轮作模式与周期对黄土高原旱地小麦产量、养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响

【目的】粮草轮作、粮豆轮作是黄土高原旱地区常见种植制度,本文利用长期定位试验探索该地区轮作制度和茬口年限对小麦产量、养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响,以期优化旱地作物种植制度。【方法】长期定位试验始于1984年,试验设8个处理:对照(小麦连作,CK),粮草长周期轮作(3组种植方式:2茬小麦→4茬苜蓿→1茬马铃薯→小麦,WAT1;小麦→4茬苜蓿→1茬马铃薯→2茬小麦,WAT2;4茬苜蓿→马铃薯→3茬小麦,WAT3),粮草短周期轮作(2组种植方式:小麦+红豆草→红豆草→小麦,WST1;红豆草→小麦→小麦+红豆草,WST2),粮豆轮作(2组种植方式:小麦+糜子→豌豆→小麦,WPT1;豌豆→小麦→小麦+糜子,WPT2)。小区面积66.69 m2,每个处理重复3次,随机区组排列。小麦收获后采集植物及土壤样品,测定小麦产量、籽粒和秸秆养分含量、土壤肥力性质。【结果】与小麦连作相比,轮作小麦籽粒增产1.47%~29.66%,秸秆增产2.17%~29.77%,粮草轮作增产效果更显著,轮作优势在豆科牧草后第二年最高,第三年减弱。粮草长周期轮作有利于小麦对N、K、Fe、Cu、Zn的吸收,吸收量在苜蓿茬后第三年第二年第一年;粮草短周期轮作可提高小麦对N、K、Fe的吸收量,红豆草茬后第1年吸收量稍高于后第二年;粮豆轮作有利于小麦吸收N、K、Fe、Mn,豌豆茬后第二年吸收量大于第一年。轮作制度和茬口年限对小麦微量元素养分收获指数的影响程度大于大量元素,粮豆轮作有利于N、P、Cu向籽粒转移,3种轮作制度下小麦K收获指数均低于连作小麦,粮草轮作中小麦Fe收获指数低于连作小麦。轮作后,土壤全氮增加11.54%~20.51%,碱解氮提高9.66%~21.56%;粮草短周期轮作对土壤有机质、氮素和速效钾的提升作用突出,但有效磷亏缺23.97%;粮豆轮作对土壤磷素累积和有效化作用明显,其有效磷比小麦连作增加45.52%。【结论】黄土高原旱地区增加小麦产量、改善籽粒矿质营养,实现土壤培肥的较优轮作模式为红豆草(2~4年)→小麦(2年),以4~6年为一个轮作周期,同时注意增施磷肥。     

旱作地区长期小麦连作和苜蓿连作土壤剖面的矿质氮研究

对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。     

灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响

新疆灰漠土不同施肥制度的12年长期定位试验结果表明,N、NP、NK、NPK处理小麦某些品质指标较CK有不同程度的改善;长期不施氮肥(PK处理),小麦子粒的蛋白质含量、总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量、面粉品质和面团品质中的多数指标明显低于CK和长期施用氮肥的处理,灰分含量增加;有机无机常量配施(NPK+M)小麦面粉与面团品质中的多数指标优于单施无机肥(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和CK处理。与CK相比,秸秆还田(NPK+S)处理的小麦千粒重、面团抗延伸性略有提高,其它品质指标则有不同程度的下降。生产中,N、P、K化肥与有机肥合理配合施用对培肥土壤、提高小麦产量和改善品质具有重要作用。     

浅谈优质小麦生产

一、优质小麦的内涵 小麦品质分为营养品种和加工品质,营养品质主要以蛋白质和氨基酸的含量来衡量,加工品质可分为制粉品质、面粉品质和面团品质等。小麦籽粒质地有硬软之分,国标规定硬质率达70％以上为硬质麦,软质率达到70％以上为软质麦。制粉品质决定于出粉率、容重、角质率、籽粒硬度等指标;     

不同轮作制下长期施肥旱地土壤微生物多样性特征

为了探讨典型旱地区施肥制度对土壤微生物多样性的影响,本研究通过27年长期定位试验,采用454测序技术,分析了黄土旱地区小麦连作、苜蓿连作、粮豆轮作中不同化肥及有机肥施肥措施下土壤细菌、真菌多样性的变化情况。结果表明:除施氮肥和有机肥(NM)处理外,施肥后连作小麦土壤细菌Chao指数提高7.5%(施磷肥和有机肥,PM)~60.6%(单施有机肥,M),Shannon指数增加0.04(PM)~0.40(M),肥料单施优于配施;施肥后连作苜蓿土壤细菌Chao指数提高92.0%(单施磷肥,P)~102.4%(施氮肥、磷肥和有机肥,NPM),Shannon指数增加0.30(NPM)~0.32(P);施肥对粮豆轮作土壤细菌多样性影响较小。除小麦连作NP处理外,施肥后各种植系统土壤真菌Chao指数提高19.1%~55.0%,但真菌Shannon指数变化不大或明显下降。黄土旱地区作物连作时施与适当化肥或有机肥,可提高土壤细菌多样性。本研究对优化旱地作物施肥制度、发挥土壤潜力肥力、实现土壤资源可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

