不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白理化和结构特性的影响

为探索不同虫态米象侵害对小麦蛋白品质的影响，该研究以米象侵害后的小麦为研究对象，对米象不同虫态（卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期）侵害后的小麦粗蛋白、尿酸、蛋白组分、湿面筋、面筋吸水量、乳酸溶剂保持力（solvent retention capacity，SRC）、蔗糖SRC、巯基（-SH）、二硫键（-S-S-）、蛋白质二级结构、面筋蛋白显微结构以及制成全麦面条的色泽和质构特性等进行测定与分析。结果表明，米象的侵害会使小麦蛋白的理化特性和形态结构变差。随着米象的生长发育，小麦籽粒中粗蛋白的含量显著上升，湿面筋、面筋吸水量，乳酸SRC、蔗糖SRC，- SH和- SS -的含量下降，小麦蛋白组分和二级结构比例发生显著变化(P<0.05)，小麦的食用品质和营养价值降低。面筋蛋白显微结构显示：随着米象在小麦籽粒内部生长发育，面筋表面粗糙程度加重，断裂面和毛刺增多，到达成虫期后，部分面筋结构已经严重断裂，无法识别。制成全麦面条后，面条的色泽加深，L*值、蒸煮损失率增大，a*值、b*值、硬度、黏附性、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和回复性降低。该试验结果进一步阐明了米象侵害后小麦品质的劣变机制，为小麦贮藏期间及虫蚀小麦的品质改良提供了一定的理论基础。     

活性小麦面筋对燕麦全粉面条品质的影响

本文研究了活性小麦面筋对燕麦全粉与小麦粉混合面粉胶的浆液性质和质构特性的影响,以及对面条烹煮性质和质构的影响。结果表明,添加活性小麦面筋使得混合面粉的热粘度和凝胶强度降低,热糊液趋于稳定,混合面粉胶的质构更为松散,硬度、紧实度和弹性有不同程度的降低;可以降低燕麦面条的烹煮产率、烹煮损失和断条率,增加面条的拉伸强度、硬度和紧实度,降低粘附性和表面脆性,烹煮后面条表面形成糊化层且存在束状结构,显著改善面条的感官品质。     

年龄对牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白含量和质构特性的影响

为研究年龄对牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白含量和质构特性的影响。研究了1～6岁牦牛瘤胃平滑肌中的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性和交联度以及剪切力和质构变化。结果表明:随年龄的增加,牦牛平滑肌中总胶原蛋白、不可溶性胶原蛋白、吡啶诺林含量显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为7.61%、33.86%和196.46%;可溶性胶原蛋白含量和溶解性显著下降(P0.05),降幅分别为30.80%和35.72%;表明随着年龄增加平滑肌中胶原蛋白的交联度增加、溶解性降低。牦牛平滑肌的剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性随年龄增加而显著增加(P0.05),增幅分别为96.48%、91%和102%;内聚性、弹性和胶着性随年龄增加而显著降低(P0.05),降幅分别为25%、32%和39%;表明平滑肌的质构随年龄增加而呈现劣变趋势。相关性分析表明年龄与牦牛平滑肌总胶原蛋白含量、不可溶性胶原蛋白含量、交联度、剪切力、硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P0.01);与可溶性胶原蛋白含量、胶原蛋白溶解性、内聚性、弹性和胶着性呈极显著负相关(P0.01);牦牛平滑肌胶原蛋白的溶解性和交联度均与剪切力和质构指标呈极显著相关(P0.01)。综合来看,年龄对平滑肌的胶原蛋白含量、溶解性、交联度和质构有显著影响;年龄越大平滑肌胶原蛋白交联度越大、溶解性越小、质构品质越差,3岁是牦牛平滑肌加工利用的适宜年龄。研究结果明确了不同年龄平滑肌的胶原蛋白特性和质构品质的变化规律,以及胶原蛋白特性对其质构品质的影响,将为平滑肌及含平滑肌内脏的产品开发和品质控制提供理论依据和数据支持。     

