掺合料和水胶比对水泥基材料水化产物和力学性能的影响

掺合料和水胶比是影响混凝土性能发展的重要因素。该研究结合纯硅酸盐水泥和掺合料的水化反应机理,推导出复合水泥基材料的水化产物、理论最大掺量和孔隙率的计算公式,探究粉煤灰、钢渣和锂渣掺量对水化产物、孔隙率以及砂浆力学性能的影响,并推算出3种掺合料在混凝土中的理论最大掺量。结果表明:同掺量的粉煤灰、钢渣和锂渣掺入后,复合胶凝材料水化产物CH、CSH和总孔隙率较纯水泥砂浆要小;相比4种砂浆中水化产物而言,按水化产物CSH含量排序为水泥砂浆水泥-锂渣砂浆水泥-钢渣砂浆水泥-粉煤灰砂浆;按总孔隙率大小排序为水泥-钢渣砂浆水泥-粉煤灰砂浆水泥-锂渣砂浆水泥砂浆;按理论最大掺量值大小排序为粉煤灰锂渣钢渣。经砂浆力学性能测试发现:当掺量为20%时,水泥-锂渣砂浆后期的抗压强度优于纯水泥砂浆,若掺量再增加时,水泥-粉煤灰砂浆、水泥-锂渣砂浆和水泥-钢渣砂浆的力学性能均低于纯水泥砂浆。综合上述研究发现锂渣的活性较钢渣和粉煤灰要好,该研究可为掺合料在砂浆和混凝土中的使用提供参考。     

高粉煤灰掺量的常态混凝土性能研究

在重力式混凝土坝设计中,一些发达国家正在研究大体积常态混凝土高掺粉煤灰,以减少水泥用量、降低工程造价,减少水化热、简化温控措施,而不影响大坝质量要求的混凝土配合比。据查询国内外已建的混凝土重力坝资料,粉煤灰最高掺量不超过50%。美国外部混凝土粉煤灰掺量为25%,内部常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量为50%;日本大坝混凝土粉煤灰最高掺量为30%;我国湖南江垭大坝部分常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量为45%……,我国《水工混凝土掺用粉煤灰技术规范》(DL/T5055-1996)规定常态混凝土粉煤灰掺量不能超过55%。辽宁省朝阳市阎王鼻子水库大坝设计中,经试验测试,常态混凝土采用碾压混凝土配合比的水泥用量,其中粉煤灰掺量高达68.4%,其热物理性能、力学性能指标、混凝土自生体积变形等技术指标均达到设计要求。不仅单位体积节省水泥用量42.86%;而且节省胶凝材料费31.47%。在一般情况下,对于混凝土粉煤灰掺量,在我国北方较低,南方较高。该项研究,不仅突破了北方的条件限定,而且突破了国家技术规范的限定,该项研究成果,1999年通过专家技术鉴定,2001年获朝阳市科技进步一等奖,2004年获辽宁省政府科技三等奖。相信此项研究在水土保持骨干工程中应用,一定取得费省效宏的结果。建议此项研究成果能在水土保持工程措施中应用。但对北方地区,应注意研究其掺入粉煤灰后,混凝土的抗冻性。     

风化砂改良膨胀土对抗剪强度指标的影响研究

通过对比分析石灰、水泥、粉煤灰改良膨胀土对抗剪强度指标的影响,引入风化砂改良膨胀土对抗剪强度指标影响的研究.在膨胀土中掺入不同比例的风化砂,进行了直剪试验.结果表明:掺入风化砂能有效提高膨胀土的抗剪强度;粘聚力随着掺砂比例的增加而逐渐减小,内摩擦角则随着掺砂比例的增加先增大后减小.改变掺砂膨胀土的含水率,进行直剪试验,结果得出:同一掺砂比例下的粘聚力与内摩擦角均随着含水率的增加先增大后减小.掺入不同比例风化砂进行胀缩特性试验得出:掺风化砂能有效抑制膨胀土的膨胀性和收缩性,改良后的胀缩总率低于0.7％,能达到路基填料的标准.综合考虑掺砂比例和含水率对膨胀土抗剪强度指标的影响,可以得出:当掺砂比例为30％、含水率为10％时,掺砂膨胀土的抗剪强度指标达到最佳值.     

