厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟降解菌株的筛选与鉴定

本研究旨在筛选厨余垃圾高效腐熟降解菌.采用秸秆平板培养基、刚果红培养基进行菌株的初筛,利用秸秆降解试验、滤纸崩解试验以及酶活性的指标进行复筛.结果表明,通过初筛获得了5株降解菌,其中菌株Y 1、Y3的水解圈直径(H)与菌落直径(D)的比值(H/D)较大,分别为4.4、3.8,秸秆降解率分别达到42.50％、40.94％,而且2株菌株纤维素酶活性协同性较高.通过形态学和16S rDNA序列分析进行菌株种属的鉴定,菌株Y1、Y3均属于芽孢杆菌菌属(Bacillus),其中菌株Y1为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),菌株Y3为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis).     

西藏自治区产碱性弹性蛋白酶枯草芽孢杆菌的分离及鉴定

从西藏自治区不同海拔地区的屠宰场土壤中分离得到180株菌株,经过初筛和复筛,获得1株产碱性弹性蛋白酶较高的菌株XZJ4,结合生理生化特征和16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

宋河酒曲中产淀粉酶芽孢菌的分离鉴定及产酶特性

为了有效控制宋河酒曲的制曲过程和发酵进程,对宋河酒曲中产淀粉酶芽孢菌进行了分离鉴定并研究筛选菌株的产淀粉酶特性。结果表明:从宋河酒曲中共分离到12株产淀粉酶芽孢菌,均属革兰氏阳性杆状菌,初步鉴定归为1个属5个种,即芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、坚硬芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),其中,坚硬芽孢杆菌是宋河大曲产淀粉酶芽孢菌的数量优势菌群,获得1株地衣芽孢杆菌SQ2为中温型高产淀粉酶菌株,其液态发酵产酶特性为37℃培养,前24h产酶较弱,此后,酶活力迅速上升,72h达到最大值为89μg/(mL.min),产酶旺盛期发生在菌体成熟期和衰亡初期,产酶过程pH值先稍偏酸性后接近中性。     

畜禽粪污土壤中产纤维素酶细菌的筛选及鉴定

从畜禽养殖场土壤中分离到细菌菌株87株,初筛到26株具有产纤维素酶能力的菌株,通过复筛,获得2株产纤维素酶能力较好的菌株。根据形态特征观察、16S rDNA序列分析及生理生化特征测定,鉴定产酶细菌L2、L3为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

产蛋氨酸益生菌的筛选和鉴定

由于益生菌产蛋氨酸的特性有利于益生菌发酵食品的开发利用,从发酵食品的酸面团、米酒、白酒曲,以及实验室提供的菌种中分离纯化出48株菌株。将这些菌株进行纯化培养,利用高效液相色谱检测各菌株发酵液中蛋氨酸的含量,筛选出蛋氨酸含量相对较高的2株菌。利用16SrDNA扩增及Blast分析、特异性引物PCR等技术鉴定这2株菌,分别为纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis subsp).,两株菌发酵液中蛋氨酸分别为21.08、19.38g·L-1。     

野生艾蒿乙醇浸提物对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用

采用滤纸片扩散法测定不同浓度的艾蒿(Artemisia argyi)乙醇浸提物对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subulis)的抑制作用.结果表明,采用体积分数60％、70％、80％、90％的乙醇进行浸提,不同浓度的艾蒿浸提物对枯草芽孢杆菌都有明显的抑制作用.浸提物浓度在0.04、0.05、0.06 g/mL时抑菌圈直径随浓度升高增大,乙醇体积分数为80％时的浸提液作用于枯草芽孢杆菌,不同浓度浸提物抑菌圈直径间的差异达显著水平(P＜0.05).乙醇体积分数在60％～90％,抑菌率随浸提物浓度的增加而增加.乙醇体积分数为80％、浸提物浓度为0.06 g/mL时,抑菌率达到最大值63.45％.     