亚麻籽胶对面团流变性质的影响及其在面条加工中的应用

该文重点研究了添加亚麻籽胶对面粉的粉质特性、面团的流变性质以及面条品质的影响。粉质特性的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面团的吸水率增加，面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长，弱化度降低，使面团的稳定性更好。动态流变性质和超微结构的显微观察表明，添加亚麻籽胶后，亚麻籽胶的网络结构加固了面筋蛋白的网络结构，因而面团的稳定时间和粘弹性均能提高。质构分析的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面条烹煮后的硬度和咀嚼度提高，并具有较好的弹性和拉伸性能，面条的烹煮损失和面汤浊度降低，因而亚麻籽胶可用于面制品中以改善其食用品质。     

射频辅助热风干燥对红枣脆片质构特性和微观结构的影响

为解决热风干燥后枣片表面硬化结壳、酥脆性差的问题,该研究在热风干燥过程中加入射频热处理,研究不同温度(55、65和75℃)枣片质构特性和微观结构的变化规律,并从微观角度探索射频热处理对热风干燥枣片质构变化的影响机理.研究结果表明:干燥过程中,枣片硬度与咀嚼性呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,弹性、内聚性和回复性的变化趋势则为...     

不同小麦品种醇溶蛋白的组成与速冻水饺面皮质构特性的关系

为探讨不同小麦品种的面粉品质指标与速冻冷藏水饺面皮质构特性的关系,研究醇溶蛋白对面皮质构的作用规律,同时筛选出适合加工速冻水饺面皮的小麦品种,为速冻水饺专用品种的选育和水饺面皮的原料选择提供理论支持。选取20种小麦粉为试验材料,采用反相高效液相色谱法定量分析小麦醇溶蛋白的成分组成,同时测定小麦粉流变学特性,并制作速冻冷藏水饺面皮,测定质构指标。采用相关分析和主成分分析方法对小麦品种品质指标和速冻冷藏水饺面皮质构的关系进行了分析。结果显示,经反相高效液相色谱分析,按保留时间的顺序依次得到ω、αβ和γ3种醇溶蛋白片段。相关分析显示湿面筋含量与硬度和咀嚼度都显著相关(P0.01),黏聚性与大部分品质指标呈负相关。主成分分析根据碎石图和方差贡献率提取出了可以反映原变量83.40%信息的4个因子。依据因子得分对样本进行聚类,可以大致分为4个群集,第1群集表现优秀,第3、4群集的质构特性表现一般,第2群集表现最差。群集结果与速冻冷藏水饺面皮的质构特性基本对应,可以作为划分专用粉品质的依据。就质构特性而言,较适合加工速冻水饺面皮的小麦品种是郑麦379、郑麦9023、糟麦和矮丰2000,相应的品质指标范围:醇溶蛋白质量分数为4.16%~3.16%,谷蛋白质量分数为4.44%~3.68%,稳定时间为232~673 s,拉伸面积为60~99。回归分析得出标准系数显示,ω醇溶蛋白对硬度、弹性等质构指标均具有负面的作用,αβ醇溶蛋白则对硬度、弹性具有促进作用,且对弹性的影响更大,γ醇溶蛋白则主要作用于黏聚性,对硬度、弹性的影响不大。研究结果为速冻水饺专用品种的选育和水饺面皮的原料选择提供理论支持。     

