体外法探究果寡糖对猪后肠微生物代谢苯丙氨酸和色氨酸的影响

旨在采用体外发酵技术探究不同剂量果寡糖(FOS)对猪后肠发酵液中苯丙氨酸和色氨酸代谢的影响。以育肥猪回肠、盲肠和结肠的食糜为接种物,发酵液中苯丙氨酸(Phe)和色氨酸(Trp)终浓度为10mmol·L~(-1),分别添加果寡糖(FOS)0、0.5和0.75g,37℃培养24h后采集样品,分析氨基酸、氨态氮(NH3-N)、微生物蛋白(MCP)、吲哚和粪臭素浓度,利用Real-time PCR定量细菌总菌数量变化。结果表明,Phe和Trp均存在肠段差异性,FOS显著影响Phe在盲肠的降解率、NH3-N、MCP、粪臭素浓度和总菌数量(P0.05),但对吲哚无显著影响(P0.05);0.75g FOS显著降低后肠Trp降解率(P0.05);Trp是影响发酵液中吲哚和粪臭素产生的主要因素。FOS可改变Phe和Trp的发酵类型,降低发酵液中Trp向粪臭素的转化。     

猪粪便细菌群作用下3-甲基吲哚(粪臭素)和吲哚形成的研究

本试验研究了猪粪便菌群作用下粪臭素 (3 甲基吲哚 )和吲哚的形成途径以及pH对色氨酸降解成粪臭素和吲哚相对产量的影响。试验结果表明 ,在猪大肠菌群作用下L 色氨酸既能直接降解形成吲哚 ,又能经吲哚 3 乙酸再形成粪臭素。pH对色氨酸降解成粪臭素和吲哚相对产量有明显影响。pH =6 .5时 ,约 4 2 %色氨酸转化为粪臭素 ,5 8%色氨酸转化为吲哚 ;pH =8.0时 ,约 78%色氨酸转化粪自素 ,2 2 %氨酸转化为吲哚 ;pH =5 .0时 ,只有 16 %色氨酸转化为粪臭素 ,而 84 %色氨酸转化为为吲哚。本试验结果提示 ,通过改变环境的pH可以使色氨酸降解成粪臭素和吲哚相对产量发生变化 ,高pH环境有利于粪臭素的产生 ,而低pH环境有利于吲哚的产生。     

外源L-色氨酸、果聚糖、酪蛋白对猪粪发酵液粪臭素浓度的影响

为了减少粪臭素在猪体外的污染,本试验旨在研究不同剂量的外源L-色氨酸、果聚糖和酪蛋白对猪粪发酵液中粪臭素及相关合成物浓度的影响.将80头体重为(50.0±0.5)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪随机分为对照组和试验组,每组4个重复,每重复10头猪,分别饲喂基础饲粮和添加0.2％枯草芽孢杆菌的试验饲粮.6周后,每组随机选取8头猪,采集其新鲜粪便,配制粪水厌氧发酵液用于发酵试验.发酵试验采用3×3正交设计,发酵液中外源L-色氨酸、酪蛋白、果聚糖的添加剂量分别为0、0.05％、0.10％,0、0.125％、0.250％,0、0.75％、1.50％.色谱法测定发酵液中色氨酸、吲哚、吲哚-3-乙酸、粪臭素浓度,荧光标记单链构象多态性及片段长度多态性技术与毛细管电泳技术结合测定空白对照组和空白试验组发酵液中微生物的种群结构.结果表明:1)对照组色氨酸、吲哚、吲哚-3-乙酸、粪臭素浓度显著高于试验组(P＜0.05).2)外源L-色氨酸为发酵液中色氨酸、粪臭素的主要影响因素,酪蛋白为对照组中吲哚的主要影响因素,果聚糖为发酵液中吲哚-3-乙酸的主要影响因素.3)外源L-色氨酸、果聚糖与饲粮中的枯草芽孢杆菌无互作(P＞0.05).4)空白对照组猪粪发酵液优势菌以芽孢杆菌(CWBIB 1434)为主,含量为26％;空白试验组发酵液以非解乳链球菌(AF201899)为主,含量为36％.由此得出,降低猪粪中色氨酸的含量及在饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌有助于减少猪粪发酵液中的粪臭素浓度.     

