变叶海棠育苗与造林技术

变叶海棠(Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes),藏名俗称瓦多(甘孜州炉霍、道孚),属蔷薇科苹果属植物,在甘孜州主要分布在康定、炉霍、道孚、雅江、甘孜、新龙、白玉、理塘、巴塘、色达等海拔2 800～3 500m的山坡、河谷、路边、灌木林中.     

从生态经济学的角度试论甘孜州森林资源的保护和利用

一、森林在甘孜州的作用和地位 甘孜州总面积15万平方公里,占四川省的四分之一,人口76万,全州森林面积占土地总 面积的9.27％,草原占45.55％,农耕地仅占0.5％。由于甘孜州地处青藏高原东南缘,地势高亢,气候严寒,农作物生长期短,有效积温偏低,加上风雪、冰雹、干旱的侵拢,限制了农业生产的发展。所以林业和牧业势必成为甘孜州的主要经济支柱。甘孜州每年生产的工业用材大约为100万米~3。为全州7个州属林业企业及县办林场的1.6万林业职工提供就业机会,全州林业生产收入占地方财政总收入的50—70％。     

推进甘孜州核桃产业化发展的探讨

本文概述了甘孜州发展核桃的基本条件和发展现状,提出了甘孜州发展核桃的规模和十条建议.     

川西高海拔地区榛属资源分布现状及其开发意义

本文结合国内外相关参考文献,介绍甘孜州现有的野生榛属资源种类分布、研究现状、开发利用价值,以期揭示甘孜州野生榛属资源的开发前景     

红豆杉属植物资源的研究现状与开发利用对策

对珍稀药用资源植物红豆杉属的分类、种分布、主要化学成分及药理学作用的国内外研究现状进行归纳分析,对红豆杉属植物资源开发利用过程中遇到的问题以及可能的解决方案进行讨论。目前全球共发现和鉴定红豆杉属11个种,从中分离鉴定出三大类即巴卡亭Ⅲ及其他紫杉烷类物质、紫杉黄酮和红豆杉多糖等共500余种化学成分。对红豆杉属植物的药理学研究发现,其具有显著的防癌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、清除自由基、调节心血管系统、抗炎、抗衰老等药理学作用。红豆杉属植物开发利用过程中存在种群遗传多样性保护与生物资源减少、红豆杉属植物资源分布地域性与次生代谢多样性、新结构物质发现与药理学作用机制研究相互脱节等问题。提出引种驯化与构建红豆杉属植物种质资源库、建设红豆杉属高质原料标准化生产技术体系、依托现代科技手段构建红豆杉属植物高效利用的技术平台等对策。     

天水小陇山红豆杉群落特征的生态学意义

[目的]红豆杉属植物对生境条件要求较严格,对外界环境变化和人为干扰较为敏感。研究其群落特征和生态位特征对了解群落动态和生境变化有重要意义。[方法]基于野外采样调查,对小陇山林区红豆杉群落的种属组成、数量、生活型谱和主要种群的生态位特征进行了研究。[结果]1.组成红豆杉林的植物共有64种,隶属于33科47属。乔木层的优势科为红豆杉科,灌木层的优势科为蔷薇科,草本层为莎草科;红豆杉群落物种多度分布呈倒J型;红豆杉群落生活型谱表现为地上芽植物高位芽植物地面芽植物地下芽植物一年生植物;2.红豆杉群落乔木层生态位宽度依次为红豆杉油松栓皮栎毛栗子侧柏青檀;红豆杉与其他种群之间重叠值小于伴生种之间的重叠值;红豆杉林各种群之间的生态位相似性比值Cih大于0.9的有16对,占57.15%,在0.7～0.8之间有9对,占32.14%,0.6～0.7之间有3对,占10.71%。人工红豆杉林油松对红豆杉的干扰程度较青檀大。     

川藏铁路理塘境内段建设对生态环境影响评价研究

以研究川藏铁路理塘境内段建设对高原生态环境影响评价为目的,阐述了理塘境内植物、动物和生态系统的现状,分析了川藏铁路建设可能给理塘境内植物、动物和生态系统带来的环境预测影响,提出了对植物、动物和生态系统可行性保护对策。由于理塘境内段平均海拔较高,生态恢复难度大,生态评价具有独特性,研究理塘县境内段建设生态环境评价对甘孜州境内段建设生态评价具有指导意义。     

环境监测对甘孜环境保护的促进作用探析

分析了甘孜州环境保护现状及存在的问题,指出了环境监测是环境保护的基础工作,也是环境保护的重要技术手段,对甘孜州的环境保护有着各方面的促进作用。     

宝鸡红豆杉育苗技术及价值应用

红豆杉,又名赤柏松,紫衫,是一种浅根类红豆杉科属的植物,1994年列入国家一级重点保护植物,有很好的生态效益和极高的经济价值。该文主要阐述介绍了红豆杉的分布范围、生态习性和特征形态等,并进一步针对红豆杉相应的栽培技术进行了分析,探讨了红豆杉的应用价值以及保护措施。     