长期种植苜蓿对土壤氮素营养的作用

13年长期施肥和轮作试验结果表明，连续种植苜蓿对N肥、P肥、有机肥的配合施用（NPM）较单施P肥对提高土壤硝态氮（NO3^-N)含量水平有较好效果；而无论施肥与否，种植苜蓿对土壤深层NO3^-均造成不同程度的亏缺。苜蓿（NPM）连作较小麦（NPM）连作土壤NO3^--N利用率高；种植苜蓿对土壤铵态氮（NH4^ -N)分布影响与NO3^--N不同，深层土壤CK、NPM配施处理CK、NPM配施处理NH4^ -N含理明显高于施P和裸地处理，不同作物种植系统中以苜蓿连作土壤剖面中NH4^ -N含量最高。与其他轮作相比，苜蓿连作在提高土壤剖面供N能力方面有较好作用。     

苜蓿—作物轮作研究

苜蓿－作物轮作可提高后茬作物的产量与品质,其作用受作物种类与种植年限,苜蓿地耕作方式及耕作时间,苜蓿品种与种植年限,作物对土壤中苜蓿－Ｎ利用率及施肥水平的影响。苜－作物轮作可改善农田生态环境,提高土壤Ｎ素,有机质含量和水稳性团粒结构,降低土壤容重。     

苜蓿轮作玉米后土壤养分时空变化特征分析

以7龄紫花苜蓿地为前茬,连续3年采用同一高产栽培方案种植玉米,研究其土壤养分的时空变化特征。结果表明,苜蓿轮作玉米后,随着玉米种植年限的增加,玉米各生育时期土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量均有不同程度下降。其中,0-20cm土层降幅高于其他土层,且降幅表现为有机质>全氮>全磷。受玉米高量施氮的影响,碱解氮含量随玉米种植年限的增加而增加,不同生育时期、不同土层年际间碱解氮含量的差异多数达到显著水平。玉米产量随着连作年限的增加而降低,第2,3年产量较第1年产量分别下降了9.7%和13.6%,表明苜蓿对后作的增产效应持续降低。     

苜蓿-作物轮作研究

苜蓿-作物轮作可提高后茬作物的产量与品质,其作用受作物种类与种植年限、苜蓿地耕作方式 及耕作时间、苜蓿品种与种植年限、作物对土壤中苜蓿-N利用率及施肥水平的影响。苜蓿-作物轮作可改善农田生态环境,提高土壤N素、有机质含量和水稳性团粒结构,降低土壤容重。苜蓿通过生物脱盐和大量吸水可降低地下水位,改良盐渍化土壤,减少地表径流量和土壤冲刷量,减轻农作物病虫草害。     

宁南旱区不同草粮轮作方式中前茬对春小麦产量和土壤性状的影响

2003-2005年在宁南旱区将10年生苜蓿耕翻后进行了9种轮作方式的试验,研究不同轮作方式中前茬对第三年春小麦产量、土壤养分、pH值和酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同轮作方式下的第三年春小麦产量及土壤养分、pH值、酶活性各指标间差异性达到显著水平。0-60 cm土层有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾平均含量均下降,降幅分别为0.05~2.24 g/kg,0.019~0.325 g/kg,0.118~12.280 mg/kg和8.87~166.88 mg/kg,pH值下降0.03~0.31。前一二年轮作作物对水肥料的消耗有叠加效应,且随耕作年限递减。轮作第一年作物对养分的消耗是主要的,而且作物种类不同,消耗量不同。第一年为春小麦的轮作方式对土壤氮素和磷素消耗最少,为谷子时次之,为马铃薯时最多。谷子是喜钾作物,前茬有谷子参与时对土壤速效钾消耗最多,有马铃薯时次之,有春小麦时最少。3种类型作物搭配组合的轮作方式,土壤有机质和速效磷含量降低最多。轮作方式中马铃薯和谷子产量高,耗水量大,导致土壤盐碱性保持较高水平。作物连作导致土壤脲酶活性降幅较大,马铃薯连作使碱性磷酸酶活性降低,禾本科作物连作的土壤蔗糖酶活性较高。     