大豆低聚糖及其功能组分对体外条件下肉仔鸡盲肠内容物粪臭素产量及菌群组成的影响

本试验旨在研究大豆低聚糖(SBO)及其功能组分对体外条件下肉仔鸡盲肠内容物粪臭素产量及菌群组成的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,以42日龄肉仔鸡盲肠内容物为菌源,将厌氧培养液分装于无菌培养瓶中,分成5个组,每组3个重复。对照组添加250μmol/L的L-色氨酸,蔗糖(SUC)、水苏糖(STA)、棉籽糖(RAF)和SBO组分别在对照组的基础上添加1%的SUC、STA、RAF和SBO。另外,每组均设1个不加L-色氨酸但其他成分都相同的空白对照。利用ANKOM RFS体外产气系统,39℃厌氧培养24 h。采用PCR-变性梯度胶凝电泳(DGGE)技术研究了发酵液菌群组成的差异。结果表明:1)SUC、STA、SBO组24 h发酵液累积产气量极显著高于对照组和RAF组(P0.01);SBO、SUC和STA组吲哚浓度分别比对照组降低了98.15%、97.72%和94.17%(P0.01),粪臭素浓度分别比对照组降低了79.04%、71.88%和70.28%(P0.05);SUC组乳酸浓度极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);对照组p H极显著高于除RAF组之外的其他各组(P0.01)。2)SBO组菌群均匀度显著低于对照组(P0.05);SUC、STA、RAF、SBO组菌群丰富度显著高于对照组(P0.05);SBO、STA、RAF组菌群相似性高于对照组;试验组有3条特异性条带,相似菌分别为延长布劳特氏菌(Blautia producta)、迪氏副拟杆菌(Parabacteroides distasonis)、路氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)。综上,在本试验条件下,添加1%的SUC、STA和SBO显著降低了肉仔鸡体外盲肠内容物培养液中L-色氨酸代谢生成吲哚和粪臭素的浓度,提高了菌群丰富度,并促进了特异性菌的增殖。降低粪臭素效果优劣依次为SBO、SUC、STA。     

利用体外法研究功能性寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响

试验采用批次培养法研究了体外条件下日粮分别添加异麦芽寡糖、甘露寡糖及果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。三种功能性寡糖的添加水平分别为0.0%(对照组)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%以及1.0%。结果表明:(1)日粮添加异麦芽寡糖可以提高培养液中的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,降低培养液中的氨态氮(NH3-N)含量和培养残渣中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量,对培养液中菌体蛋白(BCP)含量的影响不确定。(2)日粮添加甘露寡糖可以提高培养液中的VFA和BCP含量,并以0.6%的添加量效果最佳;添加量在0.8%以上时,可以显著降低(P<0.05)培养液中的NH3-N含量,对培养残渣中的NDF含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。(3)日粮添加果寡糖可以显著(P<0.05)提高培养液中的VFA含量;当添加量在0.6%以上时,可以显著(P<0.05)提高培养液中的BCP含量,显著(P<0.05)降低培养液中的NH3-N含量和培养残渣中的NDF含量;在本试验所设添加范围内,1.0%的果寡糖对瘤胃发酵影响的综合表现最优。日粮添加异麦芽寡糖、甘露寡糖和果寡糖有助于提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能,其中果寡糖对提高瘤胃整体发酵功能的作用效果最佳。     

果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能(体外)的影响

采用批次培养的方法,研究了体外条件下日粮添加果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。果寡糖的添加水平为0(对照组)、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%及1.00%。结果表明,日粮添加果寡糖可以显著提高培养液中的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量(P<0.05),当添加量在0.60%以上时,可以显著提高培养液中的微生物细菌蛋白质(BCP)含量(P<0.05),显著降低培养液中的NH3-N含量和培养残渣中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量(P<0.05);在本试验所设添加范围内,1.0%的果寡糖对提高瘤胃发酵功能作用最优。研究初步证明,日粮添加果寡糖可以在一定程度上提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能。     