加热温度和时间对牛肉嫩度影响的主成分分析评价

为研究加热温度及时间对不同部位牛肉嫩度的影响,该研究以夏南牛肩肉、外脊和米龙3个部位肉为例,分别代表牛胴体前、中、后躯部位肉,提出了一种基于主成分分析的高熟度牛肉嫩度综合评价方法。利用剪切力测定法和质构剖面分析测定了6头夏南牛3个部位(肩肉、外脊、米龙)4个加热温度(70、80、90、100℃)6个保温时间(0、30、60、90、120、180 min)的剪切力值和质构指标,对不同加热处理牛肉的蒸煮损失、剪切力值、硬度、黏附性、弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性等9个指标进行主成分分析,从中提取了3个主成分,方差贡献率分别为56.53%、24.43%、8.62%,分别代表牛肉的咀嚼特性、抗压特性和剪切特性,累积方差贡献率达89.58%,并建立了综合评价模型。试验结果表明,在高熟度牛肉的评价过程中,以剪切力值作为主要载荷的第3主成分在肉品嫩度综合评价中仅占很小的比例,并不能代表肉品嫩度的全部信息,因此不能把剪切力值作为高熟度牛肉嫩度评价的主要指标,在评价过程中应综合考虑与内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性等与肉品质地相关的指标进行分析评价;加热温度和时间对牛肉嫩度综合得分影响较大,当肉块中心温度小于80℃时,随着加热时间的延长,牛肉嫩度综合得分整体变化比较平稳;而当肉块中心温度高于80℃时,随着加热时间的延长,牛肉嫩度品质综合得分整体呈下降趋势,且中心温度越高,加热时间越长,得分值越低。运用主成分分析减少了牛肉嫩度品质的评价指标,简化评价流程,为高熟度牛肉嫩度评价提供理论依据。     

谷蠹不同虫态蛀蚀对小麦成分及食用品质的影响

为研究谷蠹不同生长发育阶段侵害小麦后其成分及食用品质的变化,设定谷蠹在最适生长发育条件下（温度(32±1)℃、相对湿度75%±1%）对小麦进行侵害,测定受谷蠹卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期侵害后小麦的营养品质、流变学特性、食用品质等相关指标。结果表明：谷蠹感染小麦后,随着谷蠹在小麦籽粒内从卵生长发育到成虫阶段：灰分呈先降低后上升趋势,蛹期和成虫期与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）;清蛋白和还原糖含量等营养指标呈现先升高后降低,清蛋白各虫期均与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）,还原糖各虫期与原始样间无显著差异（P<0.05）;粗脂肪、谷蛋白含量逐渐降低,粗脂肪各虫期均与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）,谷蛋白幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）;球蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量呈波动变化,球蛋白和醇溶蛋白均在幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）;另外,其微观结构显示随着谷蠹卵在小麦籽粒内生长发育,谷蠹侵害界面的质地变硬、表面粗糙、结构疏散、基质蛋白质断裂严重,且破损淀粉逐渐增多;流变学特性变化明显：出峰时间呈逐渐降低趋势,在蛹期和成虫期与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）,峰高和峰面积先降低后升高,峰宽整体呈上升趋势,峰高、锋宽和峰值面积在各虫期间均与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）,中线峰值右侧斜率呈先升高后降低,各虫期与原始样间差异显著（P<0.05）;馒头感官评价总分逐渐降低;全麦粉馒头质构参数中弹性、黏聚性和恢复性逐渐减小,硬度、咀嚼度、胶着性呈波动性变化。从谷蠹不同虫期感染小麦与其理化及应用品质指标间差异性分析可看出,不同虫期之间受谷蠹感染的小麦理化及应用品质指标变化显著（P<0.05）。谷蠹在幼虫期和成虫期侵害小麦后各项理化及应用品质指标变化更明显。结果表明不同虫期谷蠹对小麦蛀蚀不仅可造成理化指标的变化还可直接影响其食用品质,因此在储藏期间应注重防治不同生长期的谷蠹。     