长期轮作和连作对白浆土中氮素的影响

对轮作及大豆、玉米、小麦长期连作白浆土中氮含量及有机态氮组分变化进行研究。结果表明，在不施肥情况下，小麦连作区土壤由全氮、碱解氮降幅最大，酸解总氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮降幅最小。在施有机肥情况下，土壤全氮、碱解氮及酸解总氮则以小麦连作区增幅最小，玉米连作区增幅最大；氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮在轮作区增幅最大。其他组分氮在轮作与连作小区间变化无规律。     

种植制度和施肥对半干旱区土壤中锰形态及有效性的影响

Manganese(Mn) deficiencies are common in soils on the Loess Plateau of China. This research provided essential information on improving Mn availability in semiarid soils through agricultural practices. Twelve cropping system and fertilization treatments were designed in a 28-year experiment. The cropping systems included long-term fallow, continuous winter wheat cropping, pea(1 year)-winter wheat(2 years)-millet(1 year) rotation(crop-legume rotation) cropping, and continuous alfalfa cropping. The fertilizer treatments under the cropping systems included no-fertilizer control(CK), application of P fertilizer(P), application of N and P fertilizers(NP), and application of N and P fertilizers and manure(NPM), but the NP treatment was excluded in the continuous alfalfa cropping system. Available Mn and Mn fractions of soil samples(0–20 and 20–40 cm depths) were measured and further analyzed quantitatively using path analyses. Results showed that the crop-legume rotation and continuous alfalfa cropping systems significantly increased available Mn compared with the fallow soil. Compared with the no-fertilizer control, manure application increased available Mn in soil of the continuous wheat cropping system. Across all treatments, the averaged content of mineral-, oxide-, carbonateand organic matter-bound and exchangeable Mn accounted for 42.08%, 38.59%, 10.05%, 4.59%, and 0.09% of the total Mn in soil,respectively. Cropping significantly increased exchangeable Mn in soil and the highest increase was 185.7% in the continuous wheat cropping system at 0–20 cm depth, compared with the fallow soil. Fertilization generally increased exchangeable and carbonate-bound Mn in soil. Carbonate-bound Mn was the main and direct source of available Mn in soil, followed by exchangeable and organic matterbound Mn. These results indicated that crop-legume rotation cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping and application of manure, have the potential to promote Mn availability in soils of rainfed farmlands.     

长期定位施肥对两种小麦耕作系统土壤肥力的影响

为寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能改善土壤环境的科学施肥模式,本研究以黄土高原长武30 a长期小麦连作和小麦–豌豆两个轮作系统为研究对象,以长期肥料定位试验(包括氮磷+有机肥配施NPM、氮磷配施NP、单施磷肥P、单施氮肥N、单施有机肥M和CK)土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷和全钾为基础数据,应用土壤的综合肥力指标值(...     

Changes in Soil Iron Fractions and Availability in the Loess Belt of Northern China After 28 Years of Continuous Cultivation and Fertilization

Iron(Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils of the Loess Plateau of China is a wide spread issue and primarily affects agricultural production due to the relatively higher soil pH and carbonate content. Understanding the relationships between Fe distribution in soil fractions, Fe availability, and their responses to cropping and fertilization could provide essential information for assessing Fe availability in soils and managing soils to improve Fe availability. A long-term field experiment was established in 1984 in a split-plot design using cropping systems as main plots and fertilizer treatments as subplots on a farmland in the Loess Plateau. The cropping systems included fallow, continuous wheat cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping, continuous maize cropping, and a rotation system that included a legume. Various fertilization treatments using chemical and/or manure fertilizers were included in each cropping system. Soil samples were collected from 0–10 and 20–40 cm depths in 2012. Long-term planting of crops significantly increased the concentrations of available Fe in the soils. The largest increase was observed in the continuous alfalfa cropping system. Long-term cropping significantly increased the concentrations of Fe associated with carbonates and organic matter, but decreased the concentration of Fe associated with minerals in the soils. The effect of fertilization on the distribution of Fe in the soil fractions varied with cropping system and soil depth. The fertilization treatment with manure generally increased the concentrations of Fe associated with the soil fractions.Long-term cropping and fertilization in the highland farmland significantly affected the availability of Fe and the distribution of Fe fractions in the soil.     