饲粮添加菊糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、排泄物及肠道主要臭气化合物浓度的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加菊糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、排泄物及肠道主要臭气化合物浓度的影响。选择300只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)、0.05%、0.15%、0.25%、0.50%菊糖的试验饲粮。试验期6周。结果表明:1)饲粮添加菊糖对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加0.50%菊糖显著提高了肉仔鸡排泄物中乳酸浓度(P0.05)。排泄物中乳酸浓度显著高于盲肠和直肠食糜(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加0.50%菊糖显著降低了肉仔鸡排泄物中吲哚和粪臭素浓度(P0.05)。4)肉仔鸡排泄物吲哚浓度与直肠吲哚和粪臭素浓度、盲肠吲哚浓度呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。排泄物的p H与盲肠乳酸浓度呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加菊糖显著降低了肉仔鸡排泄物、盲肠和直肠的吲哚和粪臭素浓度,饲粮菊糖适宜添加水平为0.50%。     

高效液相色谱法测定猪粪便细菌群作用下L-色氨酸体外代谢产物

运用高效液相色谱法,通过对流动相组成、梯度、检测器波长、进样量等检测条件的对比,建立同时测定L-色氨酸体外代谢体系中L-色氨酸、吲哚-3-乙酸、粪臭素和吲哚含量的理想检测条件为乙腈和水作为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量15μL,荧光检测器激发波长为280nm,发射波长为360nm。L-色氨酸、吲哚-3-乙酸、粪臭素和吲哚的线性范围分别为2.15～137.29、1.15～73.386、1.2～76.68、1.57～100.3μmol/L,具有良好的相关性,相关系数R2为0.9970～0.9999,方法的平均回收率在85.28%～102.38%之间,日内和日间精密度均不超过6.9%。该方法简单、快速、准确、灵敏度高且重现性好,适用于猪粪便菌群作用下L-色氨酸体外代谢产物含量的测定。     

不同浓度果寡糖添加剂在罗威纳幼犬中使用效果对比研究

选择二月龄罗威纳犬40头随机分为4组,不加果寡糖的为对照组(Ⅰ),而加果寡糖的为试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ),饲喂30日,测定各组60与90日龄的体重、采食量、饲料转化率、腹泻率。日粮中果寡糖的添加量分别为0(Ⅰ)、0.5%(Ⅱ)、1.0%(Ⅲ)、1.5%(Ⅳ)。结果表明:在罗威纳幼犬日粮中果寡糖的添加水平以0.5%～1.0%为宜,这一添加量对罗威纳幼犬的生长和饲料报酬有显著的促进作用,但当添加量达到1.5%,罗威纳幼犬腹泻增加,饲料转化率和日增重低于添加1.0%的组。     

果寡糖控制雏鸡鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染的研究

试验研究了不同剂量的果寡糖对雏鸡肠道沙门氏菌感染的抑制作用。选择1日龄健康艾维茵肉仔鸡96只随机均分4组,每组24只。分别饲喂果寡糖添加量为0、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的饲粮,试验期21d。在16日龄,采用口腔灌注法将所有试验鸡进行108鼠伤寒沙门氏菌攻毒,分别于17日龄、19日龄、21日龄进行盲肠沙门氏菌、pH值及盲肠鲜重三项指标的测定。结果表明:日粮中添加0.5%～2%果寡糖,在19日龄时均能显著降低盲肠沙门氏菌定植数量,各添加水平之间无显著差异。随着鸡日龄的增加,各试验组鸡盲肠沙门氏菌数逐渐减少。果寡糖对盲肠内容物pH值无显著影响;果寡糖使盲肠鲜重有增加趋势。     

Influence of differing carbohydrate sources on l-tryptophan metabolism by porcine fecal microbiota studied in vitro