食用菌制种间空气中细菌杂菌对平菇菌丝生长的影响

从唐山市周边地区平菇栽培基地的制种间空气中分离筛选到4株严重抑制平菇菌丝生长的细菌杂菌菌株,微生物学鉴定结果显示,4株细菌分别为葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)、短状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brevis)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。其中,葡萄球菌对平菇菌丝的抑制程度最高,其次是假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌,短状芽孢杆菌的抑制程度较低。     

一株鹿源纤维素降解菌Lu14的分离与鉴定

从梅花鹿粪便中分离筛选出24株芽孢杆菌,初筛获得10株具有纤维素降解能力的菌株,经过复筛,菌株Lu14纤维素降解能力较高,其内切葡聚糖酶活和滤纸酶活分别为1.106 U/m L和0.76 U/m L。对Lu14进行菌落形态、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,结果发现其与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的相似性高达99.99%,故鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

一株抗菌活性物质产生细菌的分离及鉴定

从根际土壤分离到一株细菌CY04,通过电镜观察和16S r DNA序列分析,发现该菌株同已知菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的相似度最高,为99%,初步认定为枯草芽孢杆菌。抑菌试验结果表明,该菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)有一定的抑菌活性,对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和枯草芽孢杆菌没有抑菌活性。培养48 h左右是其产生抗菌活性物质的最佳时期。     

产乳酸芽孢杆菌RS-1菌株的分离及鉴定

为了得到可以产乳酸的芽孢杆菌,通过加热富集培养及特异性MRS培养基结合溶钙圈的方法,从发酵制品、土样及腐烂水果等样品中分离纯化出15株具有产乳酸能力的芽孢杆菌。将这些菌株进行纯化培养,利用纸层析法和EDTA定钙法进行定性和定量研究,筛选出1株产乳酸能力较高的菌株,命名为RS-1。并对其进行形态鉴定,生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA全序列分析,最终鉴定此菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

水产品中生物胺的测定方法

用高效液相色谱法同时分离检测水产品中的多组分生物胺.这些生物胺包括：色胺,章鱼胺,2-苯乙胺,腐胺,尸胺,组胺,5-羟色胺,酪胺,亚精胺和精胺.高氯酸溶液提取,丹酰氯衍生,再用氨水去除尸胺干扰峰.C18反相色谱柱,用醋酸胺和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温40 ℃;254 nm下紫外检测器检测.结果表明：平均回收率是79.59%～111.10%;相对标准偏差为2.6%～15.8%;方法检测限（信噪比S/N=3）：腐胺、亚精胺0.8 μg/g;尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺1 μg/g;章鱼胺、5-羟色胺2 μg/g;2-苯乙胺3 μg/g;色胺5 μg/g.     

水产品中生物胺的测定方法

用高效液相色谱法同时分离检测水产品中的多组分生物胺.这些生物胺包括：色胺,章鱼胺,2-苯乙胺,腐胺,尸胺,组胺,5-羟色胺,酪胺,亚精胺和精胺.高氯酸溶液提取,丹酰氯衍生,再用氨水去除尸胺干扰峰.C18反相色谱柱,用醋酸胺和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温40 ℃;254 nm下紫外检测器检测.结果表明：平均回收率是79.59%～111.10%;相对标准偏差为2.6%～15.8%;方法检测限（信噪比S/N=3）：腐胺、亚精胺0.8 μg/g;尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺1 μg/g;章鱼胺、5-羟色胺2 μg/g;2-苯乙胺3 μg/g;色胺5 μg/g.     

Methyltetrahydrofolic acid mediates N- and O-methylation of biogenic amines

A variety of mammalian and avian tissues N- and O-methylate indoleamines and phenylethylamines, with methyltetrahydrofolic acid as the methyl donor. Because it is considerably more efficient than S-adenosylmethionine, methyltetrahydrofolic acid may be the natural methyl donor in this reaction. With methyltetrahydrofolic acid, serotonin is O-methylated to 5-methoxytryptamine, a novel indoleamine in mammalian brain.     