不同品种小麦粉的粉质特性对速冻熟制面条品质的影响

为研究不同品种小麦粉与速冻熟制面条质构特性之间的关系,选取30种小麦制粉,用FOSS定氮仪、快速黏度仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等测定面粉品质指标,制作速冻熟制面条,用质构仪测定质构特性。采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对30种小麦面粉和速冻熟制面条的质构关系进行了分析。结果表明:不同品种小麦粉的湿面筋、糊化温度、弱化度、粉质质量指数与硬度呈极显著相关(P0.01);蛋白质、湿面筋、总淀粉含量、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度、粉质吸水率、粉质曲线稳定时间、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力与剪切力呈极显著相关(P0.01);小麦粉的粉质特性,除衰减值、峰值时间和延伸度外,均与拉伸力呈极显著相关(P0.01)。根据方差贡献率提取出可以反映原变量84.023%信息的5个因子,因子1主要反映面粉的粉质拉伸特性,因子2反映小麦粉糊化特性,因子3反映蛋白质特性,因子4和因子5共同反映小麦粉的淀粉特性。这些性状在小麦粉的评价方面起着重要作用,在加工中要注重对它们的选择。聚类分析将30种小麦粉分为4类,结果表明,不能仅凭小麦粉的指标数据和质构数据来选择制作速冻熟制面条的原料,还需考虑到感官评价的影响。该结论可为小麦粉在速冻熟制面条加工应用方面提供一定的理论参考。     

茶多酚对生鲜面品质及抗氧化特性的影响

为探究茶多酚对生鲜面品质及抗氧化性的影响,利用质构仪、扫描电子显微镜、感官评价和抗氧化模型,分别研究添加0、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%茶多酚的生鲜面的蒸煮特性、质构特征、微观结构、感官品质、贮藏品质以及自由基清除率。结果表明,添加茶多酚后,面条的硬度和咀嚼性均显著增强,面条整体的面筋网状结构变得致密、均匀,内部结构得到明显改善;此外,茶多酚的添加可以有效抑制微生物的生长。在本试验条件下,茶多酚添加量为0.5%时,感官评价总分最高,且DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率较对照均提高了1.5倍,表明在面条中添加0.5%茶多酚可生产出具有一定生理功能的生鲜面产品。本研究结果为功能性生鲜面产品的加工提供了理论依据。     

Relationship Between Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Flour,Wheat Protein Composition,and Textural Properties of Cooked Chinese White Salted Noodles

Physicochemical properties and protein composition of 39 selected wheat flour samples were evaluated and correlated with the textural properties of Chinese hard‐bite white salted noodles. Flour samples were analyzed for their protein and wet gluten contents, sedimentation volume, starch pasting properties, and dough mixing properties by farinograph and extensigraph. Molecular weight distribution of wheat flour proteins was determined with size‐exclusion (SE) HPLC, SDS‐PAGE, and acid‐PAGE. Textural properties of Chinese hard‐bite white salted noodles were determined through texture profile analysis (TPA). Hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of cooked noodles were found to be related to the dough mixing properties. Both protein content and protein composition were found to be related to TPA parameters of noodles. The amount of total flour protein was positively correlated to hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of noodles. The absolute amounts of different peak proteins obtained from SE‐HPLC data showed positive correlations with the hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and springiness of noodles. The proportions of these peak proteins were, however, not significantly related to texture parameters. The proportions of low‐molecular‐weight glutenins/gliadins and albumins/globulins, as observed from SDS‐PAGE, were correlated positively and negatively, respectively, to the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of cooked noodles. Among the alcohol‐soluble proteins (from acid‐PAGE data), β‐gliadins showed strong correlations with the texture properties of cooked noodles. For the selected flour samples, the total protein content of flour had a stronger relationship with the noodle texture properties than did the relative proportion of different protein subgroups. Prediction equations were developed for TPA parameters of cooked noodles with SE‐HPLC and rapid visco analysis data of the 30 flour samples, and it was found that about 75% of the variability in noodle hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values could be explained by protein composition and flour pasting properties combined together. About 50% of the variations in cohesiveness and springiness were accounted for by these prediction equations.     

Effects of Protein Content,Glutenin‐to‐Gliadin Ratio,Amylose Content,and Starch Damage on Textural Properties of Chinese Fresh White Noodles

The independent effects of flour protein and starch on textural properties of Chinese fresh white noodles were investigated through reconstitution of fractionated flour components. Noodle hardness decreased with decreased protein content, whereas it unexpectedly increased as protein content decreased to a very low level (7.0%). Noodle cohesiveness, tensile strength, and breaking length increased with increased protein content. Higher glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio resulted in harder and stronger noodles at constant protein content. Increased starch amylose content resulted in increased flour peak viscosity. When water absorption remained the same during noodle making, hardness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles also increased with increased starch amylose content, while springiness did not vary significantly. Increased starch damage of ≈5.5–10.4% effectively improved noodle hardness; however, starch damage >10.4% decreased it. Increased starch damage also enhanced noodle springiness while it decreased cohesiveness.     

