红豆杉属植物资源的研究现状与开发利用对策

对珍稀药用资源植物红豆杉属的分类、种分布、主要化学成分及药理学作用的国内外研究现状进行归纳分析,对红豆杉属植物资源开发利用过程中遇到的问题以及可能的解决方案进行讨论。目前全球共发现和鉴定红豆杉属11个种,从中分离鉴定出三大类即巴卡亭Ⅲ及其他紫杉烷类物质、紫杉黄酮和红豆杉多糖等共500余种化学成分。对红豆杉属植物的药理学研究发现,其具有显著的防癌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、清除自由基、调节心血管系统、抗炎、抗衰老等药理学作用。红豆杉属植物开发利用过程中存在种群遗传多样性保护与生物资源减少、红豆杉属植物资源分布地域性与次生代谢多样性、新结构物质发现与药理学作用机制研究相互脱节等问题。提出引种驯化与构建红豆杉属植物种质资源库、建设红豆杉属高质原料标准化生产技术体系、依托现代科技手段构建红豆杉属植物高效利用的技术平台等对策。

Research Status and Utilization Strategies of Rare Medicinal Plants in Taxus

This article reviewed the classification, distribution, main chemical constituents and their biological activities of genus Taxus, rare medicinal plants, and also discussed the research status, problems in the exploitation and potential solutions. Taxus was composed of 11 species (including one artificial hybrid species) mainly distributing in the Northern Hemisphere. More than 500 chemical compounds have been identified from the genus and can be sorted into 3 types (Taxane derivatives like Baccatin Ⅲ, flavonoids and polysaccharides). These compounds have much important pharmacological activity such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, elimination of free radicals, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular system regulation, and anti-aging. However there exist some problems in utilization of the important plant resources, such as, decreases in the species genetic diversity and the biological resources, conflict between regional distribution of the species and diversity of the chemical compounds, and disjointedness of the basic theory of Taxus with the technique applications. This article suggested that the problems might be solved through these strategies, such as, building up the germplasma resources stocks of Taxus, introducing and taming species at national level, constructing the technology system for the standardization production of the high quality raw material, and the modern technology platform for the high efficiency utilization of Taxus resources.