Microelectrophoresis of biogenic amines on hypothalamic thermosensitive cells

The rat hypothalamus contains thermally insensitive, normally sensisitive, and highly thermosensitive cells. The responses of thermosensitive neurons to microelectrophoretically applied acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine were the same in both rats and cats. The firing rate of warm-sensitive interneurons was accelerated by acetylcholine and inhibited by norepinephrine. The firing rate of cool-sensitive interneurons was accelerated by norepinephrine and, in one case, was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Thermodetector cells were relatively insensitive to these amines, but were sensitive to current flow. These results from the rat, but not from the cat, agree with the data for thermoregulatory responses following microinjection of these amines into the hypothalamus.     

不同贮藏条件下大黄鱼生物胺变化

为研究大黄鱼在不同温度(0、4、25 ℃)和不同盐分(0、0.5%、2.0%、5.0% NaCl)贮藏条件下生物胺(BAs)的变化情况,采用离子色谱-抑制电导及紫外串联检测分析了大黄鱼中腐胺(Put)、尸胺(Cad)、组胺(His)、酪胺(Tyr)、苯乙胺(Phe)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spe)7种生物胺含量和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值的变化。结果显示:在整个贮藏过程中大黄鱼肌肉均未检出组胺和精胺;0、4 ℃贮藏16 d,大黄鱼中生物胺随贮藏时间的延长缓慢增加,生物胺总量变化范围分别为1.41~17.53、1.53~187.63 mg·kg^-1。25 ℃贮藏6 d,生物胺随着贮藏时间的延长急剧增加,尤其是Cad、Put和Tyr 3种特征生物胺,生物胺总量变化范围为9.44~2 539.22 mg·kg^-1。采用不同含量盐分处理,25 ℃贮藏6 d,大黄鱼中生物胺含量随盐分含量升高明显降低,当NaCl含量达5%时,生物胺总量变化范围仅为1.32~120.93 mg·kg^-1,生物胺生成得到有效抑制。另外,不同贮藏条件下,大黄鱼中TVB-N值变化趋势与生物胺变化趋势相同。实验结果表明,低温及适当添加盐分贮藏是控制大黄鱼产生生物胺的有效措施。     

不同致死方式对鳝鱼肌肉鲜度及生物胺含量的影响

以鳝鱼(Monopterus albus)为研究对象,测定直接宰杀组、电击致晕宰杀组、冰水搅拌宰杀组、高温致死宰杀组鳝鱼肌肉的菌落总数、酸度、氨基态氮、TBA、TVB-N、K值和生物胺含量及其在冷藏过程中的变化,研究宰杀方式对鳝鱼肌肉鲜度和生物胺含量的影响.在4种宰杀方式中,冰水搅拌宰杀组鳝鱼肌肉除K值、TVB-N值高于直接宰杀组和电击致晕宰杀组外,其TBA值、菌落总数以及腐胺、尸胺和生物胺总含量显著低于直接宰杀组和电击致晕宰杀组,而高温致死宰杀组鳝鱼肌肉在(4±0.5)℃冷藏过程中其K值、TVB-N、菌落总数及腐胺、尸胺和生物胺总含量均显著高于其他3种宰杀方式.冷藏6d时,直接宰杀组、电击致晕宰杀组、冰水搅拌宰杀组、高温致死宰杀组鳝鱼肌肉中总生物胺含量分别为12.39、8.04、8.15和17.23mg/100 g.冰水搅拌宰杀组黄鳝肌肉中腐胺、尸胺及总生物胺含量显著低于其他3组.采用冰水搅拌致晕后宰杀鳝鱼,可在保证产品鲜度的同时有效抑制细菌生长、鳝鱼肌肉的脂肪氧化以及生物胺的产生和积累,确保产品使用安全.     