山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响

以山药连作（0 a,1 a,2 a）和轮作（山药—小麦）土壤为研究对象,探讨耕作模式对山药种植地耕层土壤（0—30 cm）微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤耕层的有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随山药连作年限的延长而逐渐降低,而山药—小麦轮作模式则有助于恢复地力。山药连作、轮作的土壤均以细菌所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;与对照（0 a）相比,细菌、放线菌数量均随着山药连作年限增加呈递减趋势;但放线菌的降幅明显大于细菌,表现出对连作年限更强的敏感性;真菌数量随连作年限呈先升后降的趋势。山药连作可以明显降低土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,轮作模式则可以激发该三种酶的活性,其中轮作较连作2 a的处理可以明显提高脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,差异分别达显著水平（p < 0.05）和极显著水平（p < 0.01）。说明山药连作会破坏土壤耕层微生物种群结构,并抑制土壤酶活性,轮作可以在一定程度上改善土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性质量。     

Agronomic Practices at Low Environmental Impact for Durum Wheat in Mediterranean Conditions

The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.     

腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

研究腐植酸与氮肥配施对冬小麦产量、氮素吸收及经济效益的影响,可为提高氮肥的增产效益,减少氮肥对生态环境的污染提供理论指导。在河南褐土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于2014年开始在河南省南阳市卧龙区开展田间定位试验,共设置单施磷钾肥、常规施肥、单施腐植酸、常规施肥+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸、常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸6个处理,分析不同氮肥与腐植酸配施下冬小麦产量和氮肥利用的特征。结果表明,腐植酸与氮肥配施可以有效提高冬小麦的产量及其构成要素,促进植株对氮素的累积,提高氮肥利用率。其中,常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸处理下冬小麦产量、籽粒氮含量、籽粒氮累积量、地上部总氮累积量、氮肥利用效率和纯收益均增加,与常规施肥相比,冬小麦产量增加4.96%,氮肥利用效率增加23.42%,纯收益增加2.18%。常规施肥减氮30%+腐植酸条件下冬小麦产值和收益降低。因此,在施用腐植酸的基础上,配施适量氮肥才能获得较高的产值和收益。常规施肥减氮15%+腐植酸是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Quality studies on wheat grown in different cropping systems: a holistic perspective

Spring wheat from a conventional (CONV) and an organic (ORG1) cropping system, both with animals, and from an organic system without animals (ORG2) was evaluated with respect to baking quality for the years 1995–2002. Amino acid (AA) composition was studied in both spring and winter wheat in 1993 and 2000–2002. The data were combined in multivariate analysis for exploration of the main factors responsible for the variation in quality. The most important factor for baking quality was weather conditions. High rainfall in May favoured baking quality in both cropping systems with animals, as did high temperature in May and high rainfall in July in the ORG1 system, and low rainfall in August in the CONV system. The only significant difference between the cropping systems was falling number, which was higher in ORG1 (252 s) than in CONV (205 s), probably due to a heavier CONV crop stand causing more difficult drying conditions. AA composition differed more between years than between cropping systems for both winter and spring wheat. The content of essential amino acids was high under the weather conditions associated with poor baking quality. The contents of threonine and leucine in spring wheat were significantly higher in ORG1, 1.76 and 8.11 g/100 g crude protein than in CONV, 1.63 and 7.72, respectively. In the interaction between AA and baking quality in spring wheat, it was possible to determine a correlation between phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and good baking properties. The primary effect was associated with weather conditions, but there was also an effect of differences between the cropping systems.     

豆麦轮作区麦秸长期还田对作物产量及土壤化学性质的影响

麦秆还田对作物产量影响以及秸秆还田如何施肥是农业生产者极为关注的问题,为了明确豆麦轮作麦秆长期还田对作物产量及对土壤化学性质的影响,该文依托黑河市长期定位实验站,采用裂区试验方法,主处理为秸秆还田与不还田处理,副处理为低、中、高不同施肥水平,试验于1980年开始,轮作模式先后为麦-豆-麦和麦-豆轮作模式,通过连续38 a(1980—2018年)调查,探明麦豆轮作条件下麦秸还田及不同施肥水平对作物产量影响。结果得出:麦秸还田后种植大豆、小麦,多年产量与不还田比差异不显著(P0.05);连续施肥效果,大豆中肥区比低肥区增产7.42%～10.81%,达到差异显著水平,小麦高肥区比低肥区增产14.52%～19.33%,差异极显著(P 0.01);麦秸还田大豆增产效果,还田前期(1～6季)大豆平均产量比不还田增产5.91%,后期(7～16季)平均增产7.52%,麦秸还田小麦增产效果,还田前期(1～5季)和后期(6～16季)平均增产0.31%、0.22%,后期增产频率高;麦秆隔年还田显著增加速效钾含量,施肥可以有效增加土壤碳、氮、磷含量,但长期高肥易导致土壤酸化。