内蒙古砒砂岩的性能及其对水泥力学性能影响的研究

砒砂岩地区是黄河泥沙的主要来源地之一。为了实现对砒砂岩的资源化利用,对砒砂岩基本物理化学性质进行了研究,并探讨了其作为混凝土掺合料的可行性。通过X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究发现,红色、白色砒砂岩的矿物成分差别不大,主要包含石英、长石、蒙脱石、高岭土、方解石等,还含有一定量活性的Si O2、Al2O3和Ca O(能够促进水泥水化)。砒砂岩作为水泥掺合料对水泥胶砂性能影响的研究试验结果表明,掺入砒砂岩会缩短水泥的初凝时间,掺量30%时初凝时间会缩短69%;当砒砂岩掺量不多于20%时水泥胶砂的28 d抗压强度和抗冻性能会提高,当掺量大于20%时水泥胶砂的抗压强度和抗冻性能(冻融循环后抗压强度)会显著降低。同时,研究还发现掺入砒砂岩会显著提高水泥胶砂28 d抗折强度。     

渠道衬砌膨胀混凝土力学特性试验研究

在水灰比保持不变的条件下,通过正交试验研究了膨胀剂AEA掺量、粉煤灰掺量及养护条件对混凝土膨胀率和强度的影响规律,提出了强度等级达到C15、自由膨胀率最大的渠道衬砌补偿收缩混凝土最优配合比.结果表明:随着膨胀剂掺量的增大,混凝土膨胀率先升后降,混凝土28d强度有一定幅度的降低;在试验条件下,膨胀剂AEA掺量为水泥质量的12%、粉煤灰掺量为水泥质量的30%及养护条件为水中养护时,混凝土的膨胀率达到最大,强度亦满足渠道衬砌要求.这表明,在渠道衬砌工程中应用微膨胀混凝土是完全可行的.     

风积沙混凝土的抗冻性与冻融损伤机理分析

为探讨沙漠沙(又名风积沙)替代河砂对低温环境下混凝土的耐久性能影响,按照风积沙替代河砂质量的20%、40%、60%、80%、100%共设计了5种强度等级为C25的风积沙混凝土(aeolian sand concrete,ASC)。采用加速试验方法研究了风积沙混凝土在冻融条件下的损伤失效规律,借助环境电镜扫描(environmental scanning electron microscope,ESEM)、应变监测和核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)等测试手段得到了风积沙混凝土的损伤机理。研究发现风积沙掺量80%以上的混凝土冻融次数超过200次,冻融损伤残余应变小,内部封闭小孔隙数量多对冻融损伤的抑制阻碍作用增强。结果表明风积沙混凝土的抗冻性能随着风积沙掺量的增加而提高,掺量为100%的风积沙混凝土的抗冻性最好。该研究可为风积沙混凝土大范围应用于寒区渠道衬砌及水利设施建设提供理论依据。     

基于微观特性分析风积沙粉体掺入提高混凝土的抗冻性

为研究冻融-盐浸环境下风积沙粉体混凝土的微观特性,设计了强度等级为C35、C25的风积沙粉体混凝土,在浓度为0%、3%、6%硫酸镁溶液中采用快冻法进行抗冻性试验,同时借助核磁共振技术、场发射扫描电镜及能谱分析研究其孔隙特征、微观形貌及水化产物。结果表明,风积沙粉体的掺入显著提高混凝土的抗冻性,且适当提高强度等级,有利于提高风积沙粉体混凝土抗冻性,其中强度等级为C35的风积沙粉体混凝土在6%MgSO_4溶液中可承受高达425次冻融循环;相对于基准组,风积沙粉体混凝土中有发育状况良好的针柱状产物钙矾石、纤维状产物石膏生成,填充因冻胀应力作用产生的裂隙,使其内部有害及多害孔数量低于普通混凝土29.78%,抗冻性增强。     