一种新的柱前衍生RP-HPLC法测定渔产品中的生物胺

采用一种新的柱前衍生-反高效液相色谱法对15种水产品中的8种生物胺进行检测。利用C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈和水混合液进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min,在254 nm波长下进行生物胺含量的测定。结果表明,在1.0～100 mg/L浓度范围内,8种生物胺的分离呈现良好的线性相关(R~2≥0.998),方法的检出限及定量限均低于国标方法,加标平均回收率为90%～110%,该方法操作简单,衍生物稳定,杂质少,结果准确可靠,能对鱼及鱼类制品中的生物胺进行检测。     

混合菌种发酵对草鱼肉微生物和生物胺变化的影响

【目的】研究发酵草鱼的pH值、微生物菌群以及生物胺等特性的变化,为发酵草鱼的加工及其卫生品质的控制提供参考。【方法】新鲜草鱼宰杀后,切取宽度3cm的草鱼鱼块,加入30g/kg食盐腌制6h后,混合接种酵母、红曲和乳酸菌,于30℃发酵12h,然后进行微生物检测,并用高效液相色谱检测生物胺的变化。【结果】经过12h的发酵,鱼肉中的组胺、酪胺、腐胺、亚精胺和精胺的含量分别为(0.29±0.10)、(1.31±0.10)、(16.53±0.20)、(3.86±0.15)和(5.18±0.2)mg/kg,明显低于对照组的(1.31±0.10)、(1.96±0.10)、(21.62±0.30)、(10.93±0.20)和(12.69±0.25)mg/kg;发酵鱼肉pH值从起始的6.4下降到5.2;大肠菌群最近似数300CFU/kg,没有检出芽孢菌。【结论】接种混合菌种于30℃发酵12h,可以控制发酵草鱼制品中组胺、酪胺、腐胺、亚精胺及精胺的含量,抑制大肠菌群的生长,保证发酵草鱼制品的卫生品质。     

Biogenic amines and emotion

The studies discussed here have shown a fairly consistent relationship between the effects of drugs on biogenic amines, particularly norepinephrine, and affective or behavioral states. Those drugs which cause depletion and inactivation of norepinephrine centrally produce sedation or depression, while drugs which increase or potentiate brain norepinephrine are associated with behavioral stimulation or excitement and generally have an antidepressant effect in man (Table 1). From these findings, a number of investigators have formulated the concept, designated the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders (6), that some, if not all, depressions may be associated with a relative deficiency of norepinephrine at functionally important adrenergic receptor sites in the brain, whereas elations may be associated with an excess of such amines. It is not possible either to confirm or to reject this hypothesis on the basis of currently available clinical data. Although there does appear to be a fairly consistent relationship between the effects of pharmacological agents on norepinephrine metabolism and on affective state, a rigorous extrapolation from pharmacological studies to pathophysiology cannot be made. Confirmation of this hypothesis must ultimately depend upon direct demonstration of the biochemical abnormality in the naturally occurring illness. It should be emphasized, however, that the demonstration of such a biochemical abnormality would not necessarily imply a genetic or constitutional, rather than an environmental or psychological, etiology of depression.Whereas specific genetic factors may be of importance in the etiology of some, and possibly all, depressions, it is equally conceivable that early experiences of the infant or child may cause enduring biochemical changes and that these may predispose some individuals to depressions in adulthood. It is not likely that changes in the metabolism of the biogenic amines alone will account for the complex phenomena of normal or pathological affect.Whereas the effects of these amines at particular sites in the brain may be of crucial importance in the regulation of affect, any comprehensive formulation of the physiology of affective state will have to include many other concomitant biochemical, physiological, and psychological factors. Although in this review of the relationship of biogenic amines to affective state relatively little has been said concerning the intricate set of environmental and psychological determinants of emotion, the importance of these factors must be stressed. The normally occurring alterations in affective state induced by environmental events is well known to all, from personal experience. The interactions between such environmental determinants of affect, various physiological factors, and the complexity of psychological determinants, including cognitive factors derived from the individual's remote and immediate past experiences, have received only limited study under adequately controlled conditions. It may be anticipated, however, that this will prove to be a particularly fruitful area for future research, for only within such a multifactorial framework may one expect to understand fully the relationship of the biogenic amines to emotional state.