分布于0~2 cm的土壤表层,封育样地各层的种子库密度均显著高于放牧样地;⑤放牧和封育样地土壤种子库均为聚集分布,但放牧样地种子库的空间异质性高于封育样地。     

河北丰宁坝上孤石牧场土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

通过研究孤石牧场退耕地和非退耕地地上植被与种子库的变化特征,结果表明：（1）退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库物种多样性高于非退耕地,从地上植被和种子库组成分析得出,退耕地正处于一年生草本植物向多年生草本植物恢复演替阶段;（2）退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（25,20）及数量（2970,593）大于非退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库的丰富度（16,17）和数量（1806,120）;（3）地上植被与土壤种子库共有种数在退耕地上较多（8种）。在非退耕地上较少（3种）,从而导致了地上植被与土壤种子库群落组成之间的相异性增大。     

围栏封育对草原植被及多样性的影响

通过对乌鲁木齐地区典型草原围栏内外植被特征、多样性指数、土壤种子库及地下生物量的调查研究,结果表明:2年围栏后,草原植物群落的盖度、产量有大幅度提高,显著高于围栏外,且优势种表现更加明显;围栏内外物种丰富度指数S、优势度指数D和Shannon-Wiener指数H'、均匀度指数Jsw差异不显著;围栏内0～5 cm和10～15 cm土层中的地下生物量明显高于围栏外,但地下总生物量差异不显著,且主要分布在0～15 cm的土层中;围栏后的土壤种子总数及分层种子数明显高于围栏外,且种子主要集中在0～5 cm的土层中.     

干旱区矿区不同立地类型土壤种子库特征

矿区的自然或人工植被恢复是维持生物多样性及生态系统稳定的重要途径。通过室外萌发法对金昌镍铜矿区7种不同立地生境土壤种子库的研究表明:该区域土壤中物种丰富度较高,包括16科47属,共56种植物,分别为:藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、马齿苋科(Portulacaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、十字花科(Cruciferae)、车前科(Plantaginaceae)、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae);植物组成以一年生草本植物占绝对优势(89.3%),多年生草本植物次之(7.54%),灌木种最少(2.59%)。土壤种子平均储量412粒·m~(-2),不同立地类型土壤种子库储量差异显著,与其他荒漠地区比较,土壤种子库储量偏低;土壤种子库物种Simpson多样性指数为:新尾矿周边自然植被区龙首矿自然植被区龙首矿开采废弃地供暖公司柽柳林地。     

新疆沙冬青群落的区系组成与结构特征

在乌恰县不同分布地点的新疆沙冬青群落中随机设置10个样方,对新疆沙冬青群落种子植物的科、属、种的组成及其结构特征进行调查.结果表明:新疆沙冬青群落由22科39属62种种子植物组成,群落物种较为丰富,科的区系以世界分布类型为主,属的区系以地中海-中亚-西亚成分为主,区系地理成分古老而复杂.新疆沙冬青群落的水平结构,大部分植物以丛生形式在群落中聚集分布,少数植物散生于群落中;群落的垂直结构,按生长型可分为2层(灌木层、草本层)和6个层片,构成新疆沙冬青群落的植物,其中草本和半灌木种类较多,所占的比例较大.群落中草本层片占植被总覆盖度的15%～31%,新疆沙冬青群落属于草原化荒漠植被类型.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林对微环境改良效果的评价

为揭示樟子松(Pinus sylvestrisvar.mongolica)人工林对微生态条件的改良,对比了樟子松林下与流沙土壤水热状况、理化性质和草本层群落特征。结果表明:①同流沙相比,樟子松林下表层0~20 cm土壤含水量增加,而深层土壤含水量减少,不同土层间含水量的分配差异增大。②林下土壤的比热变大,沙层升温减慢,保温能力提高。③樟子松林下表层具有明显的养分富集特性,表现出明显的层次性,表层(0~10 cm)土壤容重、有机质、全磷、水解氮、有效磷、电导率都显著高于下层(20~40 cm)和流沙表层(p<0.05),但其20 cm以下土壤养分非常低,与流沙相比并没有显著改变(p<0.05)。④从流沙到樟子松人工林整个沙漠化逆转的过程来看,林下草本层群落的盖度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、群落均匀度都在增大,而物种优势度在降低。研究认为,樟子松人工林加速了沙丘的固定,改善了表层土壤的理化性质,在早期促进了植被发育,但在林分郁闭之后,由于争夺光照、水分、养分,又对林下植被产生了影响。     

艾比湖地区植被分布及物种多样性研究

应用重要值计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数,对艾比湖流域植被分布及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：① 研究区域内可划分出10个群落,其中多枝柽柳群落(Form.Tamarix ramosissima)分布最为广泛。② 湖岸植被表现出明显的带状分布特点,并且群落物种多样性随地势发生变化,地势高的地方,物种多样性较高,均匀度较好。③ 在南北断面内,影响植物生长的主要因素为土壤含盐量。随着土壤盐分的增加,物种种类趋向单一,群落结构趋向简单。相反物种多样性随着土壤盐分的减少而增大。④ 受风况和土壤含盐量的影响,南北断面植被组成差异较大,且在近湖岸范围内,南断面植物群落物种多样性和植物生长状态明显优于北断面。     

Characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions within the longitudinal sand dunes of the Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks in sand dunes is crucial to stabilize the dune systems and maintain the plant populations in deserts. In this study, we conducted a survey investigation in the field and a seed germination experiment in the laboratory to explore the characteristics of soil seed banks at various geomorphic positions of longitudinal sand dunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Totally, 17 plant species belonging to 17 genera and 9 families were identified in soil seed banks, and 35 plant species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families were identified in aboveground vegetation. Plant species richness in soil seed banks decreased with increasing soil depth. The highest species richness was presented in the upper slope of the windward slope and the lowest species richness was presented in the base of the windward slope. There was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the examined seven geomorphic positions. The highest seed density occurred in the lower slope of the leeward slope while the lowest occurred in the crest. Moreover, seed density decreased with increasing soil depth, being the highest in the upper soil layer(0–2 cm). For both soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, there was no significant difference in Simpson's diversity index among the seven geomorphic positions; however, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index showed significant differences among the seven geomorphic positions. Those results showed that although there was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the seven geomorphic positions, the geomorphic positions significantly affected the species richness, diversity and distribution of soil seed banks. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions of sand dunes is essential to vegetation restoration or reestablishment. Furthermore, the Jaccard's similarity coefficients of plant species between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation at the seven geomorphic positions were low, suggesting that vegetation restoration or reestablishment processes should be promoted through adding seeds to surface layers.     

土壤种子库的研究方法综述

主要从取样方法、取样时间和种类鉴定等方面对土壤种子库研究方法进行综述,重点介绍了种子萌发法,并且提出了要采取长期定位观测的方法对土壤种子库的长期完整动态进行较系统的研究,而且最好在种子库长期的定位研究中搞清楚研究区内植物种的物种特性并且建立一个幼苗标本库,以增加土壤种子库研究的准确性。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、物种多样性以及相似性特征.结果表明:阴、阳坡10个样地中,共萌发了55种2203株幼苗,隶属于23科48属;总密度达到5 505±625.537粒/m2,且0～5 cm土层远远大于5～10 cm土层的土壤种子库密度,约是其4.6倍;丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数均未与恢复年限达到显著相关水平,但生态优势度随恢复年限的增加呈上升趋势,且阳坡上升的趋势比阴坡明显;组成成分相似性系数变化范围为0.0952～0.7143,恢复年限相距越大,其相似性越小,说明植被恢复演替的过程也是土壤种子库空间异质性加大的过程.     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新

采用样方调查法,研究了毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabinavulgaris)群落的种子产量、种子库及幼苗更新。结果表明:毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落的球果丰富,约为3093. 83粒/m2,种子产量为9118. 5粒/m2,优良种子达2954. 4粒/m2。5种立地条件间的土壤种子库差异大、质量低,种子优良度最高的也仅为3. 7%。土壤种子集中分布于0 ~5cm土层内,并随着土壤深度增加,优良种子数由0~5cm的30. 52粒/m2减少到5~10cm的1. 3粒/m2。5 种立地中当年幼苗数的平均值仅为7. 98株/m2,最高的(A类立地)为14. 7株/m2,仅占表土优良种的30%左右,最低的(D类立地)已经丧失了更新能力。臭柏群落内种子更新苗少,而且种子更新集中在少数滩地小生境中。种子库小、质量差、更新环境的丧失是限制臭柏群落天然更新与拓展的主要因子。     

The influence of the soil management systems on aboveground and seed bank weed communities in olive orchards

The biodiversity of farmed landscapes is, in the context of agricultural intensification, a key aspect with regard to improving the sustainability of agroecosystems. Olive groves are undergoing rapid changes because of the spread of intensive farming systems, which may have negative environmental impacts. This paper reports a survey on the aboveground flora and seed banks in five olive groves located in Andalusia (Southern Spain). In this study, the following three management systems have been compared: no‐tillage, with the mowing of spontaneous weedy vegetation; no‐tillage, with the mowing of planted cover crops (Poaceae); and conventional tillage practices. Results showed that coverage and an abundance of vegetation are favored by spontaneous weedy vegetation with mowing management, while the richness of aboveground species was affected by landscape diversity and the presence of edges, which increases the richness and diversity of aboveground flora species in olive groves. Seed bank composition showed a low relationship with aboveground flora in the three cover crop management systems. The multivariate analysis performed pointed to those seed species that have a major influence on the aboveground flora communities of each of the three agricultural systems. The seed bank was clearly impoverished in terms of both abundance and species richness after the long‐term conventional tillage practices. We conclude that the intensive long‐term conventional tillage dramatically reduces weed communities in olive orchards and the subsequent ecosystem services provided by them.     

Correlation between the soil seed bank and weed populations in maize fields

Annual weed populations establish every year from persistent seed banks in the soil. This 3 year study investigated the relationship between the number of weed seeds in the soil seed bank and the resultant populations of major broadleaf and grass weeds in 30 maize fields. After planting the crop, 1 m² areas were protected from the pre-emergence herbicide application. Soil samples were collected soon after spraying to a depth of 100 mm and the weed seeds therein were enumerated. The emerged weed seedlings in the field sampling areas were counted over the following 8 weeks. Up to 67 broadleaf species and five grass weeds were identified, although not all were found at every site and some were specific to a region or soil type. For the most abundant weeds in the field plots, on average 2.1–8.2% of the seeds of the broadleaf species and 6.2–11.9% of the seeds of the grass weeds in the soil seed bank emerged in any one year, depending on the species. Overall, the results showed a strong linear relationship between the seed numbers in the soil and the seedling numbers in the field for all the grasses and for most broadleaf weeds. For some species, like Trifolium repens , only a weak relationship was observed. In the case of Chenopodium album , which had the largest seed bank, there was evidence of asymptotic behavior, with seedling emergence leveling off at high seed numbers. An estimate of the soil seed bank combined with knowledge of the germination and behavior of specific weed species would thus have good potential for predicting future weed infestations in maize fields.