东北红豆杉播种育苗技术

东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)又名紫杉、赤柏松,属红豆杉科、红豆杉属。主要分布在吉林长白山、黑龙江省一带,在辽宁省的东部山区也有少量分布,东北红豆杉是第四纪冰川遗留下来的古老树种,被称为植物活化石,目前全世界分布极少,是世界公认的濒临灭绝的珍贵稀有植物,在我国已被列为国家一级重点保护植物。东北红豆杉四季常绿、树形     

Micromechanical properties of common yew (Taxus baccata) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) transition wood fibers subjected to longitudinal tension

The longitudinal modulus of elasticity of common yew is astonishingly low in light of its high raw density. At least this was found for specimens examined at the solid wood level and at the tissue level. However, to reveal if this low axial stiffness is also present at the cellular level, tensile tests were performed on individual yew fibers and on spruce fibers for reference. The results revealed a low stiffness and a high strain to fracture for yew when compared with spruce. This compliant behavior was ascribed to a relatively high microfibril angle of yew measured by X-ray scattering. It can be concluded that the high compliance of yew observed at higher hierarchical levels is obviously controlled by a structural feature present at the cell wall level. In future studies, the biomechanical function of this compliant behavior for the living yew tree would be of particular interest.     

Acclimation of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) foliage to sun and shade

The success in clinical trials of the anti-cancer drug, Taxol(R), obtained from the bark of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.), has raised interest in cultivation and regeneration of this little-known species. Pacific yew is shade-tolerant and it is not known whether the foliage can tolerate the high solar irradiances found on an open forest regeneration site or a nursery. Acclimation of Pacific yew to sun and shade was studied by comparing foliar physiology and morphology of male and female trees growing in full sun or shade. Interspecific foliar acclimation to sun was studied by comparing sun-grown English yew (Taxus baccata L.) with Pacific yew. No sex-specific acclimation was found in foliar physiology or morphology in either species. Sun-grown foliage of Pacific yew and English yew differed with respect to light harvesting, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf structure, stomatal distribution and foliar N concentrations and contents. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements indicated that shade-grown foliage of Pacific yew had larger and more efficient light harvesting systems than sun-grown foliage. Rates of CO(2) uptake and transpiration were similar in sun- and shade-grown foliage indicating acclimation of photosynthesis to the growth irradiance. Specific leaf area was significantly higher in shade-grown foliage of Pacific yew than in sun-grown foliage and was diagnostic of the light environment in which the foliage grew. Foliar N concentrations were not significantly different between sun- and shade-grown leaves of Pacific yew but sun-grown foliage had a higher N content. Physiological and morphological adjustments of Pacific yew foliage conferred tolerance to both high light and shade, enabling the trees to survive in a variety of light environments and indicating that Pacific yew is suited to nursery cultivation and regeneration of open sites.     

Conspecific negative density dependence in a long-lived conifer,yew <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> L.

Conspecific negative density dependence in tree species can have major consequences for structuring of communities, yet in temperate forests this phenomenon remains largely unexplored. We investigated density-dependent recruitment in the long-lived conifer yew (Taxus baccata L.), for which low levels of regeneration have been linked with reduced light availability beneath conspecific canopies and speculative autotoxic effects. We combined in situ assessment of yew regeneration in a temperate forest in southwest Ireland with ex situ pot experiments to assess whether light and/or beneath conspecific canopy conditions inhibit the germination and early growth of yew. In field experiments, recruitment was related to distance from adult conspecifics, with higher levels of regeneration found in areas not beneath yew canopies. However, reduced light availability beneath the dense yew canopy was not responsible for this pattern, with abundant seedlings found in areas of equivalent or even lower light availability. Pot experiments showed that seedling survival was highest in deep shade treatments. Experiments also demonstrated that the addition of yew needles negatively affected seedling growth, but not seed germination. Together, our results suggest that under natural forest conditions, the absence of regeneration beneath mature yew canopies, often attributed to low light availability, may at least be partly related to substances in yew canopy or leaf leachates.     

Population structure and distribution pattern of Taxus cuspidata in Muling region of Heilongjiang Province, China

An investigation was conducted on distribution pattern, site condition and population structure of yew Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. in Muling Forest Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, China in April, 2005. Results showed that yew is mainly distributed under the main storey of natural mixed forest of conifer and broadleaf, the soil moisture content of the yew site is high （40%-60%）, the pH value of soil is relatively lower （4.7-5.5）, and that the population structure of wild yew is not rational, belonging to the degeneration population, which is one of the reasons leading to the population decline. Although the site conditions of Muling area are suitable for the growth of wild yew, the population of wild yew shows a decline tendency, due to the fact that the middle-sized adult yew trees have been cut, young yews are often grazed by wildlife, and that the trunks of adult yew tend to be hollow.     