外掺植物纤维对冻融作用下植被混凝土抗剪强度的影响

[目的]研究外掺2种植物纤维对冻融作用下植被混凝土抗剪强度的影响,为植被混凝土生态防护技术在高寒地区的应用提供科学依据。[方法]参考相关标准(GB/T50082-2009)中的慢冻法,采用2因素3水平全面交叉试验开展研究。[结果]未掺植物纤维的植被混凝土,冻融后黏聚力显著减小,内摩擦角变化不明显。掺入植物纤维可使经受5次冻融循环作用后植被混凝土的内摩擦角平均增加5°左右,并且随植物纤维掺量的增加,内摩擦角变化无明显规律,黏聚力则呈先增加后减小的趋势。表明纤维加筋对黏聚力的贡献存在临界掺量。棕纤维掺量对黏聚力的影响比黄麻纤维掺量更为敏感。[结论]外掺植物纤维可有效改善植被混凝土抵抗冻融破坏的能力,棕纤维和黄麻纤维的建议掺入比为0.6%和0.6%,具备推广应用前景。     

纤维改性再生骨料透水混凝土力学性能透水性和耐磨性研究

再生骨料透水混凝土是利用再生骨料制备透水混凝土,具备再生混凝土和透水混凝土的功能优势,但导致强度、耐磨性变差,故该文进行再生骨料透水混凝土改性研究。将聚丙烯纤维和碳纤维以不同的体积分数(其中聚丙烯纤维掺量分别为0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%,碳纤维掺量分别为0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)掺入再生透水混凝土中,采用WAW-1000电液伺服万能试验机测定力学强度,自制透水装置测定透水系数,洛杉矶磨耗试验机测定耐磨性,获取不同种类和掺量纤维对透水性、力学性能和耐磨性的影响。试验结果表明,聚丙烯纤维和碳纤维的掺入对混凝土的孔隙率和透水系数影响不大,但可提高强度和耐磨性。随着纤维掺量的增加,抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度呈先增大后减少的趋势;质量损失率也先减少后增大趋势。经优化分析可知聚丙烯纤维最优掺量为0.6%,碳纤维最优掺量为0.4%。该成果可为纤维改性混凝土以及再生骨料透水混凝土的推广应用提供参考。     

含掺合料混凝土水化产物体积分数计算及其影响因素

Powers理论仅提出针对纯水泥水化产物体积的计算方法,为研究掺加矿物掺合料后的胶凝材料的水化产物体积的影响,该文基于水泥水化基本原理及矿物掺合料的反应机制,提出含掺合料胶凝材料的水化产物体积的计算公式,并将其应用于计算掺合料为0时凝胶材料水化产物的体积分数,与基于Powers理论模型的计算结果对比来验证该文提出的方法的可靠性,在此基础上,进一步研究水胶比、掺合料种类及其比例对胶凝材料水化产物体积的影响。结果表明:矿物掺合料掺量的降低和水胶比的增加都能促进复合水泥基材料的水化,相对而言,矿物掺合料增量对胶凝材料水化程度的影响较水胶比要大。复合胶凝材料中CSH、铝酸盐相AF和CH的体积分数均低于水泥浆体,未水化颗粒和毛细孔的体积均高于水泥浆体。分析发现,未水化颗粒、CSH凝胶和毛细孔的体积分数分别受水胶比×掺量×矿物掺合料种类(60.33%)、水胶比×矿物掺合料种类(91.79%)和水胶比(89.23%)的影响最大,CH和铝酸盐相AF的体积分数受掺量的影响最大,分别为6.17%和16.65%。研究可为锂渣、粉煤灰和钢渣在水泥混合材和混凝土掺合料中的应用提供科学依据,同时达到降低能耗和节约资源的目的。     