Four types of carbohydrate sources, sugar beet pulp (SBP), rye grass hay (RYE), alfalfa hay (ALF) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were used to investigate their effects on the metabolism of l-tryptophan to skatole and indole by a mixed bacterial population from the large intestines of pigs. Microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 38 °C, and indole compounds, pH value and volatile fatty acids were analyzed after 24 h fermentation. Effects of carbohydrate sources on the microbial diversity were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplicons of 16S rDNA, cloning and sequencing. Addition of SBP showed decreasing effect on skatole concentration and decreased the relative rate of skatole production significantly, whereas RYE and ALF treatments significantly increased skatole concentration and the relative rate of skatole production. The rate of tryptophan degradation was reduced by addition of ALF remarkably. For the FOS group, skatole concentration and relative rate of skatole production were both significantly reduced. Total and individual VFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate) were significantly higher in the four carbohydrate-added groups than in the none-added. Additions of SBP, RYE, ALF and FOS in pig fecal slurries with l-tryptophan markedly decreased the culture medium pH values. The DGGE profiles showed differences between cultures with different carbohydrate substrates, though some bands were common to all cultures. Fermentation with SBP showed a higher bacterial diversity than with others, with three distinct bands appeared. Sequences of the corresponding 16S rRNA of two bands were related to Eubacterium rectale (94%) and Clostridium sp. (96%), respectively. Three bands were present only in SBP, RYE and ALF samples. Two of these three bands represented 93 and 98% similarity to Lachnospira pectinoschiza and Clostridium disporicum DSM 5521, respectively. These results suggested that the reduced concentration of skatole observed in the presence of SBP and FOS may be caused by decreased tryptophan degradation to indolic compounds and by shifted microbial metabolism of tryptophan toward indole production at the expense of skatole, resultant from the changed microbial ecosystem and pH value. The bacteria C. disporicum DSM 5521 may play a role in the production of skatole.     

饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

为研究饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响,选取月龄相近（3~3.5月龄）、体重均一（19.16±0.54） kg、臀型一致、健康状况良好的阿勒泰母羔羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只,自由采食60 d后,参照NRC（2007）饲养标准中维持能量（Em）需要,3个组分别按1.5Em（0.75 MJ·kg^-1 W^0.75）、1.0Em（0.50 MJ·kg^-1 W^0.75）和0.5Em（0.25 MJ·kg^-1 W^0.75）饲喂30 d。结果表明：1）随饲养水平的降低,羔羊全胃、瘤胃、小肠的重量逐渐降低,且1.5Em组全胃、瘤胃、小肠重量和瘤胃指数显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,1.5Em和1.0Em组小肠长度和小肠指数显著高于0.5Em组（P<0.05）,但1.5Em和1.0Em组无显著差异（P>0.05）;2）随饲养水平的降低,绵羊瘤胃液pH先升高后降低,1.5Em组pH显著低于0.5Em和1.0Em组（P<0.05）,氨态氮（NH₃-N）含量逐渐降低但3组之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）以及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、异丁酸、异戊酸含量1.0Em组最低,且1.0Em组TVFA、乙酸、丙酸含量显著低于1.5Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,丁酸、戊酸和乙酸/丙酸1.0Em和0.5Em组显著低于1.5Em组（P<0.05）;3）随饲养水平的降低,瘤胃液消化酶活性降低,脂肪酶、蛋白酶活性1.5Em组显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,1.0Em和0.5Em组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,α-淀粉酶3组之间差异显著（P<0.05）;4）瘤胃内容物中真菌、原虫的相对含量1.5Em组显著高于1.0Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,但1.0Em和0.5Em组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌1.0Em组最低,显著低于1.5Em和0.5Em组（P<0.05）,黄色瘤胃球菌3组之间无显著变化（P>0.05）。由此可见,饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系都具有显著影响。     

添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量的影响

本试验以精料、青干草和单宁酸作为发酵底物,研究添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率的影响,以期为体内试验筛选适宜的单宁酸浓度,为富含单宁的粗饲料资源应用于反刍动物日粮配制及减少反刍动物养殖过程种甲烷排放提供科学依据。采用体外批次培养法开展研究,发酵底物为精料、青干草和单宁酸,设置底物的精粗比为3∶7。根据单宁酸添加量分为6组,单宁酸添加量分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%,发酵时间设置为3、6、12和24 h,每个处理3个重复,测定各培养时间pH、氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度、总产气量、甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率。结果显示,培养至3 h时,1.0%和2.0%单宁酸添加组pH显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,其他时间点各组pH无显著差异（P>0.05）;1.0%、2.0%和3.0%单宁酸添加组NH₃-N浓度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至6和24 h时,各处理组NH₃-N浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至6 h时,2.0%单宁酸添加组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,1.0%、1.5%和3.0%单宁酸添加组的丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;各单宁酸添加组4个时间点丙酸、丁酸、总VFA浓度的平均值均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至12、24 h时,各处理组总产气量与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;培养至12 h时,2.0%组甲烷产量显著低于对照组、0.5%组和1.0%组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,2.0%和3.0%组的甲烷产量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。因此,添加单宁酸会显著降低体外发酵的NH₃-N浓度,抑制VFA的产量,添加1.5%、2.0%的单宁酸能够显著降低瘤胃发酵甲烷产量,添加单宁酸的处理组粗蛋白质降解率显著低于对照组。     