Effects of Inorganic Phosphates on the Thermodynamic,Pasting, and Asian Noodle‐Making Properties of Whole Wheat Flour

The effects of four inorganic phosphates on the thermodynamic and pasting properties of whole wheat flour as well as color, cooking quality, textural properties, and structural characteristics of whole wheat noodles were studied. The addition of phosphates increased the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of melting of starch in whole wheat flour. Rapid visco analysis showed that all phosphates significantly increased whole wheat flour peak viscosity and final viscosity. Moreover, the whole wheat noodles prepared with disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) exhibited brighter appearance, and the use of STPP and sodium hexametaphosphate reduced the cooking loss of whole wheat noodles. Texture profile analysis of cooked noodles revealed that the addition of phosphates significantly decreased the hardness and slightly increased the springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience. The microstructure of whole wheat noodles showed a larger degree of connectivity of the protein network and coverage of starch granules in the presence of inorganic phosphates. The results suggested that inorganic phosphates exhibited substantial effects on improving the quality of whole wheat noodles. Of the four phosphates studied, STPP appeared to be the most effective one in improving the overall properties of whole wheat noodles when they were normalized to constant phosphate content.     

Effects of LAB Fermentation on Physical Properties of Oat Flour and Its Suitability for Noodle Making

Flour was obtained from oats fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to study the effect of fermentation on the physical properties and the suitability of fermented oats for use in starch noodle production. The results showed that fermented samples had a significantly lower pH than control samples. Gel strength and amylose content initially increased and then decreased (P < 0.05) with fermentation time. The peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback value decreased with fermentation time. Fermented noodles showed a higher hardness and springiness. In particular, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) induced the highest springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience over 12 hr of fermentation. The cooking quality evaluation indicated that fermentation improved the quality of oat starch noodles. Fermented oats resulted in noodles with low cooking loss and higher cooking weight compared to noodles made from fresh flour. The use of LP for 12 hr of fermentation time yielded noodles of the best quality.     

Quantitative and Qualitative Role of Added Gluten on White Salted Noodles

A commercial gluten and glutens isolated from four soft and four hard wheat flours were incorporated into a hard and a soft white flour by replacement to directly determine the quantitative and qualitative role of gluten proteins in making noodles. Gluten incorporation (6%) decreased water absorption of noodle dough by 3%, shortened the length of the dough sheet by 15 and 18%, and increased the thickness of the dough sheet by 18 and 20% in soft and hard wheat flour, respectively. Noodles imbibed less water and imbibed water more slowly during cooking with gluten incorporation, which resulted in a 3‐min increase in cooking time for both soft and hard wheat noodles. Despite the extended cooking time of 3 min, noodles incorporated with 6% gluten exhibited decreases in cooking loss by 15% in soft wheat. In hard wheat flour, cooking loss of noodles was lowest with 2% incorporation of gluten. Tensile strength of fresh and cooked noodles, as well as hardness of cooked noodles, increased linearly with increase in gluten incorporation, regardless of cooking time and storage time after cooking. While hardness of cooked noodles either increased or showed no changes during storage for 4 hr, tensile strength of noodles decreased. There were large variations in hardness and tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with glutens isolated from eight different flours. Noodles incorporated with soft wheat glutens exhibited greater hardness and tensile strength than noodles with hard wheat glutens. Tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with eight different glutens negatively correlated with SDS sedimentation volume of wheat flours from which the glutens were isolated.     