矿物掺合料对水泥基材料化学收缩与光谱性能的影响

为了研究矿物掺合料对水泥基材料收缩性能的影响规律,对不同矿物掺合料(锂渣、粉煤灰、钢渣)、不同掺量(20%和60%)、不同水胶比(0.30和0.40)下水泥基材料的化学收缩和光谱特性进行研究,同时分析化学收缩与浆体中官能团之间的相关性。结果表明:水泥基材料的化学收缩大致可以分为加速阶段、变缓阶段和平缓阶段且可采用双曲线模型来拟合,相关系数在0.98以上。矿物掺合料等质量替代水泥后,水胶比为0.40且掺量为20%时,水泥-锂渣浆体、水泥-粉煤灰浆体和水泥-钢渣浆体的最大化学收缩分别约为纯水泥浆体的81.2%、97.2%和91.0%,掺量由20%增加至60%时,水泥-锂渣浆体、水泥-粉煤灰浆体和水泥-钢渣浆体的最大化学收缩分别降低了1.9%、1.8%和5.0%。可见水泥-粉煤灰浆体的化学收缩最大,水泥-钢渣浆体的化学收缩次之,水泥-锂渣浆体的化学收缩最小。4种水泥基材料的波谱相似,均以3 647、3 451、2 937、2 361、1 651、1 418、1 124、978和451 cm~(-1)为主要的特征峰,其中水泥基材料的化学收缩受波数1 124、3 451、1 418、978、3 647 cm~(-1)的影响较大。该研究可为矿物掺合料在混凝土中的合理选用提供依据。     

秸秆灰混凝土力学性能试验及强度预测

为了优化混凝性能,减少水泥产业耗能,尝试采用以部分秸秆灰替代水泥制备混凝土。该文通过试验对油菜秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能进行了研究,得到秸秆灰质量分数和水胶比对秸秆灰混凝土拉压性能的影响规律,如当秸秆灰质量分数增大时,混凝土拉压性能呈下降趋势;当水胶比过大时,混凝土力学性能急剧下降。同时提出秸秆灰混凝土抗拉性能与抗压性能间的线性函数关系以及混凝土轴心抗压强度计算公式,并与其他混凝土抗压强度公式进行比对验证。采用小波神经网络的预测方法,引入随机函数,对试验数据抽样进行训练,而后预测数据并与试验数据进行比对,计算误差,并将预测数据用于该文提出的拉压公式进行验证,结果表明验证较好。最后试验结果表明:当秸秆灰替代掺量为10%时,秸秆灰混凝土劈裂抗拉强度下降了25%,抗压强度仅下降了8%;当替代掺量为20%时,抗压强度下降了31%。     

Use of Power Plant Ash to Remove and Solidify Heavy Metals from a Metal-finishing Wastewater

This laboratory-scale study investigated initially the potential of heavy metal removal from a metal-finishing wastewater using fly and bottom ash from a power plant as coagulants. It was found that the maximum heavy metal content in the ash–sludge mix was obtained at a fly ash-to-bottom ash ratio of 1.5:1 and a stirring time of 3 h, which resulted in heavy metal removal (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in excess of 99%, with effluent concentrations below the corresponding regulatory standards of Thailand. Furthermore, the feasibility of using fly ash as an admixture to stabilize and solidify the ash–sludge mix generated previously was explored. Results indicated that the stabilization/solidification process can achieve a high level of heavy metal removal efficiency from the ash–sludge mix. The optimum ratio regarding chromium leaching was found to be 1:0.75:0.75 (cement:fly ash:ash–sludge). In addition, the compressive strength and the chromium leaching concentration of the solidified sludge were within acceptable levels for secure landfill disposal and/or use as a construction material.     