Organic acids in diets for entire male pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic acids in diets for entire male pigs on growth performance, composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), on concentration of skatole and indole in digesta, plasma and adipose tissue, and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in digesta. Restrictively-fed pigs (n = 60) (28 and 113 kg initial and final BW, respectively) were used. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet and the basal diet added either 1.0% formic acid, 0.85% benzoic acid, 0.85% sorbic acid, 1.2% fat coated Ca-butyrate or 1.5% fat and inulin coated Ca-butyrate. All levels of organic acids corresponded to 0.85% of pure acid. Digesta samples for microbiological examinations were taken from the proximal jejunum, colon descendens, and rectum. Digesta samples for skatole, indole and VFA analyses were taken from colon descendens. The results showed that the addition of organic acids to diets had no effect on daily weight gain or feed intake, but formic, benzoic and sorbic acid tended to improve FCR of pigs compared with the control pigs. Organic acid supplementation did not affect levels of skatole, indole, or VFA in the digesta or levels of skatole or indole in adipose tissue compared with the control. Plasma skatole levels were reduced in pigs fed diets containing formic and benzoic acid compared with the control pigs. Pigs fed organic acids had lower levels of coliforms, enterococci and lactic acid producing bacteria in all three sampling sites of the GIT. Supplementing diets with organic acids did not affect levels of skatole in digesta or adipose tissue of entire male pigs.     

Organic acids in diets for entire male pigs: Effect on skatole level, microbiota in digesta, and growth performance

The effect of different organic acids in diets of entire male pigs on the concentration of skatole in colon, plasma, and adipose tissue and on the composition of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. Entire male pigs (n = 60) of sows inseminated with boars disposition for high skatole levels (31.7 and 113.2 kg initial and final body weight, respectively) were fed either control, 1.0% formic acid, 0.85 % benzoic acid, 0.85% sorbic acid, 1.2% fat coated Ca-butyrate, or 1.5% fat and inulin coated Ca-butyrate diets. All levels of organic acids corresponded to 0.85% of pure acid. Digesta samples from colon descendens were analyzed for skatole, indole, and organic acids. Digesta samples for microbiological examinations were taken from proximal jejunum, colon descendens, and rectum. There were no differences in levels of skatole, indole, or organic acid levels in colon descendens among pigs fed organic acid supplemented diets and control diet. Plasma skatole levels were significantly reduced in pigs fed diets containing formic acid or benzoic acid compared with the control, but supplementing diets with organic acids did not affect skatole levels in adipose tissue. Pigs fed organic acids had significantly lower levels of coliforms, enterococci, and lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) in all sampling sites of the gastro-intestinal tract. Pigs fed 1.5% fat and inulin coated Ca-butyrate had less reduction in the number of coliforms and LAB in the small intestine compared with pigs fed formic, benzoic and sorbic acid. Formic acid had a stronger antibacterial effect on coliforms than benzoic or sorbic acids in the small intestine. Pigs fed diets containing formic acid, benzoic acid, or sorbic acid had significantly higher average daily gain and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control pigs during the grower phase, and tended to improve FCR during the overall period. The inclusion of fat coated Ca-butyrate or fat and inulin coated Ca-butyrate had no effect on growth performance of the pigs. In conclusion, supplementing diets with different organic acids reduced number of coliforms, enterococci, and LAB in the gastrointestinal tract, but did not affect skatole levels in colon or adipose tissue of entire male pigs.     