Three-dimensional elastic behaviour of common yew and Norway spruce

In view of its high density, yew wood has a remarkably low longitudinal Young’s modulus, which makes it unique among coniferous woods. However, the elastic response of yew related to other load directions is largely unknown. Therefore, our goal was to comprehensively characterise the three-dimensional elastic behaviour of yew wood. To achieve this, we performed tensile tests on dog-bone-shaped yew specimens and determined the three Young’s moduli and six Poisson’s ratios using a universal testing machine and a digital image correlation technique. All tests were also applied to spruce as reference species. After including the shear moduli determined in a prior study by our group, all elastic engineering parameters of yew and spruce were ascertained. Based on these values, the three-dimensional elastic behaviour was describable with deformation bodies and polar diagrams. Evaluating these illustrations revealed that yew had a lower stiffness only in the longitudinal direction. In all other three-dimensional directions, spruce was clearly more compliant than yew. Particularly, in the radial–tangential plane, both species varied largely in their degree of anisotropic elasticity. All mentioned differences between yew and spruce originate at the microstructural level.     

Structural diversity of English yew (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> L.) populations

In Europe, the English yew species (Taxus baccata L.) is endangered. Intensive human land-use, including forest management, has caused a decrease of the yew populations all over Europe. In Austria, gene conservation forests are used for the in situ conservation of populations of this rare tree species by silvicultural treatments. In order to improve the conservation management in these gene conservation forests, this study addresses the relation between competition and viability of yew populations through the use of structural diversity indices. The structural indices, which include mingling, tree–tree distance, diameter, and tree height differentiation, were determined for a structural group of four trees as well as the neighbouring trees of the male and female yews at the monitoring plots on a regular grid in three gene conservation forests. Although the three study sites provided quite different environmental conditions for English yew, the vitality of each individual yew was influenced by the inter-specific competition of the neighbouring tree species at all sites. Low vitality was associated with a small mean distance to neighbours and large tree height differentiation. In conclusion, we suggest that a combination of different structural indicators is needed for an integrative assessment of conservation status in the gene conservation forests. This would help improve the evaluation of the impact management has on yew population viability.     

黑龙江省穆棱自然保护区东北红豆杉种群特征的研究

在74条样带436.872hm2面积上进行野外调查,对黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区内天然东北红豆杉种群数量、种群分布与生态因子的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:在保护区34544hm2范围内天然东北红豆杉种群数量庞大,而且天然东北红豆杉种群的分布对海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度等生态因子具有选择性。700m-800m是种群的最适海拔范围;分布在阴坡的天然种群数量明显高于阳坡;山地的中部和上部更适合东北红豆杉生长;东北红豆杉种群多数分布在坡度15度以下的山地,随着坡度的增加,天然种群的数量明显减少。图3表4参18。     

红豆杉植物经济价值及繁殖技术研究

红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｓｐｐ）植物是珍贵的用材树种和观赏植物，皮及枝叶是目前世界上最有效的植物抗癌新药紫杉醇（Ｔａｘｏｌ）制取的原料，有极高的经济价值和社会效益。由于资源少、零星分散、结实量少，种子休眠期长达三年之久，扦插繁殖诱发根系时间长。本文报导了红豆杉（Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）插后生根成苗过程及通过正交试验设计筛选出的主要关键技术：扦条选取时的生理状态、温湿度控制、生根剂的浓度及处理时间和基质的种类与配比     

陕西省红豆杉产业发展现状与对策

陕西省现有红豆杉经营利用和人工种植单位15家,已经在红豆杉产业领域创造经济价值约13.5亿元。如何规范并促进陕西省红豆杉产业健康发展,是职能管理部门和有关红豆杉企业都必须认真对待的问题。本文详细分析了陕西省红豆杉产业发展的现状,并就产业发展中存在的问题进行了讨论,提出了一些建议与对策。     

东北红豆杉有性繁殖播种育苗

东北红豆杉,又名紫杉,是第三纪孑遗的珍贵树种。红豆杉资源的保存和种苗的快速繁育,是解决紫杉醇用材林的基础,大面积营造红豆杉人工林是解决紫杉醇原料的关键。用红豆杉种子繁殖苗木时,要注意种子的储存方式,要沙种混藏或控温处理,这对越冬后出芽和打破休眠习性,具有很好的效果。播种前要搓伤种皮、温水浸种、药剂素处理。