再生骨料透水混凝土强度及透水性能试验

利用再生废弃混凝土骨料制备透水混凝土是目前研究的热点和趋势,其中强度和透水性是其关注及目前亟待突破的关键性能。以废弃的预制混凝土梁构件为再生骨料来源制备透水混凝土,并以水胶比0.3,砂率10%为基准,设计6组配合比,并通过标准养护下的立方体试块试验,研究了单一因素下再生骨料透水混凝土的孔隙率、透水性及其强度性能,其范围分别为孔隙率17.8%~23.8%,渗透系数0.27~0.57 cm/s以及抗压强度4.0~9.63 MPa。结果表明,再生骨料透水混凝土基本性能够满足要求,其中内掺粉煤灰能大幅提高其抗压强度,提高约44%,外掺钢纤维提高透水性,掺入萘系高效减水剂及硅粉的效果不明显。此外,再生骨料透水混凝土的毛细吸水过程与普通混凝土类似,即前期吸水快,后期趋于平缓。     

渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土抗渗性能试验

为了满足渠道衬砌的需要,提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能,在稻壳混凝土中加入了粉煤灰。该文通过试验对渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能进行了研究,得到粉煤灰质量分数、稻壳质量分数和水灰比对粉煤灰稻壳混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律,同时得到了粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土相对渗透系数小于0.783×10-8 cm/s的混凝土配合比。通过对混凝土抗渗性能主效应分析得到混凝土抗渗性能的影响因素顺序：水灰比>稻壳质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的相对渗透系数随着粉煤灰质量分数和稻壳质量分数的增大呈现出先减小后增大的抛物线的变化趋势,随着水灰比的增大呈现出一直增大的线性变化的规律。试验结果表明在不降低混凝土导热系数的前提下,在稻壳混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后确实能提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能。     

工业副产品对红壤酸度改良的研究

选择4种工业副产品(粉煤灰、碱渣、赤泥和磷石青),通过室内培养实验研究了它们对酸性红壤的改良效果.结果表明碱渣和赤泥能降低土壤溶液中的毒性形态的Al、可溶性Al以及交换性Al,增加土壤pH、交换性盐基和ECEC,可成为石灰的替代品作为酸性土壤的改良剂,且长期施用不会像石灰那样加剧土壤Mg、K的缺乏.粉煤灰的改良效果不太理想,而磷石青虽然能增加土壤交换性盐基和ECEC,降低土壤的交换性Al,但增加土壤溶液中的毒性形态的Al和可溶性Al,因此不利于表层土壤酸化的改良.加入质子消耗量与土壤交换性酸量等当量的碱渣和赤泥时,红壤pH升高到5.81～6.26,土壤Al的饱和度降低到15%以下,即可消除Al的毒害.根据碱渣和赤泥的质子消耗容量和红壤的交换性酸量来确定改良剂的施入量是估算改良剂用量的可行方法.     

Influence of fly ash and quicklime addition on behaviour of municipal solid wastes

Purpose

Many closed municipal solid waste landfill sites are near urban areas and there are high expectations to improve geotechnical properties of these sites for re-development. Construction on closed landfill sites is generally a challenging task due to complex behaviour of creep, settlement, high amount of moisture content and weak shear strength of waste. This study presents the experimental results for the use of fly ash and quicklime in improvement of the geotechnical properties of municipal solid wastes (MSW).

Materials and methods

The waste materials were collected from a closed landfill in the southwest of Sydney. The samples were prepared by integrating MSW with a mixture of fly ash–quicklime with a ratio of 3:1 in percentages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 of fly ash by dry weight of the MSW. An array of experimental tests has been conducted on treated and untreated MSW samples including sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction and consolidated–drained triaxial tests.

Results and discussion

Results of this investigation showed a significant improvement in geotechnical properties of MSW. It has been found that by increasing fly ash–quicklime admixtures from 0 to 26.7 % (0 to 20 % fly ash), the internal friction angle increased from 29 to 39° and the cohesion intercept increased from 11 to 30 kPa. Under an effective confining pressure of 300 kPa, the peak strength, the brittleness index and the Young's modulus at failure increased from 600 to 1,150 kPa, 0.13 to 0.35 and 5.5 MPa to 28 MPa, by addition of 26.7 % fly ash–quicklime admixture, respectively. Moreover, the compression and the secondary compression indices decreased from 0.33 to 0.23 and 0.052 to 0.033, respectively.