果寡糖对肉鸡生长、肠道菌群和肠形态的影响

研究了饲粮中分别添加0、2000、4000、6000mg/kg果寡糖对艾维菌商品代肉鸡生长性能、肠道菌群和肠形态的影响。结果表明：目粮中添加4000mg/kg果寡糖使肉鸡日增重提高了9．53％（P＜0．01），2000、4000mg/kg果寡糖使料重比分别降低了5．09％（P＜0．05）和7．87％（P＜0．05）；4000mg/kg果寡糖使盲肠中双歧杆菌和总厌氧菌数分别增加了257．65％（P＜0．05）和100．00％（P＜0．05），使梭菌数下降了79．36％（P＜0．05）；2000、4000mg/kg果寡糖使盲肠中乳酸杆菌数分别增加了45．73％（P＜0．05）和67．97％（P＜0．01），使大肠杆菌数分别下降了75．71％（P＜0．05）和71．35％（P＜0．05）；4000和6000mg/kg果寡糖使盲肠中乙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸含量分别提高了23．25％（P＜0．05）和26．08％（P＜0．05）、144．36％（P＜0．05）和202．97％（P＜0．01）、47．08％（P＜0．01）和58．31％（P＜0．01）；2000、4000和6000mg/kg果寡糖使盲肠中丙酸含量分别提高了45．27％（P＜0．05）、73．22％（P＜0．01）和89．37（P＜0．01）；4000、6000mg/kg果寡糖使盲肠上皮黏膜腺窝深度和细胞密度分别提高了22．62％（P＜0．05）和25．72％（P＜0．01）、19．28％（P＜0．05）和23．07％（P＜0．05）。     

菊苣提取物对蛋鸡鸡蛋胆固醇、肠道菌群和生产性能的影响

本文旨在研究菊苣提取物对蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋品质、肠道菌群、血清胆同醇和卵黄胆同醇的影响.300只尼克红蛋鸡随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,各组日粮中分别添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的菊苣提取物和1.0%的菊粉,试验进行4周.结果表明:与对照相比,不同水平的菊苣提取物或菊粉对蛋鸡产蛋率、蛋重、采食量、料蛋比、破蛋率、蛋黄重、蛋壳厚度和哈氏单位没有显著影响(P>0.05),但能显著降低鸡蛋胆固醇浓度(mg/g蛋黄)和含量(mg/蛋黄)(P<0.05),1.5%菊苣提取物添加组的动脉粥样硬化指数显著降低(P<0.05);日粮添加菊苣提取物或菊粉显著降低蛋鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量和pH(P<0.05),1.5%菊苣提取物添加组和菊粉添加组显著增加盲肠双歧杆菌数量(P<0.05);鸡蛋胆固醇含量和盲肠大肠杆菌数量随菊苣提取物添加水平的增加线性降低(r=-0.957和r=-0.977)(P<0.05).结论:本试验在蛋鸡日粮中添加菊苣提取物或菊粉能显著降低鸡蛋胆固醇和盲肠有害菌(大肠杆菌)的数量,且不影响蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质.故在蛋鸡日粮中添加菊苣提取物或菊粉可为生产低胆同醇鸡蛋提供一条途径.     

相对饲养水平对阿勒泰羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官发育及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究相对饲养水平对阿勒泰羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官发育及肉品质的影响。选取3.0~3.5月龄、体重[(19.16±0.54)kg]接近、臀型一致、健康状况良好的阿勒泰母羔羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只羊。自由采食60 d后,参照NRC(2007)饲养标准中维持能量(Em)需要,通过控制试验羊采食量,3个组分别按1.5(0.75 MJ/kg W^0.75,1.5Em组)、1.0(0.50 MJ/kg W^0.75,1.0Em组)、0.5倍Em(0.25 MJ/kg W^0.75,0.5Em组)饲喂30 d。结果表明:1)随着相对饲养水平的降低,3组的末重、平均日增重极显著降低(P<0.01)。2)随着相对饲养水平的降低,3组的宰前活重、胴体重极显著降低(P<0.01)。1.5Em组的屠宰率、眼肌面积和GR值显著高于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05)。3)1.5Em组的心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏重量和指数显著或极显著高于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。1.0Em组的心脏、肾脏重量及心脏、肝脏、肾脏指数显著或极显著高于0.5Em组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。1.5Em组的毛+皮和头+蹄重量和指数显著或极显著高于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。4)1.5Em组的背最长肌亮度值显著低于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05),1.0Em组的背最长肌失水率显著低于1.5Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05)。5)1.5Em组的背最长肌水分含量显著低于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05),1.5Em组的背最长肌粗脂肪含量显著高于1.0Em组、0.5Em组(P<0.05)。由此可见,相对饲养水平可显著影响阿勒泰羊的平均日增重、屠宰性能、器官发育和部分肉品质指标。