Great Northern Bean Could Improve the Nutritional Value of Instant Noodles

Instant noodles were prepared by substituting hard red winter (HRW) wheat flour with Great Northern bean powder (GNBP) at selected levels (0–60%) using a pilot‐scale noodle processing machine. The functional properties, water absorption, water solubility, and pasting profiles of flour mixtures were tested to verify the process tolerances of ingredients. Prepared noodle samples were evaluated for color, cooking quality, texture, and sensory properties. Slight color differences, an increased cooking loss, and reduced chewiness, cohesiveness, and hardness were observed in cooked noodles that were prepared with GNBP up to 25% of HRW wheat flour weight. The results suggest that HRW wheat flour could be replaced up to 20% (w/w) with GNBP, while still using the conventional processing conditions, to improve the product nutritional value (i.e., increased protein and fiber contents and reduced fat content) (P < 0.05).     

Effects of Starch Amylose Content of Wheat on Textural Properties of White Salted Noodles

White salted noodles were prepared through reconstitution of fractionated flour components with blends of waxy and regular wheat starches to determine the effects of amylose content on textural properties of white salted noodles without interference of protein variation. As the proportion of waxy wheat starch increased from 0 to 52% in starch blends, there were increases in peak viscosity from 210 to 640 BU and decreases in peak temperature from 95.5 to 70.0°C. Water retention capacity of waxy wheat starches (80–81%) was much higher than that of regular wheat starch (55–62%). As the waxy wheat starch ratio increased in the starch blends, there were consistent decreases in hardness of cooked noodles prepared from reconstituted flours, no changes in springiness and increases in cohesiveness. White salted noodles produced from blends of regular and waxy wheat flours became softer as the proportion of waxy wheat flour increased, even when protein content of flour blends increased. Amylose content of starch correlated positively with hardness and negatively with cohesiveness of cooked white salted noodles. Protein content of flour blends correlated negatively with hardness of cooked noodles, which were prepared from blends of regular (10.5% protein) and waxy wheat flours (> 16.4% protein).     

Gluten Enhances Cooking,Textural, and Sensory Properties of Oat Noodles

Whole grain oats are widely regarded as conferring significant health benefits. Composite flour of whole grain oat flour, wheat flour, and tapioca starch in the ratio 1:1:0.16 was formulated to make oat noodles with the addition of gluten at various levels. The influence of gluten on pasting and gelling properties of composite flour, and on cooking, textural, and sensory properties of salted oat noodles was evaluated. Addition of gluten decreased the paste viscosity, reduced hardness and springiness of gel, reduced cooking yield, cooking loss, and broken ratio during cooking, and increased the tensile strength and firmness of cooked noodles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that gluten tightened the network of protein in the noodles by forming oriented fibrils. Addition of gluten had little effect on the color of raw and cooked oat noodles, which were somewhat yellow. Sensory evaluation indicated that addition of gluten could enhance the overall acceptability of cooked oat noodles. This study may stimulate further interest in using functional whole grain cereal ingredients in developing healthy staple foods.     

Suitability of Ontario‐Grown Hard and Soft Wheat Flour Blends for Noodle Making

This study evaluated the blending of flours made from an Ontario hard red winter wheat (HWF) and an Ontario soft red winter wheat (SWF) and compared it with a commercial standard noodle flour (control) made from Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat to assess the impact on white salted noodle‐making performance and texture of cooked noodles. Flour characteristics, gluten aggregation, and starch pasting properties were assessed with a farinograph, GlutoPeak tester, and Rapid Visco Analyzer, respectively. The machinability of dough was evaluated with an SMS/Kieffer rig attached to a TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. Tensile and bite tests of cooked noodles were also conducted. Blending HWF with standard noodle flour decreased gluten strength and dough extensibility linearly proportional to the blend ratio, whereas a curvilinear response from blending SWF with standard noodle flour was observed. HWF demonstrated more favorable pasting properties except for lower peak viscosity for noodle making than standard noodle flour. Below a 20% blend ratio with HWF, no significant changes were seen on dough extensibility, cooking loss, tensile properties, and bite testing parameters of cooked noodles. It can be concluded that blending HWF up to a 20% level caused no significant change in the processing properties of dough and cooked noodle quality. The results also showed that the GlutoPeak tester is a sensitive tool for evaluating gluten strength in wheat flour.