Conclusions

It is found that the chemical stabilisation effectively increases the compressive strength, the shear strength parameters, the stiffness and the brittleness index whilst decreases the settlement of the MSW layer. It will be beneficial and effective in re-development of closed landfill sites incorporating chemical treatments. The findings of this study may facilitate the calculations of the bearing capacity and settlement as well as the slope stability analysis of chemically treated closed landfill sites.     

Changes in soil physical properties of forest floor horizons due to long-term deposition of lignite fly ash

Background, aim, and scope

From the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1990s, energy in Upper Lusatia, Saxony in Eastern Germany was produced at power plants that burnt lignite coals. As a result, alkaline fly ash and aerosols from the combustion of brown coal have accumulated in adjacent areas that are partly under forestry. We ask the question, “how have these atmospheric depositions of fly ash influenced the soil physical properties (bulk density, particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, and water repellency) of forest floor horizons?”

Materials and methods

The experimental sites represented typical soil types and stands of the sylviculturally used areas in the region of Upper Lusatia. Three forest sites were located close to the emission sources, where high amounts of fly ashes accumulated, and three control sites were without fly ash enrichment. Pore size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density were examined with undisturbed samples (metal cylinder 100 cm³). Disturbed samples were used for the characterization of particle density, texture, and water repellency (Wilhelmy plate method). Additionally, the carbon content was determined. Scanning electron microscopy was used to show fly ash enrichment.

Results

The enrichment of mineral fly ash particles could be proven for sites close to the emission source. Using scanning electron microscopy, spherical fly ash particles could be identified. Total quantities of persistent fly ash enrichment amounted to approximately 150-280 Mg ha^–1. The enrichment of fly ash affected the soil-physical characteristics. Close to the emission source (sandy fly ashes), particle density, air capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were significantly increased, whereas the plant available water was significantly reduced. With increasing distance from the emission source (silty fly ashes or no ash enrichment), air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were reduced, while an increase of plant available water was observed. Furthermore, the forest floor horizons close to the emission source were characterized by significantly reduced water repellency due to the dominance of hydrophilic mineral fly ash particles.

Discussion

Fly ash deposition in Upper Lusatia must be considered as relevant for properties of forest soils. Mean particle density was significantly higher at sites with fly ash accumulation. This indicates the admixture of mineral particles. While bulk densities were not noticeably influenced, the increase of particle density and the dominance of sandy to coarse silty particles close to the emission sources cause an increase in total porosity, air capacity, and a relative reduction of plant available water. Hollows in spherical fly ash particles might contribute to the meso- and macropores. Due to the admixture of hydrophilic fly ash, the enriched forest floor horizons feature a distinct increase in potential wettability, which coincides with a higher pore and, hence, nutrient and contaminant accessibility. In combination with a higher saturated hydraulic conductivity, an increase in translocation of dissolved substances can be expected especially in the course of acidification, which causes an additional mobilization of nutrients and contaminants.

Conclusions

With this study, we could prove the impact of fly ash enrichment on physical soil properties of forest floor horizons. Via SEM, we detected fly ash particles. The amounts of persistent fly ash accumulation could modify particle density, thickness, bulk density, and carbon content. To characterize hydraulic properties, we investigated the pore size distribution, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and a water repellency parameter. Thereby, we detected a distinct increase of coarse pores and an accompanying extremely high saturated hydraulic conductivity. The water repellency parameter indicated a significant decrease of hydrophobicity of fly-ash-enriched forest floor horizons.

Recommendations and perspectives

Fly ash enrichment in forest floor horizons not only causes distinct chemical modifications but also alters soil physical properties, which must be considered in further hydrological investigations, as they may influence seepage of water and contaminant translocation within the soil and into groundwater.